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Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2022

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  • IMPLEMENTACJA ARCHITEKTURY SYSTEMU SYMEC
    • Andrzej Bęben
    • Wojciech Burakowski
    • Maciej Sosnowski
    • Dariusz Więcek
    • Paweł Olender
    • Bartosz Belter
    • Bartosz Krakowiak
    • Michał Hoeft
    • Mariusz Miszewski
    • Adrian Chomicki
    2022 Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne

    W artykule przedstawiono docelową architekturę systemu obliczeń na brzegu sieci, która została opracowana, zaimplementowana i wdrożona w ramach projektu SyMEC. W szczególności przedstawiono główne elementy opracowanego systemu, podstawowe realizowane procesy dotyczące zarządzania cyklem życia oferowanych aplikacji i usług MEC, a także doświadczenia wynikające z implementacji prototypu systemu SyMEC i jego wdrożenia w krajowej sieci badawczej PL-LAB 2020. W podsumowaniu przedstawiono kierunki dalszego rozwoju system SyMEC.

  • Implementation of high-precision computation capabilities into the open-source dynamic simulation framework YADE
    • Jan Kozicki
    • Anton Gladky
    • Klaus Thoeni
    2022 Full text COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS

    This paper deals with the implementation of arbitrary precision calculations into the open-source discrete element framework YADE published under the GPL-2+ free software license. This new capability paves the way for the simulation framework to be used in many new fields such as quantum mechanics. The implementation details and associated gains in the accuracy of the results are discussed. Besides the "standard" double (64 bits) type, support for the following high-precision types is added: long double (80 bits), float128 (128 bits), mpfr_float_backend (arbitrary precision) and cpp_bin_float (arbitrary precision). Benchmarks are performed to quantify the additional computational cost involved with the new supported precisions. Finally, a simple calculation of a chaotic triple pendulum is performed to demonstrate the new capabilities and the effect of different precisions on the simulation result.

  • Implementing artificial intelligence in forecasting the risk of personal bankruptcies in Poland and Taiwan
    • Tomasz Korol
    • Anestis Fotiadis
    2022 Full text Oeconomia Copernicana

    Research background: The global financial crisis from 2007 to 2012, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the current war in Ukraine have dramatically increased the risk of consumer bankruptcies worldwide. All three crises negatively impact the financial situation of households due to increased interest rates, inflation rates, volatile exchange rates, and other significant macroeconomic factors. Financial difficulties may arise when the private person is unable to maintain a habitual standard of living. This means that anyone can become financially vulnerable regardless of wealth or education level. Therefore, forecasting consumer bankruptcy risk has received increasing scientific and public attention. Purpose of the article: This study proposes artificial intelligence solutions to address the increased importance of the personal bankruptcy phenomenon and the growing need for reliable forecasting models. The objective of this paper is to develop six models for forecasting personal bankruptcies in Poland and Taiwan with the use of three soft-computing techniques. Methods: Six models were developed to forecast the risk of insolvency: three for Polish households and three for Taiwanese consumers, using fuzzy sets, genetic algorithms, and artificial neural networks. This research relied on four samples. Two were learning samples (one for each country), and two were testing samples, also one for each country separately. Both testing samples contain 500 bankrupt and 500 nonbankrupt households, while each learning sample consists of 100 insolvent and 100 solvent natural persons. Findings & value added: This study presents a solution for effective bankruptcy risk forecasting by implementing both highly effective and usable methods and proposes a new type of ratios that combine the evaluated consumers’ financial and demographic characteristics. The usage of such ratios also improves the versatility of the presented models, as they are not denominated in monetary value or strictly in demographic units. This would be limited to use in only one country but can be widely used in other regions of the world.

  • Improved finite element method for flow, heat and solute transport of Prandtl liquid via heated plate
    • Muhammad Bilal Hafeez
    • Marek Krawczuk
    • Wasim Jamshed
    • Hajra Kaneez
    • Syed M. Hussain
    • El Sayed M. Tag El Din
    2022 Full text Scientific Reports

    In the current study, a vertical, 3D-heated plate is used to replicate the generation of heat energy and concentration into Prandtl liquid. We discuss how Dufour and Soret theories relate to the equations for concentration and energy. In order to see how efectively particles, interact with heat and a solvent, hybrid nanoparticles are used. It does away with the phenomena of viscous dissipation and changing magnetic felds. The motivation behind the developed study is to optimize solvent and heat storage uses in the biological and industrial domains. This article’s major goal is to explore the aspects of thermal energy and mass transfer that infuence how nanoparticles, hybrid nanoparticles, and 3D melting surface sheets behave. Variable thermal efciency and variable mass transfer are combined. The system of generated PDEs (diference equations) includes the concentration, velocity, and heat energy equations. The numerical calculations are done for Silver (Ag), Molybdenum Disulfde (MoS2) nanoparticles with Ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) as the base fuid using a boundary layer approach to the mathematical formulation. The system of ODEs is formulated through transformations in order to fnd a solution. A Galerkin fnite element algorithm (G-FEA) is adopted to analyze various aspects versus diferent parameters. It has been found that motion into hybrid nanoparticles is reduced by motion into nanoparticles. Additionally, diferences in heat energy and solvent particle sizes are associated with modifcations in magnetic, Dufour, Eckert, and Soret numbers. In contrast to hybrid nanostructures, the output of thermal energy is usually observed to be substantially higher. The magnetic feld parameter decreases the particle velocity. In contradiction to the Eckert number, bouncy parameter, and magnetic parameter set values, the maximum quantity of heat energy is obtained. variable thermal conductivity’s function. The 3D heated vertical surface convective heat transfer of nanofuids and hybrid nanofuids under the impact of a heat source, thermal radiation, and viscous dissipation has not yet been studied, as far as the authors are aware.

  • Improved-Efficacy EM-Based Antenna Miniaturization by Multi-Fidelity Simulations and Objective Function Adaptation
    • Marzieh Mahrokh
    • Mateusz Kozieł
    2022 Full text ENERGIES

    The growing demands for integration of surface mount design (SMD) antennas into miniatur-ized electronic devices have been continuously imposing limitations on the structure dimen-sions. Examples include embedded antennas in applications such as on-board devices, picosatel-lites, 5G communications, or implantable and wearable devices. The demands for size reduction while ensuring a satisfactory level of the electrical and field performance figures can be man-aged through constrained numerical optimization. The reliability of optimization-based size reduction requires utilization of full-wave electromagnetic (EM) analysis, which entails signifi-cant computational costs. This can be alleviated by incorporating surrogate modeling tech-niques, adjoint sensitivities, or the employment of sparse sensitivity updates. An alternative is the incorporation of multi-fidelity simulation models, normally limited to two levels, low and high resolution. This paper proposes a novel algorithm for the accelerated antenna miniaturiza-tion, featuring a continuous adjustment of the simulation model fidelity in the course of the op-timization process. The model resolution is determined by factors related to violation of the de-sign constraints as well as and the convergence status of the algorithm. The algorithm utilizes the lowest-fidelity model for the early stages of the optimization process; it is gradually refined towards the highest-fidelity model upon approaching convergence, and the constraint violations improve towards the preset tolerance threshold. At the same time, a penalty function approach with adaptively adjusted coefficients is applied to enable a precise control of constraints, and to increase the achievable miniaturization rates. The presented procedure has been validated using five microstrip antennas, including three broadband, and two circularly polarized structures. The obtained results corroborate the relevance of the implemented mechanisms from the point of view of improving the average computational efficiency of the optimization pro-cess by 43% as compared to the single-fidelity adaptive penalty function approach. Fur-thermore, the presented methodology demonstrates a performance quality equivalent or even superior to the single-fidelity counterpart in terms of the average constraint violation of 0.01 dB (compared to 0.03 dB for the reference), and the average size reduction of 25% as compared to 25.6%.

  • Improvement of CO2 absorption and inhibition of NH3 escape during CaCO3 precipitation in the presence of selected alcohols and polyols
    • Natalia Czaplicka
    • Dominik Dobrzyniewski
    • Szymon Dudziak
    • Chunqing Jiang
    • Donata Konopacka-Łyskawa
    2022 Full text Journal of CO2 Utilization

    This research aims to investigate the effect of selected organic substances containing hydroxyl groups on the reduction of NH3 escape and the improvement of CO2 capture during the precipitation of calcium carbonate by carbonation method using post-distillation liquid from the Solvay process and gas stream containing CO2 in the amount corresponding to the exhausted gases produced by the combustion of fossil fuels. Glycerol, ethylene glycol (EG), methanol, isopropanol, pentaerythritol, and neopentyl glycol (NPG) were used as ammonia escape inhibitors. The addition of NPG has been shown to result in the highest reduction of NH3 escape (83.1%) and the highest CO2 capture efficiency (86.1%). During the proposed CaCO3 precipitation with NPG, 98.7% of the NH3 initially introduced into the reaction mixture remains in the solution. Furthermore, the features that should be taken into account when introducing various alcohols and polyols for capturing NH3 and CO2 in the calcium carbonate precipitation via the carbonation method have been discussed.

  • Improvements and new functionalities of UNRES server for coarse-grained modeling of protein structure, dynamics, and interactions
    • Rafał Ślusarz
    • Emilia Lubecka
    • Cezary Czaplewski
    • Adam Liwo
    2022 Full text Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences

    In this paper we report the improvements and extensions of the UNRES server (https://unres-server.chem.ug.edu.pl) for physics-based simulations with the coarse-grained UNRES model of polypeptide chains. The improvements include the replacement of the old code with the recently optimized one and adding the recent scale-consistent variant of the UNRES force field, which performs better in the modeling of proteins with the β and the α+β structures. The scope of applications of the package was extended to data-assisted simulations with restraints from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and chemical crosslink mass-spectroscopy (XL-MS) measurements. NMR restraints can be input in the NMR Exchange Format (NEF), which has become a standard. Ambiguous NMR restraints are handled without expert intervention owing to a specially designed penalty function. The server can be used to run smaller jobs directly or to prepare input data to run larger production jobs by using standalone installations of UNRES.

  • Improving medical experts’ efficiency of misinformation detection: an exploratory study
    • Aleksandra Nabożny
    • Bartłomiej Balcerzak
    • Mikołaj Morzy
    • Adam Wierzbicki
    • Pavel Savov
    • Kamil Warpechowski
    2022 Full text WORLD WIDE WEB-INTERNET AND WEB INFORMATION SYSTEMS

    Fighting medical disinformation in the era of the pandemic is an increasingly important problem. Today, automatic systems for assessing the credibility of medical information do not offer sufficient precision, so human supervision and the involvement of medical expert annotators are required. Our work aims to optimize the utilization of medical experts’ time. We also equip them with tools for semi-automatic initial verification of the credibility of the annotated content. We introduce a general framework for filtering medical statements that do not require manual evaluation by medical experts, thus focusing annotation efforts on non-credible medical statements. Our framework is based on the construction of filtering classifiers adapted to narrow thematic categories. This allows medical experts to fact-check and identify over two times more non-credible medical statements in a given time interval without applying any changes to the annotation flow. We verify our results across a broad spectrum of medical topic areas. We perform quantitative, as well as exploratory analysis on our output data. We also point out how those filtering classifiers can be modified to provide experts with different types of feedback without any loss of performance.

  • Improving Re-rankCCP with Rules Quality Measures
    • Piotr Jezusek
    • Aleksandra Karpus
    2022

    Recommender Systems are software tools and techniques which aim at suggesting new items that may possibly be of interest to a user. Context-Aware Recommender Systems exploit contextual information to provide more adequate recommendations. In this paper we described a modification of an existing contextual post-filtering algorithm which uses rules-like user representation called Contextual Conditional Preferences. We extended the algorithm by taking into account rules quality measures while recommending items to a user. We proved that this modification increases the quality of recommendations, measured with precision, recall and nDCG, and has no impact on the execution time of the original algorithm.

  • In vivo imaging of the human eye using a two-photon excited fluorescence scanning laser ophthalmoscope
    • Jakub Boguslawski
    • Grazyna Palczewska
    • Slawomir Tomczewski
    • Jadwiga Milkiewicz
    • Piotr Kasprzycki
    • Dorota Stachowiak
    • Katarzyna Komar
    • Marcin Jarosław Marzejon
    • Bartosz L. Sikorski
    • Arkadiusz Hudzikowski
    • Aleksander Głuszek
    • Zbigniew Łaszczych
    • Karol Karnowski
    • Grzegorz Soboń
    • Krzysztof Palczewski
    • Maciej Wojtkowski
    2022 Full text JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

    BACKGROUND. Noninvasive assessment of metabolic processes that sustain regeneration of human retinal visual pigments (visual cycle) is essential to improve ophthalmic diagnostics and to accelerate development of new treatments to counter retinal diseases. Fluorescent vitamin A derivatives, which are the chemical intermediates of these processes, are highly sensitive to UV light; thus, safe analyses of these processes in humans are currently beyond the reach of even the most modern ocular imaging modalities. METHODS. We present a compact fluorescence scanning laser ophthalmoscope (TPEF-SLO) and spectrally resolved images of the human retina based on two-photon excitation (TPE) with near-infrared (IR) light. A custom Er:fiber laser with integrated pulse selection, along with intelligent post-processing of data, enables excitation with low laser power and precise measurement of weak signals. RESULTS. We demonstrate spectrally resolved TPE fundus images of human subjects. Comparison of TPE data between human and mouse models of retinal diseases revealed similarity with mouse models that rapidly accumulate bisretinoid condensation products. Thus, visual cycle intermediates and toxic byproducts of this metabolic pathway can be measured and quantified by TPE imaging. CONCLUSION. Our work establishes a TPE instrument and measurement method for noninvasive metabolic assessment of the human retina. This approach opens the possibility for monitoring eye diseases in the earliest stages before structural damage to the retina occurs. FUNDING. NIH, Research to Prevent Blindness, Foundation for Polish Science, European Regional Development Fund, Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange and Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education.

  • Incorporation of the sulfur cycle in sustainable nitrogen removal systems - A review
    • Dominika Grubba
    • Zhixuan Yin
    • Joanna Majtacz
    • Hussein Al- Hazmi
    • Jacek Mąkinia
    2022 Full text JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION

    In wastewater treatment systems, sulfur (S) removal processes are generally based on heterotrophic sulfate (SO42−) reduction by sulfate reducing bacteria and S-dependent autotrophic denitrification by sulfur oxidizing bacteria. A combination of either two cycles (N and S) or three cycles (N, S and C) appears to be a viable approach to sustainable wastewater treatment, resulting in energy savings and reduction of sludge production. This review shows how the S cycle can be coupled with the other cycles in single systems for efficient N and S removal. Operating conditions, advantages, limitations and challenges of such systems are described. S removal processes are generally based on heterotrophic sulfate (SO42−) reduction by sulfate reducing bacteria and S-dependent autotrophic denitrification by sulfur oxidizing bacteria. In terms of pH and temperature, the optimum conditions are determined by the narrowest ranges for heterotrophic SO42− reduction (pH of 7–7.6, T = 28–30 °C). The combined processes allow for almost complete N removal, while the efficiency of SO42− removal can reach up to 75%. Among all the processes linking the N, S and C cycles, SANI (sulfate reduction, autotrophic denitrification and nitrification integrated) has been best recognized. Recently, the growing attention has been paid to the novel sulfammox process, which involves SO42− dependent, anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria. Numerous systems have been developed to combine SO42− reduction, S-dependent autotrophic denitrification and partial nitritation/anammox processes. The coexistence of several bacterial groups and their competition for the substrates is thus a key issue to be considered. Specific inhibitors for each bacterial group also need to be recognized before full-scale implementations. Moreover, modeling the transformations of S compounds has been incorporated with respect to all the processes responsible for those transformations.

  • Incremental dynamic analysis and fragility assessment of buildings founded on different soil types experiencing structural pounding during earthquakes
    • Mahmoud Miari
    • Robert Jankowski
    2022 ENGINEERING STRUCTURES

    The effect of the soil type on buildings experiencing pounding during earthquakes is investigated in this study using the incremental dynamic analysis and fragility assessment methods. Three 3-D structures with different number of storeys (4, 6 and 8) were considered in this study. Three pounding scenarios between these three buildings were taken into account, i.e. pounding between 4-storey and 6-storey buildings, between 4-storey and 8-storey buildings and between 6-storey and 8-storey buildings. First, the effect of the site parameters was investigated so as to take into consideration the values that lead to higher responses. Then, the effects of earthquake-induced pounding between buildings founded on a specified soil type for these three pounding scenarios were analysed and compared with no pounding case. Finally, pounding for these three scenarios was studied under different soil types defined in the ASCE 7-10 code (hard rock, rock, very dense soil and soft rock, stiff soil and soft clay soil). The results of this study indicate that the effect of pounding follows two general trends which are destructive and beneficial. Also, the vibrating buildings was found to be more vulnerable to damage due to pounding when they are founded on the soft clay soil, then when they are founded on the stiff soil, then when they are founded on very dense soil and soft rock, and finally when they are founded on the rock and hard rock.

  • Incremental Dynamic Analysis and Fragility Assessment of Buildings with Different Structural Arrangements Experiencing Earthquake-Induced Structural Pounding
    • Mahmoud Miari
    • Robert Jankowski
    2022

    Structural pounding is considered as one of the most critical phenomena occurring during earthquakes. This paper presents the incremental dynamic analysis and fragility assessment of buildings experiencing earthquake-induced pounding. Three 3-D buildings with different number of storeys and under different structural arrangements have been considered. Three pounding scenarios have been taken into account, i.e. pounding between 5-storey and 7-storey buildings, pounding between 5-storey and 9-storey buildings and pounding between 7-storey and 9-storey buildings. The incremental dynamic analysis and fragility assessment has been performed for these three buildings in the three pounding scenarios as well as for the no pounding case. The results of both incremental dynamic analysis and fragility assessment illustrate that pounding can be beneficial and destructive, depending on the structural response and ground motion shift versus time. No clear relation has been observed because pounding is a highly complicated phenomenon.

  • INDFIRES PROJECT AND SITUATIONAL INDUSTRIAL FIRE REPORTS OF PARTNER COUNTRIES
    • Yilmaz Olcay
    • Kim Lintrup
    • Mariusz Jaczewski
    • Marek Pszczoła
    • Maciej Sawicki
    • Mateja Gris
    • Marcel Kalan
    • Kasim Yilmaz
    2022

    Chapter contains information regarding project and situational reports from all participants.

  • Individual entrepreneurial orientation: comparison of business and STEM students
    • Magdalena Licznerska
    • Tatjana Nikitina
    • Iveta Ozoliņa-Ozola
    • Inga Lapina
    2022 Education and Training

    Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are differences in Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation (IEO) between students who are doing their major in business studies and the ones whose areas of study are science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Design/methodology/approach – The current research investigates which factors and components contribute to EO orientation development among different groups of students. The researchers conducted a survey in Latvia and Poland applying non-parametric inferential statistical methods as well as linear regression analysis to verify the research hypotheses. Findings – The authors identified that there are significant differences between business and STEM students when they analyse their IEO. It turned out that STEM students obtain significantly lower scores for risk-taking and innovativeness but higher for proactiveness. Additionally, it was detected that the chosen field of study affects students’ perception of educational support, thus influencing their innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk propensity. Originality/value – The current research investigates which factors and components contribute to IEO development among different groups of students in under-researched Baltic countries which experienced systemic transformation. The authors believe that universities can use the analysis of their students’ IEO to better allocate their resources, adjust curricula to the real needs of students, because undeniably future societies need entrepreneurial people.

  • Induction Generator with Direct Control and a Limited Number of Measurements on the Side of the Converter Connected to the Power Grid
    • Andrzej Kasprowicz
    • Oleksandr Husev
    • Ryszard Strzelecki
    2022 Full text ENERGIES

    The article presents an induction generator connected to the power grid using the AC/DC/AC converter and LCL coupling filter. Three-level inverters were used in the converter, both from the generator side and the power grid side. The algorithm realizing Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) in inverters has been simplified to the maximum. Control of the induction generator was based on the Direct Field-Oriented Control (DFOC) method. At the same time, voltage control has been used for this solution. TheMPPT algorithm has been extended to include the variable pitch range of wind turbine blades. The active voltage balancing circuit has been used in the inverter DC voltage circuit. In the control system of the grid converter with an LCL filter, the number of measurements was limited to the measurement of power grid currents and voltages. Synchronization of control from the power grid side is ensured by the use of a PLL loop with the system of preliminary suppression of undesired harmonics.

  • INDUSTRIAL FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS IN PARTNER COUNTRIES
    • Bora Balun
    • Yilmaz Olcay
    • Salvatore Santuccio
    • Mariusz Jaczewski
    2022

    Chapter contains information regardin law regulations of fire safety for constructions in countris participating in project.

  • Infinite chromatic games
    • Robert Janczewski
    • Paweł Obszarski
    • Krzysztof Turowski
    • Bartłomiej Wróblewski
    2022 Full text DISCRETE APPLIED MATHEMATICS

    In the paper we introduce a new variant of the graph coloring game and a new graph parameter being the result of the new game. We study their properties and get some lower and upper bounds, exact values for complete multipartite graphs and optimal, often polynomial-time strategies for both players provided that the game is played on a graph with an odd number of vertices. At the end we show that both games, the new and the classic one, are related: our new parameter is an upper bound for the game chromatic number.

  • Influence of a Lighting Column in the Working Width of a W-Beam Barrier on TB51 Crash Test
    • Radosław Wolny
    • Dawid Bruski
    • Marcin Budzyński
    • Łukasz Pachocki
    • Krzysztof Wilde
    2022 Full text Materials

    Road equipment, such as, e.g., road safety barriers and lighting columns, are subject to certification according to the EN1317 standard to be allowed for use on European roads. In engineering practice, due to the terrain conditions, there are cases where other road equipment is installed within the working width of road safety barriers. Such situations are not considered during the certification process. Hence, the aim of this study is to analyze the effect of a lighting column installed within the working width of the barrier on the results of the TB51 crash test. The full-scale crash test and numerical simulation of this event were conducted. In the full-scale crash test, as well as in the simulation, the lighting column prevented the barrier’s post from properly disconnecting from the guardrail, which resulted in the barrier failing to restrain and redirect the 13-t bus. The simulation was quantitatively compared to the experiment, where the correlation coefficient of ASI curves equaled 84%. The THIV curves differed significantly between the experiment and the simulation, which is explained within the paper. Next, simulations with and without the lighting column were compared. The ASI and THIV in the simulation without the column were 0.33 and 16.1 km/h, respectively. In the simulation with the column, the ASI and THIV were 0.44 and 17.7 km/h, respectively. The maximum roll angle of the vehicle in the simulation without the column was 2.01° and with the column was 5.96°. The main difference, however, was that the system without the lighting column within the working width of the barrier was capable of properly restraining and redirecting the vehicle. The specific mechanics underlying this behavior are described within the paper.

  • Influence of B/N co-doping on electrical and photoluminescence properties of CVD grown homoepitaxial diamond films
    • Srinivasu Kunuku
    • Mateusz Ficek
    • Aleksandra Wieloszynska
    • Magdalena Daniela Tamulewicz-Szwajkowska
    • Krzysztof Gajewski
    • Miroslaw Sawczak
    • Aneta Lewkowicz
    • Jacek Ryl
    • Teodor Gotszalk
    • Robert Bogdanowicz
    2022 Full text NANOTECHNOLOGY

    Boron doped diamond (BDD) has great potential in electrical, and electrochemical sensing applications. The growth parameters, substrates, and synthesis method play a vital role in the preparation of semiconducting BDD to metallic BDD. Doping of other elements along with boron (B) into diamond demonstrated improved efficacy of B doping and exceptional properties. In the present study, B and nitrogen (N) co-doped diamond has been synthesized on single crystalline diamond (SCD) IIa and SCD Ib substrates in a microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition process. The B/N co-doping into CVD diamond has been conducted at constant N flow of N/C ~ 0.02 with three different B/C doping concentrations of B/C ~ 2500 ppm, 5000 ppm, 7500 ppm. AFM topography depicted the flat and smooth surface with low surface roughness for low B doping, whereas surface features like hillock structures and un-epitaxial diamond crystals with high surface roughness were observed for high B doping concentrations. KPFM measurements revealed that the work function (4.74 eV to 4.94 eV) has not varied significantly for CVD diamond synthesized with different B/C concentrations. Raman spectroscopy measurements described the growth of high-quality diamond and photoluminescence studies revealed the formation of high-density nitrogen-vacancy centers in CVD diamond layers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirmed the successful B doping and the increase in N doping with B doping concentration. The room temperature electrical resistance measurements of CVD diamond layers (B/C ~ 7500 ppm) have shown the low resistance value ~ 9.29 Ω for CVD diamond/SCD IIa, and the resistance value ~ 16.55 Ω for CVD diamond/SCD Ib samples.