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Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2017

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  • Application of BN in Risk Diagnostics Arising from the Degree of Urban Regeneration Area Degradation
    • Magdalena Apollo
    • Beata Grzyl
    • Emilia Miszewska
    2017 Full text

    Urban regeneration as a complex project, generates many extremely specific threats affecting the increase of investment risk. Its unique nature causes that probability parameter, normally applied in the process of risk quantification, is extremely difficult to estimate. Due to lack of historical data urban regeneration related activities are therefore associated with uncertainty. According to the authors, a useful tool for resolving the above issues may prove to be Bayesian networks (BN). Beliefs based on expert knowledge should be considered as a subjective measure, nevertheless BN also allow to combine this information with objective results of conducted research. The authors built a model representing various urban regeneration risk areas, where the analysis covers degradation of the urban regeneration area. The article also presents selected parameters allowing for diagnostics of technical condition of buildings, road pavement and underground infrastructure in the area of urban regeneration.

  • Application of chemometric techniques in studies of toxicity of selected commercially available products for infants and children
    • Natalia Jatkowska
    • Błażej Kudłak
    • Miroslava Nedyalkova
    • Vasil Simeonov
    • Jacek Namieśnik
    2017 Full text ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT

    The goal of the present study is to assess the impact of the experimental conditions for extraction procedures (time of extraction, thermal treatment and type of extraction media) as applied to several baby and infant products checked for their possible ecotoxicological response when tested by various ecotoxicity tests(Microtox®, Ostracodtoxkit F™and Xenoscreen YES/YAS™). The systems under consideration are multidimensional by nature and, therefore, the appropriate assessment approach was intelligent data analysis (chemometrics). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were selected as reliable data mining methods for the interpretation of the ecotoxicity data. We show that the different experimental conditions have a significant impact on the ecotoxicity levels observed, especially those measured by Microtox® and Ostracodtoxkit F™ tests. The time of contact proves to be a very significant factor for all extraction media and ecotoxicity test procedures. The present study is a pioneering effort to offer a specific expert approach for analysing links between the type of test measurement methodology and imposed experimental conditions to mimic real-life circumstances in the use of baby and infant products.

  • Application of data driven methods in diagnostic of selected process faults of nuclear power plant steam turbine
    • Karol Kulkowski
    • Michał Grochowski
    • Anna Kobylarz
    2017

    Article presents a comparison of process anomaly detection in nuclear power plant steam turbine using combination of data driven methods. Three types of faults are considered: water hammering, fouling and thermocouple fault. As a virtual plant a nonlinear, dynamic, mathe- matical steam turbine model is used. Two approaches for fault detection using one class and two class classiers are tested and compared.

  • Application of Eco-innovative Technologies of Nutrients Removal in Wastewater – Case Study BARITECH Project
    • Magda Kasprzyk
    • Kristian Pierzgalski
    • Ewa Wojciechowska
    • Hanna Obarska-Pempkowiak
    • Magdalena Gajewska
    2017 Full text Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

    Eco-innovative technologies in wastewater treatment should provide not only stringent standards for the quality of treated wastewater but also ensure maximum recovery of energy and raw materials from wastewater. One of the ways to improve the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in existing conventional wastewater treatment plants is pretreatment of reject water generated during the mechanical dewatering of the digested sewage sludge. The aim of this research was to select the technological parameters of processes to ensure effective removal of nutrient elements (N, P) from RW treated in a SBR reactor in the nitritation/anammox process. The first stage was carried out to optimize nitrogen compounds removal in the effluent from ANAMMOX process used to treat reject water after centrifugation. The installation consists of single vertical subsurface flow (VSSF) beds located in stainless steel containers working parallel marked as BED control “0”, “I”, “II”. Samples have been taken for analysis to determine the changes of NH4-N, NO3-N and NO2-N in the effluent of each filter. In bed “0” the removal of nitrogen compounds was caused only by sorption at last until its capacity was reached. In bed “I” and “II” the NH4-N concentration in effluent and production of NO2-N with simultaneous changes of NO3-N indicated that nitrification was occurring. The investigation has shown different pattern of processes responsible for nitrogen compounds transformation and removal efficiency, depending on the bed substrate and vegetation. In the second stage the optimization of phosphates removal was carried out. The investigation was conducted in steady conditions. Each batch reactor of synthetic wastewater with given concentration of phosphates (15 mg/dm3) was subjected to mixing. Samples for analyzing were taken from each beaker after assumed time of sedimentation. Studies were conducted to determine the optimal dose of Phoslock® with known concentration of phosphate anions PO43- in model solution, time of mixing and time of sedimentation. Samples were analyzed with following parameters: pH, total suspended solids, conductivity, turbidity, color and phosphate concentration. The carried out investigations confirmed high efficiency of phosphate anions PO43- removal (over 95%).

  • Application of foam made of post-consumer pet materials for the construction of footbridges
    • Łukasz Pyrzowski
    • Mikołaj Miśkiewicz
    2017

    The article presents the possibility of application in civil engineering of highly ecological PET foam, manufactured from 100% recycled plastic packaging. It may find uses in construction of numerous engineering structures, such as pedestrian and cycle footbridges. Properly processed waste from post-consumer PET packaging may constitute a quality structural core for use in multilayered composite materials, commonly referred to as sandwiches. Their constructional function is to provide a distance between highly rigid shells made of laminated, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). PET foam may be obtained by recycling used plastic packages, such solution gives savings in energy consumption and results in lower emission of CO2. The application of this environmentally friendly material has been recognized by the research team in the FOBRIDGE project, developed in Poland by three consortium members: Gdansk University of Technology, Military University of Technology in Warsaw, and ROMA Co. Ltd. The use of PET foam in a full-scale 14 m-span length footbridge was preceded by laboratory tests with varying levels of complexity. The program included tension and compression tests of foam samples, compression and bending tests of sandwich beams, and multi-dimensional tests of 3 m long, full-scale footbridge segments. The experimental and computational analyses confirmed that a foam core made of recycled PET materials may constitute a great alternative for standard, much less ecological materials. It is assumed that after the footbridge goes out of operation, the used glass fibers and the PET foam core will be recycled and used in subsequent structures or products.

  • Application of gas chromatography to evaluate the quality of rapeseed oil
    • Martyna Lubinska-Szczygeł
    • Jacek Namieśnik
    2017 World Scientific News

    Two-dimensional gas chromatography is an analytical technique, which is increasingly being used in food research. Through the analysis of volatile fraction, it is possible to determine the quality of food products. One of the reasons for the deterioration of food is thermal degradation. Products that are often subject to degradation reactions due to temperatures are edible oils. In the thesis, the results of edible oils with different botanical origin are presented. The samples of oil were heated at temperatures of 20 °C, 60 °C, 100 °C, 140 °C and 180 °C. Based on the results of the chromatographic analysis, potential indicators of thermal degradation of edible oils were selected. The last step was to quantify the selected compounds to confirm that the typed chemical compounds are the markers of thermal decomposition of cooking oils. To calibrate, the method of standard additions was chosen

  • Application of H2O2 to optimize ammonium removal from domestic wastewater
    • Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski
    • Michał Marzec
    • Jan Fiedurek
    • Agnieszka Kamińska
    • Magdalena Gajewska
    • Ewa Wojciechowska
    • Shubiao Wu
    • Jacek Dach
    • Andrzej Marczuk
    • Alina Kowlaczyk-juśko
    2017 Full text SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY

    The paper presents the results of application of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for the optimization of the effects of ammonia nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater. The investigations were carried out at a model wastewater treatment plant consisting of a preliminary sedimentation tank and a sand filter with a horizontal flow of wastewater at a constant hydraulic load of 1.44 L/day. The efficiency of ammonia nitrogen removal was analyzed for different wastewater oxygenation levels: 0–10%, 10–20%, 20–30%, 30–40% and 40–50%, maintained by controlled application of a 0.1% H2O2 solution. It was demonstrated that the gradual increase in oxygen concentration in treated wastewater due to H2O2 dosing resulted in an increase in ammonia nitrogen removal from 39.0 to 81.2%. The best removal efficiency was obtained when the oxygenation level was in the range of 30–40%. It was also shown that application of hydrogen peroxide resulted in an effective removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). The highest BOD5 removal efficiency (94.3%) was obtained at the oxygenation level of 30–40%. The results indicate that oxygenation of wastewater with hydrogen peroxide can be applied for the optimization of the nitrification process in wastewater treatment plants.

  • Application of response surface methodology to optimize solid-phase microextraction procedure for chromatographic determination of aroma-active monoterpenes in berries
    • Tomasz Chmiel
    • Magdalena Kupska
    • Waldemar Wardencki
    • Jacek Namieśnik
    2017 FOOD CHEMISTRY

    Most of scientific papers concern the qualitative or semi-quantitative analysis of aroma-active terpenes in liquid food matrices. Therefore, the procedure based on solid-phase microextraction and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for determination of monoterpenes in fresh berries was developed. The optimal extraction conditions using divinylbenzene-carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane fiber were as follows: temperature of 50 °C, extraction time of 26 min, equilibrium time of 29 min. The developed procedure provides a high recovery (70.8-99.2%), good repeatability (CV<10.4%), high linearity (r>0.9915) and offers practical advantages over currently used methods: reliability of compounds identification, simplicity of extraction and at least one order of magnitude lower detection limits (0.10-0.011 μg/L). The method was successfully applied to determine monoterpenes in 27 berry samples of different varieties and 4 berry products. Tukey’s test revealed that monoterpenes content is a reliable indicator of fruit maturity and origin. It suggests that the method may be of interest to researchers and food industry.

  • Application of road map of operating condition for estimation of fuel and electric energy consumption from city transport
    • Jacek Kropiwnicki
    • Arkadiusz Flak
    2017

    The paper presents procedure of data collecting and generation of road map of operating condition in the selected urban area. This map allows forecasting the selected vehicle operating parameters for the assumed road. The main parameters calculated using the road maps of operating conditions are: total energy spent to drive the selected vehicle, consumed fuel, travel time, average speed of travel, CO2 emissions. Presented example of the road map of the operating conditions usage shows the possibility of comparing alternative routes for the selected vehicle, due to assumed criteria.

  • Application of soil nailing technique for protection and preservation historical buildings
    • Marek Kulczykowski
    • Jarosław Przewłócki
    • Bogusława Konarzewska
    2017 Full text IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

    Soil nailing is one of the recent in situ techniques used for soil improvement and in stabilizing slopes. The process of soil nailing consists of reinforcing the natural ground with relatively small steel bars or metal rods, grouted in the pre-drilled holes. This method has a wide range of applications for stabilizing deep excavations and steep slopes. Soil nailing has recently become a very common method of slope stabilisation especially where situated beneath or adjacent to historical buildings. Stabilisation by nails drilled into existing masonry structures such as failing retaining walls abutments, provide long term stability without demolition and rebuilding costs. Two cases of soil nailing technology aimed at stabilising slopes beneath old buildings in Poland are presented in this paper. The first concerns application of this technology to repair a retaining wall supporting the base of the dam at the historic hydroelectric power plant in Rutki. The second regards a concept of improving the slope of the Castle Hill in Sandomierz. An analysis of the slope stability for the latter case, using stabilisation technique with the piling system and soil nailing was performed. Some advantages of soil nailing especially for protection of historical buildings, are also underlined. And, the main results of an economic comparison analysis are additionally presented.

  • Application of subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands to reject water treatment in dairy wastewater treatment plant
    • Wojciech Dąbrowski
    • Beata Karolinczak
    • Magdalena Gajewska
    • Ewa Wojciechowska
    2017 Full text ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

    The paper presents the effects of applying subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands (SS VF) for the treatment of reject water generated in the process of aerobic sewage sludge stabilization in the biggest dairy wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Poland. Two SS VF beds were built: bed (A) with 0.65 m depth and bed (B) with 1.0 m depth, planted with reeds. Beds were fed with reject water with hydraulic load of 0.1 m d-1 in order to establish the differences in treatment efficiency. During an eight months of research period, high removal efficiency of predominant pollutants was shown: BOD5 88.1% (A) and 90.5% (B), COD 84.5% (A) and 87.5% (B), TSS 87.6% (A) and 91.9% (B), TKN 82.4% (A) and 76.5% (B), N-NH4+ 89.2% (A) and 85.7% (B), TP 30.2% (A) and 40.6% (B). There were not statistically significant differences in the removal efficiencies between bed (B) with 1.0 m depth and bed (A) with 0.65 m depth. The research indicated that SS VF beds could be successfully applied to reject water treatment in dairy WWTPs. The study proved that the use of SS VF beds in full scale in dairy WWTPs would result in a significant decrease of pollutants load in reject water. In the analyzed case decreasing the load of ammonia nitrogen was of greatest importance, as it constituted 58% of the total load treated in dairy WWTP and posed a hazard to the stability of the treatment process.

  • Application of the expanded clay aggregate in form of granular materials for water treatment
    • Jakub Drewnowski
    • Grzegorz Łagód
    2017

    The paper aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Filtralite MonoMulti compared to the conventional dual-media filter beds comprising silica sand layer covered with anthracite coal. Filtralite media are composed of processed (expanded), highly porous clay products characterized by relatively rough grain surfaces. In order to compare these different media filters in a reliable way, the pilot filter columns operated in parallel, under the exactly same conditions and with comparable feed water. The granular bed filtration applied in the studied columns consists of: Filtralite NC (0.8–1.6 mm) on top of Filtralite HC (1.5–2.5 mm) vs. anthracite coal (1.4–2.5 mm) on top of sand layer (0.8–1.4 mm). The pilot plant was built in the Gdańsk Water Treatment Plant (northern Poland). It was used to create an experimental database for carrying out the comparison of water quality parameters using both conventional and alternative granular materials employed in dual-media filtration.

  • Application of the Fractional Fourier Transform for dispersion compensation in signals from a fiber-based Fabry-Perot interferometer
    • Marcin Mrotek
    • Jerzy Pluciński
    2017 Full text

    Optical methods of measurement do not require contact of a probe and the object under study, and thus have found use in a broad range of applications such as nondestructive testing (NDT), where noninvasive measurement is crucial. Measuring the refractive index of a material can give a valuable insight into its composition. Low‑coherence radiation sources enable measurement of the sample’s properties across a wide spectrum, while simultaneously measuring the absolute value of optical path difference between interfering waves, which is necessary to calculate the refractive index. The measurement setup used in this study consists of a fiber‑based Fabry‑Perot interferometer, illuminated by a low‑coherence infrared source. The samples under measurement are located in the cavity of the interferometer, and their transmission spectra are recorded using an optical spectrum analyzer. Additional reference measurements are performed with the cavity filled with air, in order to precisely measure the geometrical length of the cavity. The purpose of the study was to develop a digital signal processing algorithm to improve the resolution of analysis of the spectra of radiation measured at the output of the interferometer. This goal was achieved by decreasing the broadening of the signal in the Fourier domain caused by dispersion of the medium filling the cavity. The Fractional Fourier Transform is a generalization of the Fourier transform allowing arbitrary rotation of the signal in the time-frequency domain, allowing more precise analysis of signals with variable frequency. This property makes this transformation a valuable tool for the analysis of interferometric signals obtained from measurements of dispersive media, as the variable rate of change of the optical path length with respect to wavenumber in such media results in varying frequency of the modulation of measured spectra. The optical path difference inside the material under measurement is used together with the geometrical length obtained from the reference measurement in order to determine the refractive index. The parameters of the transformation are found by iterative adjustment to the signal under analysis. The developed algorithm was tested using both real measured spectra and simulated signals based on a theoretical model of the interferometric setup, and its effectiveness was compared to previously used methods of analysis. (...)

  • Application of the laser diode with central wavelength 975 nm for the therapy of neurofibroma and hemangiomas
    • Szymańczyk Jacek
    • Sawczak Mirosław
    • Cenian Witold
    • Katarzyna Karpienko
    • Małgorzata Szczerska
    • Adam Cenian
    2017 Full text JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS

    This paper presents newly developed dermatological laser (with central wavelength 975 nm) for application in therapies requiring deep penetration of tissue, e.g. cutaneous (dermal) neurofibroma (Recklinghausen disease) and hemangiomas. This laser can work either in pulse or continues wave mode. Laser radiation is transmitted toward the application region by optical fiber with a diameter of 0.6 mm. The compact design of the laser facilitates its transport and increases the comfort of use.

  • Application of the Mathar method to identify internal stress variation in steel as a welding process result
    • Dariusz Kowalski
    2017 Full text Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

    The paper deals with the method to identify internal stresses in two-dimensional steel members. Steel members were investigated in the delivery stage and after assembly, by means of electric-arc welding. In order to perform the member assessment two methods to identify the stress variation were applied. The first is a non-destructive measurement method employing local external magnetic field and to detecting the induced voltage, including Barkhausen noise The analysis of the latter allows to assess internal stresses in a surface layer of the material. The second method, essential in the paper, is a semi-trepanation Mathar method of tensometric strain variation measurement in the course of a controlled void-making in the material. Variation of internal stress distribution in the material led to the choice of welding technology to join. The assembly process altered the actual stresses and made up new stresses, triggering post-welding stresses as a response for the excessive stress variation.

  • Application of Vertical Reed Beds as a Buffer for Effluent from SBR ANAMMOX Treatment for Reject Water from Centrifugation
    • Kristian Pierzgalski
    • Hanna Obarska-Pempkowiak
    • Ewa Wojciechowska
    • Magdalena Gajewska
    2017

    The main purpose of this study is to determine the removal efficiency of nitrogen compounds in the effluentfrom ANAMMOX process used to treat reject water after centrifugation. A pilot model was bulit consisting of fourdifferent Treatment Wetlands beds with different filter substrate and with or without macrophytes growth. Verticalsubsurface flow type filters have been choosen thanks to their highest efficiency in NH4-N removal and better resistanceto high fluctuations of influent composition. The pilot was feed with synthetic sewage prepaired on-site every day duringthe study. Samples have been taken for analysis to determine the changes of NH4-N, NO3-N and NO2-N in the effluentof each filter. In bed “0” the removal of nitrogen compounds was caused only by sorption and lasted till its capacity wasreached. In bed “I” and “II” the NH4-N concentration in effluent and production of NO2-N with simultaneous changesof NO3-N indicated that nitrification was occurring. Furthermore assimilation by plants and sorption processes by substratecontributet to the removal of nitrogen compunds. The investigation reviles different pattern of processes responsiblefor N - compounds transformation and removal, depending on the bed substrate and vegetation or without vegetation.

  • Approach Manoeuvre During Emergency Ship-to-Ship Transfer Operation with Oil Spill
    • Anna Witkowska
    • Roman Śmierzchalski
    • Przemyslaw Wilczynski
    2017 Full text TransNav - The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

    One of the major activities during Ship to Ship (STS) transfer operation at sea is to safe approach the Ship to be Lightered (SBL) which moves on a constant heading with slow speed or drifting. In the paper described the manoeuvring problem for approaching during emergency STS transfer operation with oil spill. The approach manoeuvre is considered as a sequence of navigation manoeuvres in specific navigational environment with environmental and operational constraints as well as ship dynamic performance. Additional constraints results from STS transfer operation guide and navigation practise.

  • Approximation Strategies for Generalized Binary Search in Weighted Trees
    • Dariusz Dereniowski
    • Adrian Kosowski
    • Przemysław Uznański
    • Mengchuan Zou
    2017

    We consider the following generalization of the binary search problem. A search strategy is required to locate an unknown target node t in a given tree T. Upon querying a node v of the tree, the strategy receives as a reply an indication of the connected component of T\{v} containing the target t. The cost of querying each node is given by a known non-negative weight function, and the considered objective is to minimize the total query cost for a worst-case choice of the target. Designing an optimal strategy for a weighted tree search instance is known to be strongly NP-hard, in contrast to the unweighted variant of the problem which can be solved optimally in linear time. Here, we show that weighted tree search admits a quasi-polynomial time approximation scheme (QPTAS): for any 0 < epsilon < 1, there exists a (1+epsilon)-approximation strategy with a computation time of n^O(log n / epsilon^2). Thus, the problem is not APX-hard, unless NP is contained in DTIME(n^O(log n)). By applying a generic reduction, we obtain as a corollary that the studied problem admits a polynomial-time O(sqrt(log n))-approximation. This improves previous tilde-O(log n)-approximation approaches, where the tilde-O-notation disregards O(poly log log n)-factors.

  • Arching of railway turnouts by analytical design method
    • Władysław Koc
    2017 Full text Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology (British Journal of Applied Science & Technology)

    The paper involved the issue of arching of the railway turnouts. This is an issue which is given relatively less attention to scientific and research activities. Reference has been made to the book by Wladyslaw Rzepka, under the title „Curved turnouts in plan and profile”, which has been used in Poland for more than 50 years as the main source of information relating to the turnouts on the curve. The book is a compilation of elaborations describing the contemporary state of knowledge being to a large extent a display of German achievements of the forties and fifties of the twentieth century. It has been pointed out that the theory accumulated in the book was adapted to the contemporary calculation needs. The major drawback in the given solutions seems to be ambiquity in the adopted reference system. In the present study an analytical approach is made to the subject matter, and the adopted system of coordinates is connected to the initial position of the turnout being arched. Three possible turnout arching variants have been analyzed to determine some universal mathematical relations. They describe the coordinates of the main track end and the diverging one, the value of the circular arc radius of the diverging track and equations of both the tracks. The analytical record also proves useful for authentic applications. It should be noted that it may be particularly beneficial to use the analytical method to design connections of parallel tracks located in a circular arc (using curved turnouts).

  • Architectural expression in designing museums as places of remembrance
    • Joanna Badach
    • Elżbieta Raszeja
    2017 Full text Przestrzeń i Forma

    Museums commemorating tragic historic events require the application of particular means of architectural expression. Both the form of the building, the interior design, lighting and materials and its surroundings became a part of the exhibition. In this article the narrative role of architectural components is discussed based on three museums located in different cultural and geographical areas. These are: the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall in Nanjing, the Jewish Museum in Berlin and the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk.