Ice season in rivers, lakes, seas and oceans is sensitive to climate change due to the high homologous temperature. Two vital aspects of the predicted climate change are increasing average air temperature and increasing variability in the weather. These cause delayed formation of ice, thinner ice and shorter duration of seasonal ice covers, the geographical ice margin to move further away from the equator, the perennial ice to become thinner and decrease in extent, and as a result the fraction of first-year ice becomes higher. But, because of the larger weather variability, the severity of extreme events may not be reduced. In this article we discuss how ice in surface waters is affected by climate change and discuss some practical consequences for adapting our societies to these changing ice conditions.
Authors
- Knut Alfredsen,,
- Robert Bridges,
- Hayo Hendrikse,
- Knut Vilhelm Høyland,
- dr hab. inż. Tomasz Kolerski link open in new tab ,
- Matti Leppäranta,,
- Lu Peng,
- Xinlei Guo,
Additional information
- Category
- Publikacja w czasopiśmie
- Type
- artykuły w czasopismach
- Language
- angielski
- Publication year
- 2022
