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Publications from the year 2013
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Recent developments and future trends in solid phase microextraction techniques towards green analytical chemistry
- Agata Spietelun
- Łukasz Marcinkowski
- Miguel de la Guardia
- Jacek Namieśnik
Solid phase microextraction find increasing applications in the sample preparation step before chromatographic determination of analytes in samples with a complex composition. These techniques allow for integrating several operations, such as sample collection, extraction, analyte enrichment above the detection limit of a given measuring instrument and the isolation of analytes from sample matrix. In this work the information about novel methodological and instrumental solutions in relation to different variants of solid phase extraction techniques, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) is presented, including practical applications of these techniques and a critical discussion about their advantages and disadvantages. The proposed solutions fulfill the requirements resulting from the concept of sustainable development, and specifically from the implementation of green chemistry principles in analytical laboratories. Therefore, particular attention was paid to the description of possible uses of novel, selective stationary phases in extraction techniques, inter alia, polymeric ionic liquids, carbon nanotubes, and silica- and carbon-based sorbents. The methodological solutions, together with properly matched sampling devices for collecting analytes from samples with varying matrix composition, enable us to reduce the number of errors during the sample preparation prior to chromatographic analysis as well as to limit the negative impact of this analytical step on the natural environment and the health of laboratory employees
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Recent progress in experimental studies of electrohydrodynamic flow in electrostatic precipitators
- Jerzy Mizeraczyk
- J. Podliński
- Anna Niewulis
- Artur Berendt
Many experimental, theoretical and numerical works were devoted to the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow generated in electrostatic precipitators (EPSs). The generally accepted conclusion from these studies is that the EHD flow plays an important role in the particle collection in ESPs. However, despite of the recent fast progress in numerical simulation and experimental techniques used in the ESPs studies many problems related to the influence of the EHD flow on the performance of ESPs are unsolved. In particular, the influence of the turbulent EHD on submicron particles transport and deposition in ESPs is ambiguous. This problem and other related to the particle collection in ESPs are objectives of this paper, basing on the recent progress in experimental investigations of the EHD flow in ESPs.
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Recognition and sensing of anions
- Natalia Łukasik
- Ewa Wagner-Wysiecka
Molecular ion recognition is one of the most intensively studied areas of supramolecular technology. The reason for this is the essential role that ions play in many biological as well as industrial processes. On the other hand, however, it has been proved that ions can have a negative impact on human health and the environment. For these reasons, it is extremly important to develop rapid and simple methods allowing the determination of ions in different types of samples. Recently, much attention has been focused on the design of simple, amide-based ligands that are capable of selective anion recognition. Here, we present examples of anion receptor application in ion sensing as well as transport through the membrane cell area.
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Recognition of environmentally important ions
- Natalia Łukasik
- Ewa Wagner-Wysiecka
- Veronique Hubscher-Bruder
- Maria Bocheńska
- Sylvia Michel
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Recognition of Hand Drawn Flowcharts
- Wioleta Szwoch
- Michał Mucha
In this paper the problem of hand drawn flowcharts recognition is presented. There are described two attitudes to this problem: on-line and off-line. A concept of FCE, a system for recognizing and understanding of freehand drawn on-line flow charts on desktop computer and mobile devices is presented. The first experiments with the FCE system and the planes for future are also described.
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Recombinant !ermostable AP Exonuclease from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis: Cloning, Expression, Purification, Properties and PCR Application
- Sławomir Dąbrowski
- Anna Brillowska-Dąbrowska
- Birgitte Ahring
Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in DNA are considered to be highly mutagenic and must be corrected to preserve genetic integrity, especially at high temperatures. !e gene encoding a homologue of AP exonuclease was cloned from the thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis and transformed into Escherichia coli. The protein product showed high identity (80%) to human Ape1 nuclease, whereas to E. coli exonuclease III – 78%. This is the first prokaryotic AP nuclease that exhibits such high identity to human Ape1 nuclease. !e very high expression level (57% of total soluble proteins) of fully active and soluble His6-tagged Tte AP enzyme with His6-tag on C-terminal end was obtained in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) pLysS. !e active enzyme was purified up to 98% homogeneity in one chromatographic step using metal-affinity chromatography on Ni2+ -IDA-Sepharose resin. !e yield was 90 mg (14 000 kU) of pure His6-tagged Tte AP (153kU/mg) from 1 liter of culture. The optimal conditions of Tte AP endo-, exonuclease and 3’-nuclease activity were investigated using fluorescein labeled dsDNA with inserted AP sites and ssDNA. Optimal Tte AP endonuclease activity was observed at 70–75°C, pH 8.0 and at low Mg2+ concentration (0.5 mM). Higher Mg2+ concentration (> 1 mM) enhanced 3’-5’ exonuclease activity and at Mg2+ concentration > 2.0 mM 3’ nuclease activity was observed. Because of the endonuclease activity of Tte AP exonuclease, the enzyme was applied in PCR amplification of long DNA templates. Tte AP exonuclease eliminated AP-sites in DNA template and improved the efficiency of DNA amplification.
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Redefining quality and organizational maturity in 21st century
- Piotr Grudowski
- Małgorzata Wiśniewska
The article presents new tendencies in quality management approach in the opinion of the one of the best known European quality expert Professor John Oakland
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Redox State Sensitive Spectroscopy of the Model Compound [(H-dcbpy)(2)Ru-II(NCS)(2)](2-) (dcbpy=2,2 '-Bipyridine-4,4 '-dicarboxylato)
- Linda Zedler
- Julien Guthmuller
- Ines Rabelo de Moraes
- Sven Krieck
- Michael Schmitt
- Jurgen Popp
- Benjamin Dietzek
The charge transfer reaction mechanism in a ruthenium polypyridine model complex with isothiocyanato ligands, i.e., [(H-dcbpy)(2)Ru(NCS)(2)](2-) 2Bu(4)N(+) (Ru2H) (dcbpy = 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylato), has been investigated by combining UV-vis absorption, resonance Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods. Understanding the photophysics of light-harvesting complexes of this class is an indispensable prerequisite to improve the efficiency and durability of photocatalysts for hydrogen production, a possible basis of future energy sources. In this study, light-induced excitation of Ru2H has been mimicked by electrochemical reduction, and the intermediate redox state has been extensively characterized by UV-vis absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopy. The reduction occurs at the dcbpy ligand, and the spectra of reduced Ru2H resemble the excited state spectra. The reduced Ru2H exhibits a new absorption band at 440 nm localized at the bipyridine framework. This assignment is consistent with the observed enhancement of the bipyridine bands with respect to nonreduced Ru2H in the resonance Raman spectra of the reduced Ru2H excited at 458 nm. The detected shifts in Raman band positions and changes in the relative band intensities between nonreduced and reduced Ru2H are rationalized on an orbital level by quantum chemical calculations. The results indicate that the reduction is accompanied by deprotonation, i.e., an intramolecular electron-transfer-induced cleavage of the O-H bond splitting off hydrogen, of the carboxylic acid groups of the dcbpy ligand
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Reducing Air Pollutant Emissions from the Residential Sector by Switching to Alternative Energy Sources in Single-Family Homes
- Grzegorz Redlarski
- Janusz Piechocki
- Mariusz Dąbkowski
The paper discusses a scenario for adapting residential buildings to the requirements of the EU climate and energy package. It analyzes the option of reducing pollutant emissions to ambient air by switching to alternative energy sources in a typical single-family residential building. The most common sources of energy in central heating and ventilation systems and water heating systems were compared, and the analyzed energy carriers were brown coal, electricity supplied by the electric power grid, biomass, natural gas, heating oil and combined production which relies on various energy carriers. In the examined scenarios, special emphasis was placed on carbon dioxide emissions and the value of the equivalent emission factor.
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Reducing the number of periodic points in the smooth homotopy class of a self-map of a simply-connected manifold with periodic sequence of Lefschetz numbers
- Grzegorz Graff
- Agnieszka Kaczkowska
Let f be a smooth self-map of an m-dimensional (m >3) closed connected and simply-connected manifold such that the sequence of the Lefschetz num- bers of its iterations is periodic. For a fixed natural r we wish to minimize, in the smooth homotopy class, the number of periodic points with periods less than or equal to r. The resulting number is given by a topological invariant J[f] which is defned in combinatorial terms and is constant for all suciently large r. We compute J[f] for self-maps of some manifolds with simple structure of homology groups.
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Reduction of Derivative pipeline effort in water turbine
- Leszek Flis
- Stanisław Dobrociński
- Wojciech Kiełczyński
The paper presents an approach to evaluate and reduce the effort of the derivative pipeline in a water turbine of a hydrostatic power station in its vulnerable spots. Potential places of the biggest effort of the structure, as well as the coefficient of displacement and safety factor related to them were identified using FEM numerical method. Pipeline reinforcement was designed and made based on FEM analysis. Original technology of welding and assembly stiffeners and reinforcements have been developed. The high quality of welded joints was confirmed by non-destructive tests.
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Redukcja czasu analizy MZP przez ograniczenie rozmiaru rozwiązania
- Grzegorz Gołaszewski
Analiza drzew niezdatności jest uznaną metodą analizy bezpieczeństwa systemów. Notacja ECSDM pozwala definiować zależności czasowe między zdarzeniami drzewa oraz przeanalizować je w celu określenia zależności pomiędzy zdarzeniami z Minimalnych Zbiorów Przyczyn (MZP). Dzięki wprowadzeniu klasyfikacji zdarzeń z MZP można wyodrębnić zależności czasowe istotne dla zapobiegania wywoływania hazardu przez konkretny MZP. Pozostałe zależności czasowe są w tym podejściu odrzucane. Opracowano odmiany algorytmu analizy zależności czasowych w drzewach niezdatności, które są w stanie odrzucić część zależności czasowych na wcześniejszym etapie analizy. W tym artykule omówiony zostanie eksperyment określający redukcję czasu przetwarzania uzyskaną dzięki zastosowania tych zmian.
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Redukcja strat mocy w sieciowych systemach fotowoltaicznych za pomocą hybrydowych kolektorów PVT
- Michał Modzelewski
- Ewa Klugmann-Radziemska
Energia promieniowania słonecznego, zaabsorbowana przez warstwy fotoaktywne systemów fotowoltaicznych (PV), podłączonych do sieci elektroenergetycznej, jest częściowo zamieniana na ciepło w skutek niepełnego procesu konwersji energii słonecznej na energię elektryczną. Na skutek znacznej pojemności cieplnej modułów PV, ciepło skumulowane jest w objętości materiału fotoabsorbera, co prowadzi do wzrostu temperatury roboczej systemu. Powoduje to spadek wartości generowanego fotonapięcia i mocy czynnej systemu. Moc generowana przez taki system nie osiąga wówczas wartości nominalnej, co skutkuje niedociążeniem falowników i ograniczeniem ilości wygenerowanej energii elektrycznej oddanej do sieci. Na bazie zebranych w półroczu letnim danych meteorologicznych, elektrycznych i termicznych systemu PV o mocy nominalnej 1,2 kWp, przeprowadzono ilościową analizę możliwości zastosowania fotowoltaicznych kolektorów słonecznych (PVT) do redukcji strat mocy zawodowego generatora fotowoltaicznego.
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Redundantly Actuated 3RRR Parallel Planar Manipulator - Numerical Analyses of its Dynamics Sensitivity on Modifications of its Platform’s Inertia Parameters
- Krzysztof Lipiński
In the paper, numerical analyses, as well as dynamics of a complex mechanism, are presented. Two objectives are crucial for the paper: inverse dynamic model is needed (dedicated to be use in the model predictive controller); an identification method is searched (some trajectory parameters are controlled, when specific trajectory is tracked under an open-loop model-based control), as selected parameters must be identified for the model. A redundantly actuated mechatronic system is considered (in the present case - some planar, parallel manipulator). When the redundancies are present, traditional torque estimation techniques can not be used directly (a non-square matrix is present in the equations). Thus, the right Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse is used to estimate them. To model the mechanism - multibody dynamics is used. Its dynamics equations are nonlinear in respect to the joints’ position (displacements are significant during the mechanism motion). An open-loop model-based control algorithm is postulated for the system (the subcomponents from the closed-loop controller will not be considered in the present paper). As the real parameters of the controlled object can differ from the ones proposed in the controller, obtained trajectories differ from the requested (open-loop controller is used only). Correlations between the inertia error and the trajectory errors are tested. Sensible trajectory parameters are searched to estimate inertia of the controlled object. At present, analyses are restricted to numerical experiments, only.
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Reflektancyjny pulsoksymetr mocowany na klatce piersiowej
- Piotr Przystup
- Adam Bujnowski
- Jerzy Wtorek
Pulsoksymetria to nieinwazyjna i nowoczesna metoda badania wysycenia krwi tlenem oraz pulsu. Istnieją dwie metody pomiaru: transmisyjna i reflektacyjna, różniące się wzajemnym położeniem źródła światła i fotodetektora. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia pierwszą fazę projektu reflektancyjnego pulsoksymetru mocowanego na klatce piersiowej.
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Refurbishment of a historical building - design issues
- Jarosław Bąkowski
Over a 10-year modernization of the main building of Gdansk University of Technology is coming to the end. The ever increasing number of students requires not only the development of the campus with new facility buildings, also the existing buildings are subject to adaptation and modernization. In addition to high-impact solutions, as restoring the former glory of the building (reconstruction of the clock tower), or introducing a new quality (glazing of both internal courtyards), one of the objectives was to adapt the vast attics to studios and work-shops. Connected to the reconstruction of damaged or neglected infrastructure, especially ventilation and heating system, the task becomes a complex engineering and organizational challenge. In case of a historical building, entered in the register of monuments, in constant use, the difficulty of carrying out such a task is significantly increased. Respecting complex spatial relationships, the introduction of the contemporary architectural means into the historic building requires custom design solutions. The method adopted to solve design problems rely on restoring the original technical solutions, based on an analysis of constructional elements of the original structure. The main building was raised in an innovative way – the eclectic, referring to the Dutch neo-renaissance façade hid at that time innovative, modular system of steel frame construction, double-floor installation spaces and more. Changing user requirements and degradation of some elements have not allowed completing their restoration and use; however, the original design idea has been retained and developed, providing both users comfort and safety of the structure.
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Regional Observatory as a Part of Road Safety Information System
- Joanna Żukowska
EU experience clearly indicates that it is necessary to inform and motivate the public on road unsafety to undertake specific preventive efforts, as well as making road users feel responsible for the state of road safety and seek to improve this state gradually to protect their health and life. The implementation of the Warmia-Mazury Road Safety Observatory project will not only be an excellent addition to the activities carried out under the Warmia- Mazury GAMBIT programme. It will also be part of a long-term process adopted, implemented and perceived by the EU as a priority, which aims to reduce the external costs of transport, in particular the costs associated with accidents in road transport.
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Rekonstrukcja światowego rozkładu dochodów na podstawie minimalnej informacji statystycznej
- Stanisław Kot
- Hanna Adamkiewicz
Celem pracy jest uzyskanie próby ze światowego rozkładu dochodów (WID). Zakładamy, że krajowe rozkłady dochodów są log-logistyczne z jednostkową średnią. Stąd wynika, że takie rozkłady są całkowicie określone przez indeks Giniego. Oceny indeksu Giniego dla 119 krajów w latach 1990-2005uzyskaliśmy z baz danych Deningera-Squire’a, WID2 i innych baz. Wygenerowaliśmy próbę losową z każdego rozkładu i przemnożyliśmy jej wartości przez GDP/capita. Wielkość prób ustalaliśmy za pomocą sekwencyjnego testu ilorazowego. Na światowa próbę złożyły się próby krajowe ważone udziałami populacji. Stwierdziliśmy, że WID jest bimodalny z malejącymi nierównościami i ubóstwem w rozważanym okresie.