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Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2025

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  • 1,3-Propanediol-Based Supported Deep Eutectic Liquid Membranes as an Efficient Material for Carbon Dioxide Separation
    • Bartosz Nowosielski
    • Dorota Warmińska
    • Iwona Cichowska-Kopczyńska
    2025 INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH

    In this study, new polypropylene-based supported liquid membranes (SLMs) with a liquid phase composed of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) containing choline chloride, acetylcholine chloride, or tetrabutylammonium chloride and 1,3-propanediol were introduced. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to verify DES formation, and the thermal stability was assessed using thermogravimetric analysis. The physicochemical properties, namely, density, refractive index, and viscosity, of DESs and their carbon dioxide capacities were measured across a temperature range of 293.15–313.15 K. The study examined how the structure of the hydrogen bond acceptor and the molar ratio of acceptor to donor influenced the properties and potential for CO2 separation. The permeability of CO2 and N2 through DES-based SLMs was measured, and the ideal selectivity for CO2 over N2 was evaluated. Results indicated that the permeability of CO2 through SLMs containing 1,3-propanediol-based DES ranged from 89 to 123 barrer at 293.15 K, with an ideal CO2/N2 selectivity between 22 and 32. The performance of the studied DES-SLMs demonstrates that they are a viable alternative to commercially used CO2 separation methods due to their environmentally friendly nature and comparable gas separation capabilities.

  • A comparative analysis of numerically simulated and experimentally measured static responses of a floating dock
    • Jianan Zhang
    • Xueliang Wen
    • Aleksander Kniat
    • Muk Chen Ong
    2025 Ships and Offshore Structures

    Two numerical methods, dynamic and static analyses, are proposed to calculate the static responses of a floating dock under different ballast water distributions. Model-scale experimental tests were conducted to compare with these numerical methods. The dynamic analysis includes a 6-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) model, a hydrostatic force model and a hydrodynamic force model to simulate the dock's freely floating processes. The dock's equilibrium position is identified when the difference in the dock’s motions between two successive time steps is below a specified tolerance value. In the static analysis, the static equilibrium equations in draught, heel, and trim are solved using the Newton-Raphson method. Both dynamic and static results of the draughts at the four corners, heel, and trim are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental results, which shows the reliability of the proposed numerical methods. Moreover, the static analysis exhibits quicker convergence, requiring fewer iteration steps than the dynamic analysis.

  • A Comprehensive System for Protection of Photovoltaic Installations in Normal and Emergency Conditions
    • Konrad Seklecki
    • Marek Olesz
    • Marek Adamowicz
    • Mikołaj Nowak
    • Leszek Litzbarski
    • Kamil Balcarek
    • Jacek Grochowski
    2025 ENERGIES

    The rapid growth of the photovoltaic industry necessitates the development of innovative solutions to ensure the safe operation of these systems. One of the most critical challenges in photovoltaic installations is ensuring protection against electric shock under both operational and emergency conditions, as well as minimizing the risk of fire spread in case of an installation fire. Existing safety measures do not provide a sufficient level of protection, particularly in terms of fire safety. To address these shortcomings, a comprehensive safety system has been developed. This system includes a photovoltaic panel shutter and a safety switch device, which enables the short-circuiting of individual panel outputs while also providing a break in the DC circuit. The proposed solution can be classified as part of the Balance of System (BoS). The effectiveness of this safety system has been validated through both numerical simulations and experimental investigations. Furthermore, an economic analysis indicates that implementing this system will not significantly impact the overall cost of a photovoltaic system.

  • A facile synthesis by spark plasma sintering of mobile lithium ions into oxynitride glass-ceramic matrix: Insight and perspective
    • Sharafat Ali
    • Abbas Saeed Hakeem
    • Hussain Alslman
    • Natalia Wójcik
    2025 Journal of Materials Research and Technology-JMR&T

    The quest for efficient energy storage solutions has led to the development of solid-state Li-on batteries (SSBs), which utilize solid-state electrolyte (SSE) materials instead of organic liquid electrolytes. This study investigates the effect of increasing Li content in a Ca11Al14Si16O49N10 glass-ceramic material on its structural, thermal, physical, and electrical properties. Spark Plasma Sintered (SPS) glass-ceramic samples with varying Li content (6–21 wt% of Li₂O) were analyzed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis exhibited amorphous patterns for both the oxynitride parent glass and the same undoped glass which was sintered via SPS. Furthermore, the XRD analysis revealed changes in the crystalline phases with varying Li content, indicating a complex relationship between Li concentration and crystallinity. With increase in Li content, the crystallinity in the samples decreases. Optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrate alterations in microstructural features, notably an increase in the number of Li-rich phases. Thermal analysis reveals fluctuating thermal expansion and conductivity trends, with significant increases observed up to a certain Li content threshold. Ionic conductivity studies indicate a complex relationship between Li content, activation energy, and conduction mechanisms, with optimal conductivity observed at specific Li concentrations. These findings provide valuable insights into the design and optimization of SSE materials for next-generation energy storage applications.

  • A Feasibility Study of Debonding Detection in Multi-Layered Marine Thin-Wall Structures Using a Non-Destructive Vibration-Based Approach
    • Dawit Yona
    • Beata Zima
    • Przemysław Krata
    2025 Polish Maritime Research

    This study analyses different debonding defect scenarios on a multi-layered material composed of carbon fibre- reinforced polymer as a composite coating applied to structural steel, with the aim of applying it to marine structures. The study utilises vibration-based experimental non-destructive diagnostics and numerical simulations to thoroughly examine the debonding extent at four different lengths: 0%, 25%, 75%, and 100% of the total length of the material. The theoretical formulation of the free vibration of the proposed material for the fully bonded condition (0%) is also established using classical beam theory and the principles of composite materials. The four initial natural frequencies in the analysis provide indirect observations of the strength and stiffness properties. The results demonstrate that a reduction in the natural frequencies with increasing debonding size is mainly attributed to a loss of stiffness, rather than to the mass and stress distributions between the layers. Although debonding significantly affects the structure at longer lengths, only a small effect is observed when debonding covers 25% of the length. Based on the results, the experimental methods demonstrate strong agreement with the numerical approaches for determining natural frequencies, despite the unexpected results for the fundamental frequency of vibrations in the theoretical approaches. Eventually, we show that the prediction model established for this purpose accurately predicts the impact of debonding defects on the vibration characteristics of a structure with a high coefficient of determination.

  • A Highly Compact Low-Profile Beam Switching Transmitarray Antenna for ISM-Band Applications
    • Seyed Hashem Ramazannia Tuloti
    • Adam Lamęcki
    • Michał Mrozowski
    2025 IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters

    This paper presents a novel, very low-profile transmitarray antenna (TA) designed specifically for applications in the 24 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band. The design innovation lies in embedding the switchable feed antenna into the beam-focusing surface and adding a reflector, which effectively halves the antenna’s size in the boresight direction. This compact antenna allows for easy beam switching through the use of microswitches, making it well-suited for vehicular radar applications. A TA consisting of 829 units with an F/D ratio of 0.5 has been successfully engineered and fabricated for operation at 24.125 GHz. Notably, the antenna exhibits beam-switching capabilities at various angles, including 8, 16, and 24 degrees in the negative X-axis direction and 8, 16, 24, and 32 degrees in the positive X-axis direction, in addition to the boresight direction. The maximum measured gain of the antenna is 19.85 dBi, and it can achieve a tilt of 32 degrees with a gain reduction of approximately 3.52 dB compared to the boresight direction.

  • A method for estimating the work of cutting forces to improve the efficiency of face milling of large-size workpieces
    • Krzysztof Kaliński
    • Marek Galewski
    • Natalia Stawicka-Morawska
    • Michał Mazur
    2025 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

    The paper presents a method of vibration reduction during flat surface milling of large-sized details. It involves searching for the best conditions for mounting the workpiece based on the experimental identification of impulsively excited dominant vibration amplitudes, corresponding natural frequencies and phase angles on the selected machined surface. The identification is repeated for a set of tightening torques for the mounting screws. Then, by estimating the minimum work of cutting forces along the width of the cut layer, the best clamping of the workpiece can be predicted. The use of the method does not require the development of any calculation model for computer simulations. It leads to increased production efficiency by improving the product quality, shortening the production time, and reducing costs. Improving the product quality has been evidenced by assessing the root mean square (RMS) of vibrations in the time domain during flat milling, as well as by assessing the machined surface quality (roughness) and its geometric accuracy (flatness deviations). Shortening production time and reducing costs demonstrate the profitability of the method as well. The method enabled the precise identification of the best conditions for mounting the workpiece, as a result of tightening the securing supports with a torque of 50 Nm. The above classifies the obtained products even in the category of those made using grinding methods, without the need to implement the latter. Due to the significant reduction in environmental pollution and power demand, the proposed method meets the expectations of environmentally friendly, so-called green technologies.

  • A Miniaturized and High Optically Transparent Frequency Selective Surface for RF Shielding using Double-Glazed Glass Windows for Green Building Applications
    • Muhammad Nasir
    • Sławomir Kozieł
    • Adnan Iftikhar
    2025 Full text IEEE Access

    This research presents a miniaturized and high optically transparent (OT) frequency selective surface (FSS) for achieving RF shielding through glass window panels. The proposed FSS consists of a single-layered copper pattern sandwiched between two ordinary glass substrates to suppress the dual bands of sub-6 fifth generation (5G). In particular, the design effectively shields n65-downlink (2.1 GHz) and a portion of n78-band (3.5 GHz). The unit cell (UC) design consists of square and butterfly rings with a maximum copper width of 0.1 mm. The dimensions of FSS unit cell (UC) are optimized to 0.0714λ_0 × 0.07146λ_0, where λ_0 is the wavelength at 2.1 GHz resonant frequency. Full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulations, equivalent circuit modeling (ECM), and experimental testing are performed to validate the FSS performance. The design miniaturization and 0.1 mm copper trace width offered a maximum OT of 91.6 % and angular stability up to 85^° for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarized waves.

  • A Non-PCM-Based 2 × 2 MIMO Antenna Array With Low Radar Cross-Section Using Characteristic Mode Analysis
    • Manzoor Elahi
    • Sławomir Kozieł
    • Leifur Leifsson
    2025 Full text IEEE Access

    In this paper, we introduced a 2×2 multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array using a non-polarization conversion metasurface (NPCM) with reduced radar cross section (RCS). To achieve a low RCS, a chess-board configuration is typically adopted. However, in conventional NPCM designs, subarrays with 180◦ phase shifts apart exhibit radiating modes at different resonance frequencies due to varied unit cell sizes and spacing. To address this, a characteristic mode analysis (CMA) has been performed to investigate the radiation mechanism of each subarray, ensuring they resonate within the same frequency band. Through this analysis, the feeding structure was optimized based on the slot-coupled patch antenna theory to align the radiating modes of the subarrays within the desired bandwidth. Specifically, the fundamental mode TM01 of one subarray and higher order mode TM03 of the other were successfully excited to operate within the same frequency range. This configuration enables the low-RCS NPCM surface to implement a MIMO system in which each subarray radiates independently within the same frequency band. Full-wave simulations and measurements have been carried out to verify the performance of the proposed antenna array. The results indicate that the MIMO antenna maintains good isolation, ranging from 22 to 50 dB among ports within the operating band from 9.6 to 10.7 GHz, and exhibits RCS reduction under different polarization ranging from 9 to 19 dB across the band from 8.5 to 12 GHz. Moreover, the RCS under oblique incidence also demonstrate good performance, making it suitable for radar applications.

  • A Probe into the Corrosion Behavior of a WE43B Magnesium Alloy in a Simulated Body Fluid using Dynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
    • Husnu Gerengi
    • Sergio Lorenzi
    • Moses Solomon
    • Paweł Ślepski
    • Marina Cabrini
    2025 JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE

    WE43B is one of the newest Mg alloys with practical application in biomedical implant technology. This work attempts to scrutinize the corrosion characteristics of WE43B alloy in a simulated body fluid (SBF) at a typical body temperature. The dynamic-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with the capacity to track changes on surfaces in a dynamic corrosive system is used in combination with other classical techniques namely, linear polarization, EIS, and hydrogen evolution to track the corrosion pattern of the alloy in SBF for 24 h. The electrochemical results reveal a steady increase in the corrosion resistance of the alloy with immersion time reaching 1398 Ω cm2 at 24 h. This corroborates the hydrogen evolution results in which a declining trend in the corrosion rate with immersion time is observed. The corrosion rate of the alloy is in the range of 1.326-1.338 mm y−1 at 24 h. The results from the applied techniques are comparable. The surface analysis (scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy AFM) results conform with the results obtained from applied methods.

  • A random field-based simulational identification of possible levels of material imperfections of adhesive-bonded joints
    • Karol Winkelmann
    • Faizullah Jan
    • Łukasz Smakosz
    • Violetta Konopińska-Zmysłowska
    • Victor Eremeyev
    • Marcin Kujawa
    2025 Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences-Technical Sciences

    Recently, structural adhesives have become significant in the shaping of structural elements, especially in thin-walled structures, where they replace or supplement traditional connection methods. However, adhesive-bonded joints are highly susceptible to internal structural imperfections due to their application technique and the nature of the adhesive. These material inconsistencies impact the strength parameters and the mechanical behavior of the entire connection. This study proposes a simplified method for the probabilistic numerical modeling of structural imperfections in an adhesive layer. The adhesive is modeled as an uncorrelated random field with weakened elements representing structural imperfections randomly scattered throughout its entire volume. The percentage of these imperfections (in relation to the total volume) is adopted a random variable.By conducting experimental tests on dogbone specimens of a selected adhesive and comparing them to adequate numerical tests with varying volumes of weakened elements, the determination of the representative imperfection volume of the investigated adhesive was possible. Based on these tests, the calibration of the probability density function to describe the volume of the imperfections may be performed. Furthermore, the application of the random model for an adhesive-bonded single lap-joint is shown to be viable. Finally, the calculation of a probability-based mechanical response (in this case, the normal force at critical elongation) of the single lap-joint with structural imperfections is performed, and its resultant reliability is assessed and evaluated.

  • A review on hydrophobic electrospun nanofibers-based materials and membranes for water treatment: Challenges, outlook, and stability
    • Farooque Janjhi
    • Imamdin Chandio
    • Dahar Janwery
    • Vahid Vatanpour
    • Roberto Castro Munoz
    2025 SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY

    Membrane technology is well recognized as a dependable means of supplementing the availability of potable water through processes such as water purification and desalination. Electrospun nanofiber membranes have garnered significant attention because of their advantageous features, including a greater specific surface area, increased porosity, reduced thickness, and popularity. Consequently, ENMs have emerged as an up-and-coming contender in several applications. The various methods employed for fabrication involve inorganic deposition, polymer coating, and interfacial polymerization. Electrospun nanofiber membranes’ efficacy in removing diverse water pollutants, including heavy metals, dyes, and antibiotics, has been exceptional. The enhancement of polymer membrane performance can be achieved through the precise adjustment of polymer structure, manipulation of surface properties, and reinforcement of total membrane porosity. The study investigates the fundamentals of electrospun nanofibers and their utilization in electrospun nanofibrous membranes and composites for environmental remediation applications. The final section discusses the opportunities and significant challenges concerning the application of engineered nanomaterials in the water treatment sector. The advancement of engineered nanomaterials is anticipated to facilitate the growth and application of multiple industries, including water treatment and sustainability.

  • A Review: Structural Shape and Stress Control Techniques and their Applications
    • Ahmed Manguri
    • Najmadeen Saeed
    • Robert Jankowski
    2025 Full text ARCHIVES OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING

    This review article presents prior studies on controlling shape and stress in flexible structures. The study offers a comprehensive survey of literature concerning the adjustment and regulation of shape, stress, or both in structures and emphasizes such control’s importance. The control of systems is classified into three primary classes: nodal movement control, axial force control, and controlling the two classes concurrently. Each class is thoroughly assessed, showcasing diverse methods anticipated by various scholars. Furthermore, the paper discusses methods to reduce the number of devices (actuators) to adjust and optimize actuators’ placement to achieve optimal structural control, considering the cost implications of numerous actuators. Additionally, various actuators are presented in detail, their advantages and disadvantages are also discussed. Moreover, the applications of the presented techniques are reviewed in detail, the essential recommendations for future work are also suggested.

  • Acceleration deforms exponential decays into generalized Zipf-Mandelbrot laws
    • Marek Czachor
    2025 PHYSICS LETTERS A

    An exponentially decaying system looks as if its decay was a generalized power or double-exponential law, provided one takes into account the relativistic time dilation in a detector, the delay of the emitted signal, and the accelerations of both the source and the detector. The same mathematical formula can be found in generalizations of the Zipf-Mandelbrot law in quantitative linguistics and in the dynamics of ligand binding in heme proteins. The effect is purely kinematic and is not related to the various dynamic phenomena that can accompany accelerated motion of sources or detectors. The procedure used can also be seen as a form of clock synchronization near an event horizon.

  • Activation of small molecules by ambiphilic NHC-stabilized phosphinoborenium cation: formation of boreniums with B–O–C, B–O–B, and B–O–P structural motifs
    • Tomasz Wojnowski
    • Anna Ordyszewska
    • Hanna Halenka
    • Iwona Anusiewicz
    • Jarosław Chojnacki
    • Kinga Kaniewska-Laskowska
    • Rafał Grubba
    2025 Full text DALTON TRANSACTIONS

    The reactivity of the phosphinoborenium cation supported by a 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazolin-2-ylidene ligand toward small molecules was explored. The phosphinoborenium cation exhibited dual Lewis acid–base properties due to the presence of the Lewis acidic boron center and the Lewis basic phosphido ligand connected by a covalent bond. The reaction of the title cation with CO2 led to the insertion of a CO2 molecule into the P–B bond. The obtained borenium CO2-adduct underwent hydrolysis, forming an N-heterocyclic carbene stabilized diborenium dication bearing a B–O–B functionality. The activation of N2O proceeded via the insertion of an oxygen atom into the B–P bond of the parent cation, yielding a borenium cation with a phosphinite moiety. An alternative synthetic pathway to borenium cations with a B–O–P skeleton was achieved via the activation of secondary phosphine oxides by the phosphinoborenium cation. Furthermore, borenium cations and diborenium dications with B–O–C structural motifs were obtained from the reaction of the title compound with perfluorinated tert-butyl alcohol and hydroquinone, respectively. The structure of the obtained borenium cations is discussed based on multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and density functional theory calculations.

  • Active learning on stacked machine learning techniques for predicting compressive strength of alkali-activated ultra-high-performance concrete
    • Farzin Kazemi
    • Torkan Shafighfard
    • Robert Jankowski
    • Doo-Yeol Yoo
    2025 Full text Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

    Conventional ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has excellent development potential. However, a significant quantity of CO2 is produced throughout the cement-making process, which is in contrary to the current worldwide trend of lowering emissions and conserving energy, thus restricting the further advancement of UHPC. Considering climate change and sustainability concerns, cementless, eco-friendly, alkali-activated UHPC (AA-UHPC) materials have recently received considerable attention. Following the emergence of advanced prediction techniques aimed at reducing experimental tools and labor costs, this study provides a comparative study of different methods based on machine learning (ML) algorithms to propose an active learning-based ML model (AL-Stacked ML) for predicting the compressive strength of AA-UHPC. A data-rich framework containing 284 experimental datasets and 18 input parameters was collected. A comprehensive evaluation of the significance of input features that may affect compressive strength of AA-UHPC was performed. Results confirm that AL-Stacked ML-3 with accuracy of 98.9% can be used for different general experimental specimens, which have been tested in this research. Active learning can improve the accuracy up to 4.1% and further enhance the Stacked ML models. In addition, graphical user interface (GUI) was introduced and validated by experimental tests to facilitate comparable prospective studies and predictions.

  • Active Polylactide-poly(ethylene glycol) Films Loaded with Olive Leaf Extract for Food Packaging—Antibacterial Activity, Surface, Thermal and Mechanical Evaluation
    • Sylwia Grabska-Zielińska
    • Ewa Olewnik-Kruszkowska
    • Magdalena Gierszewska
    • Mohamed Bouaziz
    • Marcin Wekwejt
    • Anna Pałubicka
    • Anna Żywicka
    • Beata Kaczmarek-Szczepańska
    2025 Polymers

    As the demand for sustainable and innovative solutions in food packaging continues to grow, this study endeavors to introduce a comprehensive exploration of novel active materials. Specifically, we focus on characterizing polylactide-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA/PEG) films filled with olive leaf extract (OLE; Olea europaea) obtained via solvent evaporation. Examined properties include surface structure, thermal degradation and mechanical attributes, as well as antibacterial activity. The results indicated a significant impact of the incorporation of OLE into this polymeric matrix, increasing hydrophobicity, decreasing surface free energy, and enhancing surface roughness, albeit with slight reductions in mechanical properties. Notably, these modified materials exhibited significant bacteriostatic, bactericidal and anti-adhesive activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Consequently, PLA/PEG/OLE films demonstrated considerable potential for advanced food packaging, facilitating interactions between products and their environment. This capability ensures the preservation and extension of food shelf life, safeguards against microbial contamination, and maintains the overall quality, safety, and integrity of the packaged food. These findings suggest potential pathways for developing more sustainable and effective food packaging films.

  • Advanced genetic algorithm-based signal processing for multi-degradation detection in steam turbines
    • Marta Drosińska-Komor
    • Jerzy Głuch
    • Łukasz Breńkacz
    • Michał Piotrowicz
    • Paweł Ziółkowski
    • Natalia Ziółkowska
    2025 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING

    This research contributes to the field of reliability engineering and system safety by introducing an innovative diagnostic method to enhance the reliability and safety of complex technological systems. Steam turbines are specifically referred to. This study focuses on the integration of advanced signal processing techniques and engineering dynamics in addressing critical issues in the monitoring and maintenance of mechanical systems. By utilizing genetic algorithms, we improve the capability to detect, localize, and ascertain the causes of both singular and intricate degradations, including three-fold and four-fold faults, within steam turbine operations. We can detect degradation with accuracies of 72.6% for three-fold faults and 62.2% for four-fold faults. This significant advancement emphasizes the potential for improved machine and structural health monitoring, especially where non-stationary and random vibrations are common, such as in powertrain and drivetrain systems. This methodology is vital for the maintenance and oper- ational strategies of critical infrastructures like nuclear power plants, chemical plants, and manufacturing facilities where steam turbines play a crucial role. The novelty of this approach lies in the use of genetic algorithms for thermal-flow diagnostics of steam turbines, which had been unaddressed in literature. Moreover, the merger of theoretical and experimental aspects in this study underscores its relevance to practical applications, thereby demonstrating an original contribution to engineering knowledge and showcasing significant advancements over estab- lished methods. The research underscores the method’s potential as a universal tool for diag- nosing complex systems, representing an advance in reliability engineering practices. By applying genetic algorithms, a noticeable link to improving the safety and reliability of technological systems is established, offering valuable insights into the design, maintenance, and extension of the lifespan of critical infrastructure.

  • Advances in the degradation and recycling of polyurethanes: biodegradation strategies, MALDI applications, and environmental implications
    • Joanna Drzeżdzon
    • Janusz Datta
    2025 WASTE MANAGEMENT

    olyurethanes pose significant environmental challenges due to their limited recyclability and slow biodegra- dation. This review highlights recent advancements in polyurethanes degradation and recycling, with a partic- ular focus on the application of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization techniques. This methods have made significant progress in analyzing environmental contamination by polyurethanes, offering a detailed under- standing of degradation products and polymer structures. The review discusses key advancements in bio- stimulation and bioaugmentation strategies that have led to notable improvements in polyurethanes degradation rates in soils, offering potential solutions for large-scale waste management. Additionally, the comparative ad- vantages of recycling methods, such as glycolysis, aminolysis, and hydrolysis, are highlighted, focusing on their efficiency, environmental impact, and potential for industrial application. The scalability of these technologies is also considered, with potential for broad implementation in the recycling industry. Furthermore, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization techniques are examined as a powerful tool for analyzing polyurethanes-based waste, with insights into optimizing sample preparation and improving detection sensitivity for large-scale ap- plications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current and emerging trends in polyurethanes degradation and recycling, emphasizing their industrial relevance and future prospects

  • AI-Driven Sustainability in Agriculture and Farming
    • Julian Szymański
    • Karolina Nurzyńska
    • Paweł Weichbroth
    2025

    In this chapter, we discuss the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in promoting sustainable agriculture and farming. Three main themes run through the chapter. First, we review the state of the art of smart farming and explore the transformative impact of AI on modern agricultural practices, focusing on its contribution to sustainability. With this in mind, our analysis focuses on topics such as data collection and storage, AI algorithms in agriculture, and optimization areas. We also present recent advances in agricultural technology and equipment used to develop a wide range of production methods used by modern farmers. We discuss agri-environmental monitoring, which refers to the real-time or periodic monitoring and assessment of environmental components in agricultural production. Specifically, five types of environmental monitoring are presented, viz: air quality monitoring, water sampling and analysis, noise level testing, soil quality testing, and microbial monitoring. We also discuss weather forecasting, one of the most challenging scientific endeavors. The chapter concludes with applications for monitoring and managing environmental impacts and explores future trends and innovations based on cutting-edge research and emerging technologies.