2019 - Publications Repository - Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2019

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A Study of Transport Behaviour of Academic Communities
- Aleksandra Romanowska
- Romanika Okraszewska
- Kazimierz Jamroz
2019 Full text Sustainability
An important challenge to achieving sustainable university campuses is ensuring that the academic community makes sustainable transport choices. The objective of this study was to investigate the daily commuting patterns, identify the potential for change, and determine the factors and criteria affecting the transport decisions of academic communities of two universities located in Gdansk, Poland. This paper summarizes the results of trip generation measurements and a comprehensive online survey of 3678 respondents, including the universities’ staff and students. Analysis of survey results revealed clear differences between students and university staff in terms of travel patterns and factors that influence their choices. Staff usually (57%) choose the car for daily commutes with students opting for public transport (59%). The choice of travel mode in particular groups is determined mostly by car availability, trip origin location, and accessibility. The choices also depend on transport user individual requirements such as trip quality, costs, or ecology. With approximately 1400 trips daily per 1000 students, the universities are large traffic generators. Thus, how the staff and students behave determines the effect the universities have on the urban transport system. Understanding the behaviour can help to estimate whether it can be changed and how.
A three-dimensional periodic beam for vibroacoustic isolation purposes
- Arkadiusz Żak
- Marek Krawczuk
- Grzegorz Redlarski
- Łukasz Doliński
- Slawomir Koziel
2019 Full text MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
This paper presents results of investigations on a three-dimensional (3-D) isotropic periodic beam. The beam can represent a vibroacoustic isolator of optimised dynamic characteristics in the case of its longitudinal, flexural and torsional behaviour. The optimisation process concerned both the widths as well as the positions of particular frequency band gaps that are present in the frequency spectrum of the beam. Since the dynamic behaviour of the beam is directly related to its geometry, through an optimisation process of the beam geometry, desired dynamic characteristics of the beam were successfully obtained. For the purpose of the optimisation process a new numerical model of the beam, based on the spectral finite element method in the time domain (TD-SFEM), was developed by the authors. This model enabled the authors to investigate the beam behaviour not only in a wide frequency spectrum, but also ensured a high accuracy of the model predictions. The accuracy of this modelling approach was checked against well-known analytical formulas. However, in the case of the optimised geometry of the beam for the verification of the correctness of the modelling approach a commercial finite element method (FEM) package was used. Finally, based on the results of numerical predictions and optimised geometry of the beam a sample for experimental verification was prepared.Experimental measurements were carried out by the authors by the application of one-dimensional (1-D) laser Doppler scanning vibrometry (LDSV). The results of experimental measurements obtained by the authors confirmed the correctness of the numerical predictions, showing a high degree of correspondence.
A Three-Step Approach to Estimation of Reduction Potentials of Natural Mixtures of Antioxidants Based on DPPH Test; Illustration for Catechins and Cocoa
- Barbara Kusznierewicz
- Monika Baranowska
- Klaudia Suliborska
- Wojciech Chrzanowski
- Jacek Namieśnik
- Agnieszka Bartoszek-Pączkowska
2019 Full text Proceedings
The aim of this study is to propose a methodology to assess electrochemical properties of complex mixtures of antioxidants, such as plant extracts, based on the results of simple and popular DPPH test. The first, most difficult step, involves determinations of standard reduction potentials (E0) for the series of purified compounds (here catechins). The next step is the calculation of stoichiometric values (n10) based on the results of DPPH test for the same compounds. Finally, a correlation equation is formulated, which is then employed to estimate “cumulative reduction potential” (Ec) for the mixture of interest (here cocoa) using DPPH test results.
A unified approach to the analysis of electric energy and fuel consumption of cars in city traffic
- Jacek Kropiwnicki
2019 ENERGY
Forecasting fuel and electricity consumption is an important factor determining the direction of changes in road engineering solutions, traffic management, selection of routes for public transport and development more efficient car drive systems. With a reliable and easy-to-use computational tool, it is possible to reduce the consumption of primary energy sources and reduce the emission of toxic compounds in cities. An analysis of the impact of the selected variables describing traffic conditions on the fuel consumption has been included in this work, as well as the influence of the drive system hybridization. On this basis, the original, high accuracy fuel consumption model for the road-averaged input data has been presented, which enables taking into account the up-to-date traffic conditions. The presented in this paper model of the fuel consumption has been also extended for the regenerative braking systems. The final results of the analysis showed that modelling of the fuel and the energy consumption (including electric drives) of vehicles in city traffic, with an expected accuracy of 5%, can be successfully made using 5 specified variables describing traffic conditions. The original method of the input data collection, from the real world traffic, has been also presented.
A Wearable System Developed to Monitor People Suffering from Vasovagal Syncope
- Michał Pietrewicz
- Artur Poliński
- Tomasz Kocejko
- Jerzy Wtorek
2019 Full text
A wearable system for monitoring non-invasively signals invaluable when examining person suffering from vasovagal syncope is presented in the paper. Following signals are continuously recorded: electrocardiogram, photopletysmogram, impedance cardiogram and electrodermal resistance.
A Wideband Corrugated Ridged Horn Antenna with Enhanced Gain and Stable Phase Center for X- and Ku-Band Applications
- Manshari Saeed
- Sławomir Kozieł
- Leifur Leifsson
2019 IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
In this letter, a structure and design procedure of a novel double-flared conical horn antenna with an improved gain and a stable phase center is presented. The antenna incorporates a hybrid ridged and corrugated structure. A double-ridged section is responsible for ensuring a wideband operation, whereas the corrugated section supports the hybrid mode. The antenna impedance bandwidth (VSWR < 2) is 6 GHz to 20 GHz. Excellent performance is demonstrated for both the X and Ku bands. In particular, the antenna exhibits 12 dBi to 18 dBi gain over both operating bands, a constant 44-degree, 10-dB beamwidth radiation pattern over the Ku band and a close-to-constant 65-degree beamwidth over the X band. The design is validated using both numerically and experimentally. The measurement and simulation indicate that the phase center variation in the X and the Ku bands is less than 2 cm and 1.5cm, respectively.
Abandoned heritage – the first European airports
- Agnieszka Szuta
2019 Full text Czasopismo Techniczne
Due to the development of air transport and urban expansion, the locations of pre-war airports were often changed. The question of the fate of the abandoned airports and their entire infrastructure arose. This article looks at the issue of derelict, pre-war airfields. Examples of airports which were successfully adapted as well as the ones which were abandoned and closed yet but equally important in historical context are shown. In this paper, alternative possibilities for using the former civil airports which allowed memory of important, historical events to be honoured are shown as well as benefits of their preservation are presented.
About the Noether’s theorem for fractional Lagrangian systems and a generalization of the classical Jost method of proof
- Jacky Cresson
- Anna Szafrańska
2019 Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis
Recently, the fractional Noether's theorem derived by G. Frederico and D.F.M. Torres in [10] was proved to be wrong by R.A.C. Ferreira and A.B. Malinowska in (see [7]) using a counterexample and doubts are stated about the validity of other Noether's type Theorem, in particular ([9],Theorem 32). However, the counterexample does not explain why and where the proof given in [10] does not work. In this paper, we make a detailed analysis of the proof proposed by G. Frederico and D.F.M. Torres in [9] which is based on a fractional generalization of a method proposed by J. Jost and X.Li-Jost in the classical case. This method is also used in [10]. We first detail this method and then its fractional version. Several points leading to difficulties are put in evidence, in particular the definition of variational symmetries and some properties of local group of transformations in the fractional case. These difficulties arise in several generalization of the Jost's method, in particular in the discrete setting. We then derive a fractional Noether's Theorem following this strategy, correcting the initial statement of Frederico and Torres in [9] and obtaining an alternative proof of the main result of Atanackovic and al. [3]
Acceleration of the Discrete Green’s Function Formulation of the FDTD Method Based on Recurrence Schemes
- Jacek Gulgowski
- Tomasz Stefański
2019 Full text
In this paper, we investigate an acceleration of the discrete Green's function (DGF) formulation of the FDTD method (DGF-FDTD) with the use of recurrence schemes. The DGF-FDTD method allows one to compute FDTD solutions as a convolution of the excitation with the DGF kernel. Hence, it does not require to execute a leapfrog time-stepping scheme in a whole computational domain for this purpose. Until recently, the DGF generation has been the limiting step of DGF-FDTD due to large computational resources, in terms of processor time and memory, required for these computations. Hence, we have derived the no-neighbours recurrence scheme for one-dimensional FDTD-compatible DGF using solely properties of the Gauss hypergeometric function (GHF). Using known properties of GHF, the recurrence scheme is obtained for arbitrary stable time-step size. In this paper, we show that using the recurrence scheme, computations of 1-D FDTD solutions with the use of the DGF-FDTD method can be around an order of magnitude faster than those based on the direct FDTD method. Although 2- and 3-D recurrence schemes for DGF (valid not only for the magic time-step size) still need to be derived, the 1-D case remains the starting point for any research in this area.
Accuracy assessment of mobile satellite measurements in relation to the geometrical layout of rail tracks
- Cezary Specht
- Władysław Koc
- Piotr Chrostowski
- Jacek Szmagliński
2019 Full text Metrology and Measurement Systems
The paper presents the campaigns of mobile satellite measurements, carried out in 2009–2015 on the railway and tram lines. The accuracy of the measurement method has been analysed on the basis of the results obtained in both horizontal and vertical planes. The track axis deviation from the defined geometric shape has been analysed in the areas clearly defined in terms of geometry, i.e. on the straight sections and sections with constant longitudinal inclination. The values of measurement errors have been estimated on the basis of signals subjected to appropriate processes of filtration. The paper attempts to evaluate the changing possibilities of using the GNSS techniques to determine the shape of the railway track axis from 2009 to 2015. The determined average value of the measurement error now equals a few millimetres. This achievement is very promising for the prospects of mobile satellite measurements in railway engineering.
Action Research - przygotowanie sądu do zmiany poprzez uczenie się - współpraca praktyków i badaczy
- Przemysław Banasik
- Sylwia Morawska
2019 Full text e-mentor
W praktyce zarządzanie sądem na ogół jest oddalone od teorii zarządzania. Prezesi sądów rzadko zwracają się do naukowców z prośbą o rozwiązanie ich problemów w zarządzaniu. W sądach brakuje nie tylko stałych form współpracy z naukowcami zajmującymi się zarządzaniem, ale także z innymi interesariuszami. Jedyną formą komunikacji, i to z ograniczoną liczbą interesariuszy, są formalne środki wyznaczone przez procedurę cywilną lub karną. To powoduje, że sądy postrzegane są jako organizacje hermetyczne. W praktyce funkcjonowania sądu pojawił się problem w nawiązaniu relacji z jego interesariuszami, czy też szerzej - wdrożenia zasad związanych z koncepcją społecznej odpowiedzialności organizacji (dalej CSR). Konieczna stała się, w pierwszej kolejności, identyfikacja interesariuszy sądu, ich hierarchizacja oraz wskazanie obszarów i form możliwej współpracy. Zaistniało zapotrzebowanie na naukowe porady z zakresu zarządzania. Sądy nie miały doświadczenia w identyfikowaniu, mapowaniu interesariuszy i przyporządkowaniu dla poszczególnych rodzajów interesariuszy nieformalnych, pozaproceduralnych form współpracy. Jedną z prób poradzenia sobie z tymi problemami przy zachowaniu najwyższych rygorów naukowych stało się wykorzystanie Action Research. Jest to podejście, które: traktuje wiedzę badacza jako równie ważną jak wiedza aktorów społecznych; ma na celu rozwiązywanie praktycznych problemów organizacyjnych; a także jest neutralne względem podziałów paradygmatycznych na metody ilościowo-jakościowe (celem jest rozwiązanie problemu praktycznego, badacz wykorzystuje te narzędzia, które akurat okażą się przydatne). Przykład Sądu Okręgowego w Gdańsku pokazał, że możliwa jest współpraca praktyków i badaczy w rozwiązaniu konkretnego problemu poprzez wykorzystanie strategii badawczej Action Research (AR). Badaniem objęto horyzont czasowy między czerwcem 2013 roku a marcem 2018 roku, czyli okres prawie 5 lat. Analiza wyników badań pokazuje, że po pierwsze, AR może być wykorzystany w organizacjach publicznych, a po drugie, interwencja w wyniku wykorzystania tej metody badawczej jest skuteczna. W wyniku współpracy praktyków i teoretyków opracowano i wdrożono praktykę zarządczą "Sąd zaangażowany społecznie". Udział praktyków sądowych w jej tworzeniu wygenerował zaufanie do jej praktycznego charakteru wśród innych sądów i zapewnił zapotrzebowanie na jej wdrożenie.
Action Research: Cooperation of Practitioners and Researchers for Knowledge Development in Public Organisations
- Przemysław Banasik
- Sylwia Morawska
2019
Action Research (AR) is not only a research method or a research strategy for solving a research problem, but also an effective tool for developing knowledge and implementing changes in the organization. The aim of AR is to bring about a change within the studied area and get participants to initiate changes, in which the researcher and the recipient collaborate in investigating the problem and developing a relevant solution. AR assumes the collaboration of researchers, practitioners and laymen, and consists in systematically collecting data from everyday practice and analyzing it in order to decide on its future shape. The AR study was conducted in a public organization, namely the District Court in Gdańsk. The subject of the AR study was extrajudicial activities – pro-social activities undertaken by the District Court in Gdańsk. The study was to answer the question whether public organizations – in this case, courts - can engage in pro-social activities, and if so, in which areas. The study covered the time horizon between June 2013 and March 2018, that is, a period of over five years. As part of the conducted research, successive observations of the phenomena taking place within the organization were carried out, and so were a number of interviews with the court's management, conversations with various groups of stakeholders and quantitative surveys with stakeholders on the subject of collaboration with the court and its quality. Analysis of research results shows, first, that AR can be used in public organizations, and second, that intervention resulting from the use of this research method is effective. Despite changes in management and political changes, pro-social activities are still being undertaken in courts, having become an organizational routine. Research findings additionally supplement the current knowledge about the possibility of undertaking pro-social activities by public organizations, including courts. They fall within the scope of strategic management in the subdiscipline of public management
Active Site Architecture and Reaction Mechanism Determination of Cold Adapted beta-D-galactosidase from Arthrobacter sp. 32cB
- Maria Rutkiewicz
- Anna Bujacz
- Marta Wanarska
- Anna Wierzbicka-Woś
- Hubert Cieśliński
2019 Full text INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
ArthbetaDG is a dimeric, cold-adapted beta-D-galactosidase that exhibits high hydrolytic and transglycosylation activity. A series of crystal structures of its wild form, as well as its ArthbetaDG_E441Q mutein complexes with ligands were obtained in order to describe the mode of its action. The ArthbetaDG_E441Q mutein is an inactive form of the enzyme designed to enable observation of enzyme interaction with its substrate. The resulting three-dimensional structures of complexes: ArthbetaDG_E441Q/LACs and ArthbetaDG/IPTG (ligand bound in shallow mode) and structures of complexes ArthbetaDG_E441Q/LACd, ArthbetaDG/ONPG (ligands bound in deep mode), and galactose ArthbetaDG/GAL and their analysis enabled structural characterization of the hydrolysis reaction mechanism. Furthermore, comparative analysis with mesophilic analogs revealed the most striking differences in catalysis mechanisms. The key role in substrate transfer from shallow to deep binding mode involves rotation of the F581 side chain. It is worth noting that the 10-aa loop restricting access to the active site in mesophilic GH2 betaDGs, in ArthbetaDG is moved outward. This facilitates access of substrate to active site. Such a permanent exposure of the entrance to the active site may be a key factor for improved turnover rate of the cold adapted enzyme and thus a structural feature related to its cold adaptation.
Activity of isavuconazole and other triazole derivatives against clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus
- Urszula Nawrot,
- Katarzyna Włodarczyk,
- Marzenna Bartoszewicz,
- Sylwia Balicka,
- Monika Pomorska-wesołowska,
- Ewelina Kurzyk
- Anna Brillowska-Dąbrowska
- Beata Sulik-tyszka
- Grzegorz Basak
- Marta Wróblewska
2019 Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej
Aspergillus fumigatus is the most frequent pathogen of the genus Asperillus, which is highly susceptible to triazole derivatives, especially to isavuconazole and voriconazole. Many countries face a growing problem of infections due to A. fumigatus showing acquired resistance to one or several triazoles. In medical centres, monitoring the susceptibility of isolated Aspergillus spp. is recommended. The aim of this study was to collect and test triazole susceptibility of Aspergillus fumigatus obtained from clinical samples, which were investigated in diagnostic laboratories located in Wrocław, Warszawa and Ruda Śląska (Poland). In addition, 5 resistant A. fumigatus strains with TR34/L98H mutation were included. The microdilution method, according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) was applied to test susceptibility to isavuconazole (ISV), voriconazole (VOR), posaconazole (POS) and itraconazole (ITR). During a period of 24 months, a total number of 75 A. fumigatus isolates were collected. Most of the strains were obtained from lower respiratory tract specimens (58/75; 77%), from patients hospitalized on pulmonology (41%) or intensive care and surgery units (29%). No isolate resistant to ISV or other triazoles was found. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of ISV ranged from 0.125 to 1 mg/L (mean 0.4 ±0.15 mg/L) in triazole susceptible isolates, whereas among triazole-resistant strains, three showed a MIC of 8 mg/L and two had a MIC of 4 mg/L. A. fumigatus isolates carrying the mutation TR34/L98H are cross-resistant to ISV. The acquired resistance is very rare in our region (0-4%), which supports of use of triazole derivatives (VOR, ISV) in the therapy of aspergillosis.
Adaptation of radar software to work with ambiguous distance measurement
- Kamil Stawiarski
- Michał Meller
2019 Full text Proceedings of SPIE
A software extension for radar stations designed to work in the low-PRF mode that allows them to correctly measure range to targets outside of their instrumented range, is proposed. The solution does not require substantial modifications of the radar software. Additionally, we describe tools that allow one to simulate the output of a low-PRF radar observing targets that are outside its instrumented range. The proposed approach is verified using computer simulations.
Adaptation of the arbitrary Lagrange–Euler approach to fluid–solid interaction on an example of high velocity flow over thin platelet
- Piotr J Ziółkowski
- Tomasz Ochrymiuk
- Victor Eremeev
2019 Full text CONTINUUM MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS
The aim of this study is to analyse the behaviour of a thin plate with air flow velocities of 0.3–0.9 Ma. Data from the experiment and numerical tools were used for the analysis. For fluid–solid interaction calculations, the arbitrary Lagrange–Euler approach was used. The results of the measurements are twofold. The first one is the measurement of the flow before and after vibrating plate, i.e. pure flow plate, and the second consists in measuring the characteristics of vibration of the plate. The character of the vibration was measured with an oscilloscope, and then the results were subjected to FFT analysis to determine the natural and flow induced vibrations. For numerical calculations example, the velocity of 0.7 Ma was selected. The deflections of the platelet under the influence of airflow were obtained. The trace of the friction layer that forms the boundary between the flow from the platelet and the separation formed behind the platelet.
Adsorption of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution using sago bark (Metroxylon sagu) as a new potential biosorbent
- Syiffa Fauzia
- Aziz Hermansyah
- Dahlan Dahyunir
- Jacek Namieśnik
- Rahmiana Zein
2019 Desalination and Water Treatment
This paper investigated the ability of sago bark (Metroxylon sagu) as a new potential biosorbent in removing Cr(VI) in batch system. The optimum adsorption capacity of sago bark (Metroxylon sagu) was 61.73 mg/g achieved at pH 3, agitation rate of 100 rpm, contact time 60 min, particle size ≤32 μm, and initial concentration of Cr(VI) 1,000 mg/L at room temperature (25°C). The adsorbent regeneration was carried out using 0.01 M HNO3 with regeneration efficiency of 78.35%. The adsorption data fitted better to Freundlich and Langmuir equilibrium isotherm models. The data confirmed that Cr(VI) sorption onto sago bark (Metroxylon sagu) has good agreement with pseudo-second-order model. The thermodynamic study indicated that Cr(VI) sorption onto sago bark (Metroxylon sagu) occurred as exothermic in nature (DH = –72.55 kJ/mol), which was required energy for adsorption process, and the disorderliness decreased as temperature increased (DS = –263.06 J/mol). Thus, it can be concluded that sago bark (Metroxylon sagu) can be utilized as a potential adsorbent in Cr(VI) removal.
Adsorption-assisted transport of water vapour in super-hydrophobic membranes filled with multilayer graphene platelets
- Emilia Gontarek
- F Macedonio
- F Militano
- L Giorno
- Marek Lieder
- A Politano
- E Drioli
- Annarosa Gugliuzza
2019 NANOSCALE
The effects of confinement of multilayer graphene platelets in hydrophobic microporous polymeric membranes are here examined. Intermolecular interactions between water vapour molecules and nanocomposite membranes are envisaged to originate assisted transport of water vapour in membrane distillation processes when a suitable filler-polymer ratio is reached. Mass transport coefficients are estimated under different working conditions, suggesting a strong dependence of the transport on molecular interactions. Remarkably, no thermal polarization is observed, although the filler exhibits ultrahigh thermal conductivity. In contrast, enhanced resistance to wetting as well as outstanding mechanical and chemical stability meets the basic requirements of water purification via membrane distillation. As a result, a significant improvement of the productivity–efficiency trade-off is achieved with respect to the pristine polymeric membrane when low amounts of platelets are confined in spherulitic-like PVDF networks.
Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Treatment of Contaminants of Emerging Concern
- Javed Khan
- Murtaza Sayed
- Khan Sanaullah
- Noor S. Shah
- Dionysios Dionysiou
- Grzegorz Boczkaj
2019
The application of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, plasticizers, endocrine disruptors, surfactants, flame retardants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) became an indispensable requirement of the current era. Although the CEC are useful for wide-spectrum purposes, they can also result in undesirable effects on human health and other animals. The large scale use of CEC leads to their ubiquitous occurrence in surface and ground water sources and has caused great concern among the scientific community and regulatory authorities in recent years. Since CEC may have significant adverse effects on human health and other animals including aquatic life, their efficient removal from water bodies is essential. A number of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been developed for the enhanced degradation of CEC. This book chapter focuses on the occurance and possible effects of CEC on human health and other animals. Various AOPs have been discussed in detail and their application for the treatment of CEC have been outlined. The AOPs were divided into three groups namely chemical, photochemical and photocatalytic AOPs. Both hydroxyl and sulfate radicals-driven AOPs were discussed. The experimental results of previously published research papers regarding the removal of CEC have been summarized under each AOP section for better understanding of the effectiveness of these AOPs. The various factors that could affect the performance of these AOPs were taken into account. Furthermore, the cost evaluation of different AOPs is summarized. At the end, some challenges faced by AOPs including the toxic disinfection by-products formation have been highlighted. Finally, future suggestions are recommended for practical applications of these AOPs.
Advanced Supervisory Control System Implemented at Full-Scale WWTP—A Case Study of Optimization and Energy Balance Improvement
- Jakub Drewnowski
2019 Full text Water
In modern and cost-eective Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs), processes such as aeration, chemical feeds and sludge pumping are usually controlled by an operating system integrated with online sensors. The proper verification of these data-driven measurements and the control of different unit operations at the same time has a strong influence on better understanding and accurately optimizing the biochemical processes at WWTP—especially energy-intensive biological parts (e.g., the nitrification zone/aeration system and denitrification zone/internal recirculation). In this study, by integrating a new powerful PreviSys with data driven from the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) software and advanced algorithms such as Model Predictive Control (MPC) by using the WEST computer platform, it was possible to conduct different operation strategies for optimizing and improving the energy balance at a full-scale “Klimzowiec” WWTP located in Chorzow (Southern Poland). Moreover, the novel concept of double-checking online data-driven measurements (from installed DO, NO3, NH4 sensors, etc.) by mathematical modelling and computer simulation predictions was applied in order to check the data uncertainty and develop a support operator system (SOS)—an additional tool for the widely-used in-operation and control of modern andcost-effective WWTPs. The results showed that by using sophisticated PreviSys technology, a better understanding and accurate optimization of biochemical processes, as well as more sustainable WWTP operation, can be achieved.