2017 - Publications Repository - Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2017

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Corporate Social Responsibility and Family Business: Current Debates and Future Prospects
- Magdalena Popowska
2017 Full text Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie
This paper aims at examining the main perspectives on corporate social responsibility (CSR) in family firms discussed in international literature. The topic of CSR has grown exponentially in the last two decades in both, business practice and as an area of interest among academics and researchers. Most studies focus on multinational corporations, some on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and the smallest number on family business (FB). This study addresses the heterogeneity of family firms engagement with corporate social responsibility (CSR), using a variety of dimensions of this approach and highlighting those, which are the most specific for family firms versus non-family business (NFB). The particular emphasis is placed on the CSR and family firms relation with stakeholders and CSR and family business strategy and performance. Additionally, this paper outlines a possible research directions in the given field.
Corrosion and Cavitation Resistances of Low Alloy Steel After Frictional-Mechanical Treatment
- Dorota Kocańda
- Wojciech Jurczak
- Ellina Łunarska
- Michał Szociński
2017 Full text Mehanika mašin, mehanizmov i materialov
Paper presents the results of the studies of wear, corrosion and cavitation resistances of the S355J2 low alloy medium carbon steel subjected to surface modification by friction-mechanical treatment, as tested in sea water simulated solution. To evaluate the effect of the surface treatment, the comparative studies of the corrosive properties of the steel before and after treatment have been considered. The treatment due to a severe plastic deformation enable forming nanocrystalline structure of steel with grain sizes in the range 20–50 nm and the favorable internal stress state within the treated layer. The research indicated as well that the applied surface treatment improved the steel resistance to the wear and erosion-corrosion but decreased the resistance to general corrosion and stress corrosion. The surface treated steel revealed the lower diffusivity and the lower transport of hydrogen into the material core. Hydrogen collecting within the surface layer did not proceed to the deeper layer of structural metal, and thus prevented it from the hydrogen cracking.
Corrosion behavior of concrete produced with diatomite and zeolite exposed to chlorides
- Husnu Gerengi
- Yilmaz Kocak
- Agata Jażdżewska
- M. Kurtay
2017 Computers and Concrete
Chloride induced reinforcement corrosion is widely accepted to be the most frequent mechanism causing premature degradation of reinforced concrete structures. The electrochemical impedance of reinforcing steel in diatomite- and zeolite-containing concrete exposed to sodium chloride was assessed. Chemical, physical and mineralogical properties of three concrete samples (20% diatomite, 20% zeolite, and a reference containing neither) were correlated with corrosion investigations. The steel-reinforced samples were exposed to 3.5% NaCl solution for 500 days, and measured every 15 days via EIS method. Results indicated that porosity and capillary spaces increase the diffusion rate of water and electrolytes throughout the concrete, making it more susceptible to cracking. Reinforcement in the reference concrete was the most corroded compare to the zeolite and the diatomite samples.
Corrosion behavior of hydrogen charged super duplex stainless steel welded joints
- Aleksandra Świerczyńska
- Jerzy Łabanowski
- Joanna Michalska
- Dariusz Fydrych
2017 MATERIALS AND CORROSION-WERKSTOFFE UND KORROSION
The electrochemical behavior of the weld metal, heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base material of super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) welded joints, made with the application of flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) and submerged arc welding (SAW), were investigated with the use of metallographic examinations (optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy), potentiodynamic polarization measurements and total hydrogen content determination in the initial state and after hydrogen charging. The obtained results revealed that the effect of hydrogen depended on the microstructure and type of the region of a welded joint. The highest amount of hydrogen penetrated the welded joint charged at 1 mA cm−2. It was observed in case of the FCAW-welded joint, made with lower heat input. The electrochemical measurements showed that the base material was the most corrosion resistant part of the welded joint while the hydrogen charging strongly changed pitting and general corrosion susceptibility of HAZ and weld metal of both welded joints.
Corrosion degradation of spacers – examination of changes in bone cement coating.
- Marcin Wekwejt
- Beata Świeczko-Żurek
- Agnieszka Suchodolska
- Adam Zaborowski
- Marek Szkodo
2017 Full text European Journal of Medical Technologies
Spacer is a special implant used at the time of infection after endoprosthetic surgery. It consists of a metal core and bone cement coating with an antibiotic. In the human body spacers are exposed to degradation processes. This paper looks at the effect of corrosion on spacers. Electrochemical corrosion tests were performer on titanium pins with bone cement coating in two solutions: Ringer’s solution and artificial saliva. Bone cement with low and high viscosity was used. Corrosion current density and corrosion potential for titanium specimens and titanium specimens with bone cement coating were determined. Additionally, the potentiodynamic polarization curves for the most optimal coating was determined. The topography of the specimens were analyzed using SEM mi- croscopy. Changes on the coating due to electrochemical corrosion were observed. It has been found that high viscosity bone cement improves corrosion resistance of spacers, however, resulting in irreversible changes, i.e. etching the whole surface, pores and craters formation and local intense coating damage. It is assumed that corrosion degradation tests for spacers and bone cement should be continued, as this type of item is missing in the world literature.
Corrosion fatigue crack propagation rate characteristics for weldable ship and offshore steels with regard to the influence of loading frequency and seawater temperature
- Marek Jakubowski
2017 Full text Polish Maritime Research
After Vosikovsky (1975), the corrosion fatigue crack growth rate (CFCGR) characteristics have been divided into three regions. The region-III rates are very close to mechanical fatigue crack growth rates. CFCGR formulae, including the long-crack length effect (in region I only), the loading frequency effect (in region II only), and the saltwater temperature effect, have been proposed. It has been assumed that CFCGR is proportional to f –k, where f is the loading frequency and k is a constant. The averaged k-value for all steels of yield stress (YS) below 500 MPa, usually with ferrite-pearlite microstructures, is higher than that for YS > 500 MPa, usually with quenched and tempered microstructures. The temperature effect does not appear in region I below room temperature. In the remaining cases, that is, in region I for elevated temperatures and in region II for both low and elevated temperatures, the CFCGR increases with increasing temperature. Under a potential of –0.8 V, a long-crack-length effect, qualitatively similar to analogous effect for free corrosion conditions, appears.
Corrosion process monitoring by AFM higher harmonic imaging
- Sylwia Babicz-Kiewlicz
- Artur Zieliński
- Janusz Smulko
- Kazimierz Darowicki
2017 Full text MEASUREMENT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
The atomic force microscope (AFM) was invented in 1986 as an alternative to the scanning tunnelling microscope, which cannot be used in studies of non-conductive materials. Today the AFM is a powerful, versatile and fundamental tool for visualizing and studying the morphology of material surfaces. Moreover, additional information for some materials can be recovered by analysing the AFM's higher cantilever modes when the cantilever motion is inharmonic and generates frequency components above the excitation frequency, usually close to the resonance frequency of the lowest oscillation mode. This method has been applied and developed to monitor corrosion processes. The higher-harmonic imaging is especially helpful for sharpening boundaries between objects in heterogeneous samples, which can be used to identify variations in steel structures (e.g. corrosion products, steel heterogeneity). The corrosion products have different chemical structures because they are composed of chemicals other than the original metal base (mainly iron oxides). Thus, their physicochemical properties are different from the primary basis. These structures have edges at which higher harmonics should be more intense because of stronger interference between the tip and the specimen structure there. This means that the AFM's higher-harmonic imaging is an excellent tool for monitoring surficial effects of the corrosion process.
Corrosion Study of Ceria Protective Layer Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis on Steel Interconnects
- Dagmara Grudzień
- Sebastian Molin
- Ming Chen
- Piotr Jasiński
- Peter Vang Hendriksen
2017
Single fuel cells and electrolysis cells are assembled into stacks using interconnects in order to increase power and gas production capacity. The most common choice for the interconnect material is stainless steel. It has good electrical and mechanical properties and is also cost effective. One of the problems when using steel is the formation of a thermally grown oxide scale during use which has a lower electrical conductivity than the steel. In order to slow down oxide scale growth, protective layers on both sides of the interconnect can be applied. Ceria seems to be a reasonable choice for the hydrogen side. In this paper ceria is fabricated and evaluated as a protective layer for stainless steel interconnects. The influence of ceria layer thickness on scale formation and composition is investigated.
CORROSION TESTING OF SAMPLES ACCORDING TO ASTM G36
- Kazimierz Darowicki
- Stefan Krakowiak
- Tadeusz Sonneck
2017
At the end of the study, samples were found to have structures characteristic for intercrystalline corrosion. This indicates that the samples provided (fragments of the whole) were sensitized before starting the study in boiling MgCl2.On cross sections, fine cracks are observed on all samples tested.
Corrosivity of environment and the current state of the steel elements at the former Auschwitz concentration camp
- Andrzej Miszczyk
- Michał Szociński
- Kazimierz Darowicki
2017 Full text STUDIES IN CONSERVATION
The objective of this study was to assess corrosivity of the atmospheric environment in the former Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp, and to identify the protective properties of existing corrosion products in order to estimate the actual corrosion rate of original steel elements located there. The current atmospheric corrosivity of the former Auschwitz camp, specified during one year of exposure of steel samples according to the EN ISO 12944-2 (1998) standard, was determined and it can be described as a boundary between the low C2 and medium C3. The steel corrosion rate in these conditions was in the range of 14–34 μm/year with the average rate of 27 μm/year. A layer of corrosion products formed on uncovered original reinforcement steel rods during ca. 70 years of atmospheric exposure was examined in terms of their protective properties with respect to steel. The microstructure, chemical composition, and elemental chemical state were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods were employed to investigate the corrosion resistance of the carbon steel covered with a layer of corrosion products. It has been estimated that this layer slows down the corrosion rate of steel by about five times. Hence, it can be concluded that the corrosion rate of the original steel parts under the layer of corrosion products should not exceed 7 μm/year.
Count Data Modeling About Relationship Between Dubai Housing Sales Transactions and Financial Indicators
- Olgun Aydin
- Elvan Akturk Hayat
- Ali Hepsen
2017
In this study, illustrating and comparing the performances of count data models such as Poisson, negative binomial (NB), Hurdle and zero-inflated models for the determination of factors affected housing sales in Dubai. Model comparisons are made via Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), the Vuong test and examining the residuals. Main purpose of this study is building reliable statistical model for relationship between Dubai housing sales and important financial indicators in Dubai. With this study government, investors and customers would have an idea about housing sales transactions in future according to economic indicators.
Creating a more conscious built environment for day- and night-time setting through interdisciplinary collaboration
- Karolina Zielińska-Dąbkowska
- Barbara Bochnak
2017 Full text
The last decades have seen an increase in the speed, scale and scope of urbanisation, fundamentally shifting the character of the built environment and engendering a radical search for new and resilient design practices. Although we, as society, live in the age of technology, inventions and almost unlimited access to information, we rarely use these opportunities to our advantage to improve the quality of life. It seems that multidisciplinary research can provide an opportunity to bridge that gap and, as such, should assume a central role in the future, forming the basis for dialogue between research and design practice in order to create sustainable, healthy, more purposefully built environments. Ultimate success requires both understanding the complexity of the relationships between emerging research findings and the opportunity to apply them in a multifaceted, multidisciplinary way.
Credibility of Threats to Jam Anonymous Traffic Remapping Attacks in Ad Hoc WLANs
- Jerzy Konorski
- Szymon Szott
2017 Full text IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS
In ad hoc networks, selfish stations can pursue a better quality of service (QoS) by performing traffic remapping attacks (TRAs), i.e., by falsely assigning their traffic to a higher priority class, which can hurt honest stations’ QoS. To discourage the attackers, honest stations can announce their dissatisfaction with the perceived QoS. If such a threat fails, a costly data frame jamming defense can be launched. We analyze the arising noncooperative game in which the attackers decide whether to continue a TRA when threatened and honest stations decide whether to start jamming when the TRA is continued. Using a Maynard Smith setting, we prove that the threats are credible to a rational attacker, who will then refrain from playing the game and remain honest.
Criteria for assessment of pine wood surfaces after planing
- Michał Dobrzyński
- Kazimierz Orłowski
2017 Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology
The arise of defects in raw material as well as a machined part in most cases causes need to qualify the final product (wooden frames) as a scrap part or an additional work activity must be done. In the paper selected results of the effect of the material defects on the surface quality of the elements after planing and painting are presented. The materials under production were glulam elements of pine wood. Research experiments were conducted on the SCM Superset Class and WeiningUnimat 1000 machine tools and a painting station. The raw material samples 3 and 6 m long were semifinished earlier by planing. The following report presents a couple of measuring results of the product quality and the surface layer condition.
Cross sections calculations for electron scattering from dimethylamine, NH(CH3)2, molecule
- Paweł Możejko
- Bożena Żywicka
- Alicja Domaracka
2017 Full text Journal of Physics : Conference Series
The total cross section for single electron-impact ionization and the integral elastic cross section for electron scattering from dimethylamine have been calculated using the binary-encounter-Bethe model and the independent atom method, respectively.
CROWDFUNDING OF RESEARCH PROJECTS IN POLAND
- Patryk Ziółkowski
- Artur Janowski
2017
Crowdfunding recently became a very popular way of funding, which allows funding almost everything, from minor personal projects to expensive commercial ones, as long as we can find investors. It may also be a new opportunity for entrepreneurial researchers, who may attract capital investment in companies that are promised to own developed technologies. Social financing of science is well suited to reduce some of the biggest problems of researchers, which is fundraising. First of all, there it is an alternative funding source for grants and sponsored research, which does not cover all the researcher's expenses. Due to high unpredictably of research projects, crowdfunding seems to be a very flexible way of additional funding. Secondly, it promotes scientific ventures and increases the interest of the general public. Scientific crowdfunding may support especially, commercialization of research results, which in Poland is still a difficult subject. On the one hand, Poland has a huge number of well-developed and highly-innovative companies, but on the other huge capital gap, on the contrary to other European countries, lack of institution which may support fundraising. However, there are available dedicated European Union science funding programs, which may help many of research project, but despite so many potential opportunities and having advanced technological solutions, not every scientist, or research and development company can benefit from that. Crowdfunding in Poland is a relatively new phenomenon, elusive out of a clear legal definition. It can effectively raise capital for innovative projects, but accompanied by some legal barriers that often prevent participation by investors. Currently in Poland regulation issues are not very favorable, partly due to the statutes of the capital market and problems concerning public collections. However, the legislator left some loopholes so some of the unfavorable law might be bypass. In this paper, authors considered scientific crowdfunding for specific conditions of Poland.
Crystal growth and properties of a binary intermetallic ZrBi2 compound
- Zuzanna Sobczak
- Michał Jerzy Winiarski
- Kamil Kolincio
- Tomasz Klimczuk
2017
Single crystals of ZrBi2 were grown by a self-flux method. The material adopts TiAs2 structure type with lattice parameters: a = 10.233(4) Å, b = 15.581(2) Å, c = 3.994(5) Å. Crystals of ZrBi2 were studied by means of magnetic susceptiblity, specific heat and resistivity measurements. The compound reveals a metallic-like behavior (RRR = 30). The Sommerfeld coefficient equals γ = 1.59(16) mJ mol-1 K-2 and Debye temperature ΘD = 178(2) K. A low-frequency Einstein mode with ΘE ≈ 40 K is observed in specific heat measurement.
Crystal structure and low-energy Einstein mode in ErV2Al20 intermetallic cage compound
- Michał Jerzy Winiarski
- Tomasz Klimczuk
2017 Full text JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY
Single crystals of a new ternary aluminide ErV2Al20 were grown using a self-flux method. The crystal structure was determined by powder X-ray diffraction measurements and Rietveld refinement, and physical properties were studied by means of electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurements. These measurements reveal that ErV2Al20 is a Curie-Weiss paramagnet down to 1.95 K with an effective magnetic moment μeff =9.27(1) μB and Curie-Weiss temperature ΘCW =−0.55(4) K. The heat capacity measurements show a broad anomaly at low temperatures that is attributed to the presence of a low-energy Einstein mode with characteristic temperature ΘE =44 K, approximately twice as high as in the isostructural ‘Einstein solid’ VAl10.1.
Crystallographic study of self-organization in the solid state including quasi-aromatic pseudo-ring stacking interactions in 1-benzoyl-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)thiourea and 1-benzoyl-3-(2-hydroxypropyl)thiourea
- Andrzej Okuniewski
- Damian Rosiak
- Jarosław Chojnacki
- Barbara Becker
2017 Full text Acta Crystallographica Section C-Structural Chemistry
1-Benzoylthioureas contain both carbonyl and thiocarbonyl functional groups and are of interest for their biological activity, metal coordination ability and involvement in hydrogen-bond formation. Two novel 1-benzoylthiourea derivatives, namely 1-benzoyl-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)thiourea, C₁₆H₁₆N₂O₃S, (I), and 1-benzoyl-3-(2-hydroxypropyl)thiourea, C₁₁H₁₄N₂O₂S, (II), have been synthesized and characterized. Compound (I) crystallizes in the space group P1̅, while (II) crystallizes in the space group P2₁/c. In both structures, intramolecular N-H···O hydrogen bonding is present. The resulting six-membered pseudo-rings are quasi-aromatic and, in each case, interact with phenyl rings via stacking-type interactions. C−H···O, C−H···S and C−H···π interactions are also present. In (I), there is one molecule in the asymmetric unit. Pairs of molecules are connected via two intermolecular N-H···S hydrogen bonds, forming centrosymmetric dimers. In (II), there are two symmetry-independent molecules that differ mainly in the relative orientations of the phenyl rings with respect to the thiourea cores. Additional strong hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor -OH groups participate in the formation of intermolecular N−H···O and O−H···S hydrogen bonds that join molecules into chains extending in the [001] direction.
CSR – A FASHION OR REAL COMMITMENT? THE CASE OF POLISH LISTED COMPANIES
- Magdalena Popowska
2017 Full text Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska
This article, without claiming to be the ultimate reference, aims at assessing the social commitment of the large and solid financially, listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE), Polish companies, on the eve of the implementation of the EU directive on disclosure of non-financial and diversity information (2014/95/EU). The selected companies seem perfect to form a vanguard of CSR in Poland, but the results of the analysis indicate that despite the existing efforts for CSR standardization and better implementation, the situation in Poland is not so optimistic. The limited attention paid to CSR norms as well as CSR reporting under Polish law means also that foreign companies seeking access to Polish capital market generally will not face serious constraints in terms of regulations regarding sustainable development. The EU directive will certainly change this situation but there is a visible need for continuing education of companies in this field.