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Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2022

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  • Assessment of River Water Quality and Pollution Status Using Physicochemical and Biometrics, Awetu River, Ethiopia
    • Dessalegn Geleta Ebsa
    • Worku Firomsa Kabeta
    2022 Full text GEOFLUIDS

    The surface water is contaminated by a variety of synthetic organic and inorganic compounds, chemicals, and nutrients; due to this reason, the quality of the water resources of Ethiopia is declining at an alarming rate, resulting in severe environmental degradation. The main objective of the study was to recognize the pollution status river for the study area by physicochemical parameters and the extent of microbial environmental matrices. The experiment was conducted using a complete randomized model with three composite replicates in each site, and water samples were collected from six different sampling sites using the American Public Health Association (APHA) technique. Water quality parameters were analyzed by the standard method of examination, whereas same examination was determined on site (in situ) (pH, Temp, Conductivity, and Turbidity), whereas TSS, COD, BOD, nitrate, alkali, and orthophosphate were identified in the laboratory. The relationship between physicochemical and benthos assemblages as bio indicators of ecohydrological river water quality was investigated using Spearman’s median rank correlation. The output of the study reveals that there was a negatively significant difference in effect between the sample and all the sites of the river. Physicochemical results of the river indicate Temp (23.62), EC (101.42), nitrate (2.175), and orthophosphates (0.081) were below the standard guidelines; however, turbidity (8.41), BOD (784.5), and alkali (396.5) were above the standard. Same of the water quality values for this study were ranges within the standard, DO (5.11), and pH (7.66). The benthos assemblage communities of the ecohydrological area were more influenced by the influents,and the macroinvertebrate index of all sample sites indicates the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices; result shows that the river was lightly polluted.

  • Assessment of the application of CEM III with exposed aggregate as an alternative to CEM I for road pavements
    • Marzena Kurpińska
    • Aldona Wcisło
    2022 Full text Archives of Civil Engineering

    The article presents a results of study on the impact of replacing CEM I SR3/NA by CEMIII/A LH/HSR/NAon the mechanical properties and durability of pavement concrete with exposed aggregate. Was used granite aggregate and washed sand. Water/cement () ratio in the tested concretes constituted 0.35 and 0.4 and part of the cement was replaced with a 5% addition of natural pozzolana – zeolite. Compressive strength tests were performed after 3, 7, 28 and 56 days, tests of tensile strength test by splitting method and flexural strength two-point loading tests. The characteristics of the air pores and the rate of water absorption by concrete surface of the samples cut out from the slabs with exposed aggregate were presented. The resistance of the surface to exfoliation after 56 cycles of freezing-thawing in NaCl solution was tested. Based on the results obtained, it was found that when designing the composition of the concrete intended for the upper layer of the pavement, it is necessary to ensure high tensile strength, appropriate in the XF4 environment and with the decrease in the  Ÿ 0•4, a reduction in capillary porosity of the cement paste is obtained, and the same the durability of concrete is increased due to the improved strength parameters in the contact zone between coarse aggregate grains and cement paste. The research also showed a significant influence of proper cure on the mechanical properties and durability of pavement concrete.

  • Assessment of the Current Potential of Hydropower for Water Damming in Poland in the Context of Energy Transformation
    • Bartłomiej Igliński
    • Krzysztof Krukowski
    • Jarosław Mioduszewski
    • Michał Pietrzak
    • Mateusz Skrzatek
    • Grzegorz Piechota
    • Sebastian Wilczewski
    2022 Full text ENERGIES

    The present paper indicates that hydropower, including small hydropower plants (SHPs), may play a very important role in Poland’s energy transformation in the near future. The development of SHPs may also increase water resources in the steppe Poland. Additionally, the aim of the present research is to conduct the PEST analysis of SHPs in Poland, taking into account the SHP potential. For the first time, maps showing the power and location of potential SHPs on the existing dams in Poland are presented. SHPs should be an important element of energy transition in Poland, especially on a local scale—it is stable energy production. Our analysis shows that there are 16,185 such dams in Poland, while the total capacity of potential hydropower plants in Poland would be 523.6 MW, and the total number of new jobs is estimated at 524. It was calculated that the annual avoided carbon dioxide emissions will amount to 4.4 million tons, which will reduce Poland’s emissions by 1.4%. The construction of SHPs can bring significant environmental and economic benefits. As far as the PEST analysis is concerned, the political environment of SHPs in Poland can be described as unfavorable (2.86 points). The economical nature of PEST analysis (3.86 points) should be considered as friendly for the development of SHPs. The social nature of PEST analysis can be considered as neutral (3.36 points). The technological nature of the PEST analysis can be considered as neutral (3.21 points)

  • Assessment of the Feasibility of Energy Transformation Processes in European Union Member States
    • Michał Pietrzak
    • Magdalena Olczyk
    • Marta Kuc-Czarnecka
    2022 Full text ENERGIES

    The energy transition is now treated in most countries as a necessary condition for their long-term development. The process of energy transformation assumes the simultaneous implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, which are a major challenge for modern economies and introduce significant restrictions in their functioning. Our study aims to group EU member states according to their ability to achieve energy transition over time . The novelty of our approach is the assessment of energy transformation in the European Union through two aspects. The first one, “smart and efficient energy systems”, assess the current, widely understood energy consumption in economy, and the second one, “macroeconomic heterogeneity”, refers to the economic potential of a country. In our analysis, we included indicators from the 7th, 8th, 10th, 11th, and 12th Sustainable Development Goals. Using taxonomic methods, we created clusters of coun-tries according to the emissivity of their economies and the socio-economic potential for the energy transition. The analysis results revealed that countries vary more due to their emissivity than economic potential.

  • Assessment of unusual failure in crankshaft of heavy-duty truck engine
    • Karim Aliakbari
    • Reza Masoudi Nejad
    • Sayed Kian Pourhosseini Toroq
    • Wojciech Macek
    • Ricardo Branco
    2022 Full text ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS

    The unusual premature failure of a heavy-duty truck engine crankshaft has been the subject of a rigorous study, and this manuscript describes it in detail. The failure was happened to begin with the growth of the crack from the surface defects, in the form of the clusters of non-metallic inclusions, in the lubrication hole zone of the first main journal, which was the stress concentration zone. A series of experiments including chemical composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, hardness, toughness, and fractography were performed on the failed crankshaft. In addition, the stress analysis was performed on the crankshaft. Careful fractographic study with scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed that failure with cluster inclusions MnS ( = ⁄ = 0 ∙ 024 > 0 ∙ 01) was more than the standard amount. Besides, stress analysis showed that the stress field in stress concentration zones with the lubricating hole is much less than the web-crankpin fillet but the presence of cluster impurities, low hardness (> 600 HV0.1 proposed standard), downshifting has caused the growth of primary cracks. It is recommended to first increase the hardness by about 43% and then, decrease the size of non-metallic inclusions so that primary crack growth does not initiate from the worst clusters of inclusions.

  • ASSESSMENT OF WEAR OF THE BANDSAW TEETH IN INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS
    • Kazimierz A. Orlowski
    • Daniel Chuchala
    • Dawid Stenka
    • Tomasz Przybyliński
    2022 Full text ACTA FACULTATIS XYLOLOGIAE ZVOLEN

    A methodology for measuring bandsaw tooth wear is presented in this paper. This type of measurement is proposed as an alternative way of determining tooth wear in industrial conditions. The method is based on determining the KE value, i.e., the distance of the radius of the rounded cutting edge of the tooth and the intersection of the surface of the back and the surface of the face of the cutting wedge of the bandsaw tooth. The rate of wear of bandsaw teeth is determined by comparing the measured value with the KE values given in the literature. During the development of the methodology, experimental cutting tests were performed at a sawmill that specializes in the production of floors from multi-layer glued laminated wooden boards. The investigated band saw was applied in the sawing process of oak (Quercus L.) boards. The average moisture content of the wood was MC = 32.9% when using the "wet" technology of lamella production. Since the monitored wear values are not very high, the use of certified measuring instruments is strongly recommended.

  • Asynchroniczna metoda jednoczesnej estymacji położenia i orientacji obiektu za pomocą dwóch nadajników
    • Jacek Stefański
    • Jarosław Sadowski
    2022 Full text Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne

    W artykule opisano nową metodę lokalizowania obiektów dla szerokiej gamy zastosowań, w tym Internetu Rzeczy. Zaproponowana metoda umożliwia estymację położenia i orientacji obiektu na płaszczyźnie lub w przestrzeni, również będącego w spoczynku, za pomocą sygnałów lokalizacyjnych wysyłanych jednocześnie z dwóch nadajników umieszczonych na obiekcie w znanej odległości od siebie. Przedstawiono matematyczną analizę metody oraz wyniki badań symulacyjnych efektywności pracy zaproponowanej metody.

  • Atomic-Scale Finite-Element Modeling of Elastic Mechanical Anisotropy in Finite-Sized Strained Phosphorene Nanoribbons
    • Krzysztof Pyrchla
    • Robert Bogdanowicz
    2022 Full text Journal of Physical Chemistry C

    Nanoribbons are crucial nanostructures due to their superior mechanical and electrical properties. This paper is devoted to hybrid studies of the elastic mechanical anisotropy of phosphorene nanoribbons whose edges connect the terminals of devices such as bridges. Fundamental mechanical properties, including Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and density, were estimated from first-principles calculations for 1-layer, 3-layer, and 6-layer nanoribbons with widths of 10 Å. The data achieved from the ab initio simulations supplied the finite-element model (FEM) of the nanoribbons. The directional coefficients of strain pressure curves were estimated as Young’s effective modulus since the structure is one-dimensional (1D). The modulus values were equal to 85.8, 111.8, and 134 GPa for 6, 3 and 1 layers, respectively. Moreover, the variation in Poisson’s coefficient for the armchair direction was significantly smaller than for the zigzag direction. Monotonic changes in this twist were observed for structures with 3 and 6 layers within the plane along the zigzag axis. The phosphorene nanoribbons subjected to periodic excitation behaved similarly to those subjected to static loading, while their whippiness was inversely proportional to the length. Next, the deflection under static force, resonance frequencies, and response to a variable driving force were calculated.

  • Automatic Breath Analysis System Using Convolutional Neural Networks
    • Zdzisław Kowalczuk
    • Michał Czubenko
    • Michał Bosak
    2022

    Diseases related to the human respiratory system have always been a burden for the entire society. The situation has become particularly difficult now after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Even now, however, it is not uncommon for people to consult their doctor too late, after the disease has developed. To protect patients from severe disease, it is recommended that any symptoms disturbing the respiratory system be detected as early as possible. This article presents an early prototype of a device that can be compared to a digital stethoscope that performs auto-breath analysis. So apart from recording the respiratory cycles, the device also analyzes them. In addition, it also has the functionality of notifying the user (e.g. via a smartphone) about the need to go to the doctor for a more detailed examination. The audio recording of breath cycles is transformed to a two-dimensional matrix using mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCC). Such a matrix is analyzed by an artificial neural network. As a result of the research, it was found that the best of the obtained solutions of the presented neural network achieved the desired accuracy and precision at the level of 84%.

  • Automatic Breath Analysis System Using Convolutional Neural Networks
    • Zdzisław Kowalczuk
    • Michał Czubenko
    • Michał Bosak
    2022

    Diseases related to the human respiratory system have always been a burden for the entire society. The situation has become particularly difficult now after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Even now, however, it is common for people to consult their doctor too late, after the disease has developed. To protect patients from severe disease, it is recommended that any symptoms disturbing the respiratory system be detected as early as possible. This article presents an early prototype of a device that can be compared to a digital stethoscope that performs auto-breath analysis. So apart from recording the respiratory cycles, the device also analyzes them. In addition, it also has the functionality of notifying the user (e.g. via a smartphone) about the need to go to the doctor for a more detailed examination. The audio recording of breath cycles is transformed to a two-dimensional matrix using mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCC). Such a matrix is analyzed by an artificial neural network. As a result of the research, it was found that the best of the obtained solutions of the presented neural network achieved the desired accuracy and precision at the level of 84\%.

  • Automatic classification and mapping of the seabed using airborne LiDAR bathymetry
    • Łukasz Janowski
    • Paweł Tysiąc
    • Radosław Wróblewski
    • Maria Rucińska
    • Agnieszka Kubowicz- Grajewska
    2022 Full text ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

    Shallow coastal areas are among the most inhabited areas and are valuable for biodiversity, recreation and the economy. Due to climate change and sea level rise, sustainable management of coastal areas involves extensive exploration, monitoring, and protection. Current high-resolution remote sensing methods for monitoring these areas include bathymetric LiDAR. Therefore, this study presents a novel methodological approach to assess the suitability of Airborne LiDAR Bathymetry for automatic classification and mapping of the seafloor. Nine classes of geomorphological bedforms and three classes of anthropogenic structures were identified. They were automatically mapped by Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis and machine learning supervised classifiers. The developed method was applied to six study sites and a 48 km submerged coastal zone in the Southern Baltic, achieving an overall accuracy of up to 94%. This study shows that calculation of the Multiresolution Index of Ridge Top Flatness (secondary feature) can be used to quickly and automatically determine sandbar crests and ridge tops. The methodical approach developed in this study can help evaluate and protect other shallow coastal environments and coastal protection structures.

  • Automatic Emotion Recognition in Children with Autism: A Systematic Literature Review
    • Agnieszka Landowska
    • Aleksandra Karpus
    • Teresa Zawadzka
    • Ben Robins
    • Duygun Erol Barkana
    • Hatice Kose
    • Tatjana Zorcec
    • Nicholas Cummins
    2022 Full text SENSORS

    The automatic emotion recognition domain brings new methods and technologies that might be used to enhance therapy of children with autism. The paper aims at the exploration of methods and tools used to recognize emotions in children. It presents a literature review study that was performed using a systematic approach and PRISMA methodology for reporting quantitative and qualitative results. Diverse observation channels and modalities are used in the analyzed studies, including facial expressions, prosody of speech, and physiological signals. Regarding representation models, the basic emotions are the most frequently recognized, especially happiness, fear, and sadness. Both single-channel and multichannel approaches are applied, with a preference for the first one. For multimodal recognition, early fusion was the most frequently applied. SVM and neural networks were the most popular for building classifiers. Qualitative analysis revealed important clues on participant group construction and the most common combinations of modalities and methods. All channels are reported to be prone to some disturbance, and as a result, information on a specific symptoms of emotions might be temporarily or permanently unavailable. The challenges of proper stimuli, labelling methods, and the creation of open datasets were also identified.

  • Autonomiczny system zdalnego pomiaru wentylatorów przemysłowych jako rezultat etapu projektu innowacyjnego
    • Marian Piwowarski
    • Paweł Ziemiański
    • Jacek Czyżewicz
    • Mateusz Bortkiewicz
    • Krzysztof Laszuk
    • Ireneusz Galara
    • Marta Pawłowska
    • Karol Cybulski
    2022 Instal

    W artykule przedstawiono proces budowania oraz testowania zdalnego, całkowicie autonomicznego systemu pomiaru parametrów pracy wentylatorów. Proces realizowano w ramach pierwszego etapu innowacyjnego projektu. Przedstawiono szczegółowe kroki budowy systemu zbierania i przetwarzania danych pomiarowych z wentylatorów zainstalowanych w rzeczywistych warunkach eksploatacji oraz wyniki ich analizy. W szczególności opracowano i wdrożono infrastrukturę pomiarową w tym również zdefiniowano zestaw niezbędnej aparatury pomiarowej. Zamontowano aparaturę pomiarową na wyselekcjonowanych instalacjach z odpowiednimi wentylatorami. Wdrożono systemy pozwalające na ciągłe pomiary parametrów instalacji, zdalny przesył danych na serwer, gdzie poddawany jest bieżącej analizie i selekcji zebranych danych do wykorzystania w procesie modelowania i diagnostyki. Zweryfikowano eksperymentalnie zadowalający stopień korelacji między wyselekcjonowanymi parametrami mierzonymi w warunkach rzeczywistych, a charakterystyką wentylatora i instalacji. Wyznacznikiem tego było znalezienie czterech istotnych statystycznie parametrów na poziomie ufności 95%.

  • Autonomous Control of the Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicle in Collision Situation with Stationary Obstacle
    • Roman Śmierzchalski
    • Maciej Kapczyński
    2022 Full text Polish Maritime Research

    The article considers the problem of autonomous control of the underwater remotely operated vehicle mini Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) in a collision situation with a stationary obstacle. The control of the collision avoidance process is presented as a synthesis of fuzzy proportional-differential controllers for the control of distance and orientation concerning the detected stationary obstacle. The control of the submergence depth of the underwater vehicle has been adopted as a separate control flow. A method to obtain the main motion parameters of the underwater vehicle relative to the detected stationary obstacle using a Laser-based Vision System (LVS) and a pressure sensor coupled to an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is described and discussed. The result of computer implementation of the designed fuzzy controllers for collision avoidance is demonstrated in simulation tests and experiments carried out with the mini ROV in the test pool.

  • Autonomous Perception and Grasp Generation Based on Multiple 3D Sensors and Deep Learning
    • Zdzisław Kowalczuk
    • Jan Glinko
    2022

    Grasping objects and manipulating them is the main way the robot interacts with its environment. However, for robots to operate in a dynamic environment, a system for determining the gripping position for objects in the scene is also required. For this purpose, neural networks segmenting the point cloud are usually applied. However, training such networks is very complex and their results are unsatisfactory. Therefore, we propose an innovative and end-to- end approach to generating the grip position that replaces (3D) point cloud segmentation with 2D image segmentation. For this purpose, we create an OrthoView module that acts as an adapter between 3D space (point cloud) and 2D space (image). The 2D object mask created in it serves as basic information in the process of selecting the final grip from among the grips generated for the entire scene using Contact GraspNet. An unquestionable conceptual advantage of our solution (OrthoView) is the fact that only one resulting 2D image is created from the point cloud, which can be the result of merging (integrating) 3D images from many cameras. Therefore, it allows for the fusion of information from any number of cameras, without the need to implement solutions for identifying the same objects seen from different perspectives (cameras). In order to test our solution stream, we created 6 scenes of different complexity, on the basis of which we present the effectiveness of our solution. In summary, eliminating the need for 3D point cloud segmentation and reducing the image segmentation problem to infer from only one 2D photo can significantly improve the performance of the position estimation system for grasping objects.

  • Autonomous pick-and-place system based on multiple 3Dsensors and deep learning
    • Zdzisław Kowalczuk
    • Jan Glinko
    2022

    Grasping objects and manipulating them is the main way the robot interacts with its environment. However, for robots to operate in a dynamic environment, a system for determining the gripping position for objects in the scene is also required. For this purpose, neural networks segmenting the point cloud are usually applied. However, training such networks is very complex and their results are unsatisfactory. Therefore, we propose an innovative and end-to- end approach to generating the grip position that replaces (3D) point cloud segmentation with 2D image segmentation. For this purpose, we create an OrthoView module that acts as an adapter between 3D space (point cloud) and 2D space (image). The 2D object mask created in it serves as basic information in the process of selecting the final grip from among the grips generated for the entire scene using Contact GraspNet. An unquestionable conceptual advantage of our solution (OrthoView) is the fact that only one resulting 2D image is created from the point cloud, which can be the result of merging (integrating) 3D images from many cameras. Therefore, it allows for the fusion of information from any number of cameras, without the need to implement solutions for identifying the same objects seen from different perspectives (cameras). In order to test our solution stream, we created 6 scenes of different complexity, on the basis of which we present the effectiveness of our solution. In summary, eliminating the need for 3D point cloud segmentation and reducing the image segmentation problem to infer from only one 2D photo can significantly improve the performance of the position estimation system for grasping objects.

  • BADANIA JAKOŚCI BEZSZWOWYCH DRUTÓW PROSZKOWYCH
    • Adrian Wolski
    2022 Full text

    Proces spawania drutami proszkowymi (FCAW) zyskuje coraz większą popularność w różnych dziedzinach przemysłu. Przemysł stoczniowy oraz offshore znacznie częściej wykorzystuje tę metodę przy wykonywaniu odpowiedzialnych i masywnych konstrukcji, których nie można wykonać stosując metody w pełni zautomatyzowane, np. spawanie łukiem krytym. Wzrost zainteresowania tą metodą spowodowany jest przez wysoką wydajność procesu spawania, łatwość opanowania tej metody przez spawaczy, możliwości spawania szerokiego zakresu materiałów i fakt, że charakter tej metody sprzyja wytwarzaniu złączy dobrej jakości (pozbawionego wad). Celem pracy była weryfikacja wpływu przechowywania bezszwowych drutów proszkowych do metody spawania FCAW w warunkach przemysłowych. W tym celu przechowywano trzy wybrane gatunki drutów na terenie przedsiębiorstwa w strefie przemysłowej w Elblągu (województwo warmińsko-mazurskie), a następnie wykonano badania metalograficzne i oznaczono ilość wodoru dyfundującego w stopiwie. Wyniki porównano z wartościami uzyskanymi dla tych samych drutów w stanie dostawy.

  • Badania nieniszczące czopów łopatek turbiny Hz3 EW Straszyn na obecność pęknięć nieciągłości
    • Wojciech Kiełczyński
    • Jacek Haras
    2022

    Celem badań była identyfikacja wad materiałowych na czopach łopatek Hz3 w turbinie Kaplana , na podstawie następujących badań: - wizualnych (VT), - magnetyczno proszkowych (MT), ultradźwiękowych. Na podstawie w/w badań poszczególnych stref pomiarowych, dokonano oceny wadliwości materiału 4 czopów łopatek, łączących łopatki z wieńcem Hz3, z punktu widzenia inicjacji pęknięć. Wynik badań przekazano Zleceniodawcy.

  • Badania połączeń spawanych rurociągu wody pitnej we Włocławku, ang. Welding joints tests in drinking water pipeline.
    • Wojciech Kiełczyński
    • Maria Głowacka
    • Lech Nadolny
    • Marian Siejka
    2022

    Celem badań opisanych w pracy było określenie przyczyn korozji powstałej w strefie wpływu ciepła (SWC) w obwodowych połączeniach spawanych w rurociągu wody pitnej. Materiałem, z którego wykonano rurociąg to stal 304/304L. W obszarze złącza spawanego stwierdzono wżery inicjowane od niezgodności geometrycznych, gdzie mogły gromadzić się osady zwiększające udział chlorków bezpośrednio przy powierzchni rury, promujące tym procesy korozyjne. Należy stwierdzić, że intensywna korozja występująca w SWC w badanej próbce była spowodowana procesem spawania, nieadekwatnym do zaistniałych okoliczności i niespełnieniem warunków metalurgicznych dla spawanego materiału. Wymienić tu należy: - zbyt dużą energie liniową wpływającą na tworzenie nadmiernego, dużego przekroju poprzecznego spoiny. - niewłaściwie prowadzony proces technologiczny w kwestii przygotowania i dopasowania krawędzi łączonych co prowadziło do niezamierzonych osadzeń cząsteczek stałych, zawierających między innymi chlorki, - niedostateczna osłona grani spoiny gazem osłonowym (Ar) w trakcie wykonywania warstwy przetopowej. Fakt ten spowodowało trwałe uszkodzenie warstwy pasywacyjnej i nadmierny spadek poziomu chromu umożliwiając tym samym rozpoczęcie procesu korozji w SWC.

  • Badania porównawcze wpływu grubości ścianki powłoki o przekroju niekołowym, wykonanej z tworzywa GRP, w obiekcie gruntowo-powłokowym
    • Remigiusz Gut
    • Wiktor Jasiński
    • Andrzej Duszyński
    • Aleksander Czapla
    • Jakub Drewnowski
    2022 Full text Materiały Budowlane

    W artykule przedstawiono badania porównawcze przepustów wykonanych z tworzywa GRP (Glass Reinforcement Poliester) zabudowanych w warunkach naturalnych i obciążanych układem sił symulujących obciążenia komunikacyjne zgodne z „Modelem Obciążenia 1” wg [7]. Analizowano dwie konstrukcje o identycznym przekroju poprzecznym (profil dzwonowy DN3000/2400), ale różnej grubości ścianki: standardowej 45 mm i zredukowanej 35 mm. Badania obejmowały pomiary przemieszczeń pionowych i poziomych konstrukcji oraz odkształceń ścianki w części środkowej odcinka i przy złączu. Wyniki badań poddano analizie w celu sprawdzenia wpływu redukcji grubości ścianki na odkształcenia wewnętrznego przekroju konstrukcji oraz na naprężenia w ściankach.