Tetrazoles are five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing in their rings four nitrogen atoms. They have wide applications as corrosion inhibitors, analytical reagents, high-energy materials and gas generating compositions. Tetrazoles also play important role in coordination chemistry as ligands and in medicinal chemistry as metabolically stable surrogates for carboxylic acids. In recent years, investigation of new method of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles synthesis is the main problem. The most general synthetic approach to prepare 5-substituted 1H-tetrazole derivatives involves azide salts addition to nitriles in the presence of catalyst. In the majority of cases, Brønsted or Lewis acids and expensive and toxic metals have been used. Homogeneous catalyst such as iron salts and copper complexes in organic solvent have excellent activity in the reaction, however there are problems in separating them from the solution. Based on environmental impact and economy, the several heterogeneous catalyst have been developed such as nanocrystalline ZnO, Zn/Al hydrotalcite, Zn hydroxyapatite, Cu2O and tungsten salts and CuFe2O4 nanoparticles or Fe3O4/ZnS hollow nanospheres which can be magnetically separable.
Authors
Additional information
- Category
- Publikacja monograficzna
- Type
- rozdział, artykuł w książce - dziele zbiorowym /podręczniku w języku o zasięgu międzynarodowym
- Language
- angielski
- Publication year
- 2012
