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Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2020

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  • Principles and Practices of Corporate Governance in the Global Economy
    • Alessandro Minichilli
    • Fabio Quarato
    • Luciano Segreto
    2020

    The book places ownership at the centre of all relevant choices that the company makes. In particular, it addresses the issue of governance from the perspective of ownership, and in a broader and more articulated sense than most Anglo-Saxon studies do. The authors analyse the relationship between ownership, governance, and corporate strategy, with a dual objective. On the one hand, the aim is to identify the consistency relationships between the governance structure of the company and its results, because of the centrality that it assumes with respect to many of the strategic choices that companies make. On the other hand, the objective is to consider possible variants to the "basic scheme", going to investigate the role of ownership, governance and management from a contingency perspective, i.e. in different types of enterprise: public companies, multinational enterprises, state-owned enterprises, and especially family-owned enterprises are analysed. The second part of the book analyzes, in a number of advance economies (USA, UK, Germany, France, Italy, and Japan) as well in some emerging countries (China, India, Brazil, and Argentina), and two transition economies (Russia and Poland), capitalism models, different economic and business cultures, and their role in shaping the type of corporate governance that has emerged in the last thirty years.

  • PRINCIPLES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATION IN CONTROL OF THE ENTERPRISE
    • Oleksandr Melnychenko
    2020 Full text BULLETIN OF THE CHERKASY BOHDAN KHMELNYTSKY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY. ECONOMIC SCIENCES

    The implementation of the tasks of evaluating historical financial information, the control or audit of business activities are based primarily on professional judgments about the object of study of a professional accountant or auditor. Their findings are drawn on the basis of the study of documents, the use of audit evidence, risk assessment, etc. There is always a probability (and rather high) that professional judgment will be based on incomplete information (since the dynamics of information changes is extremely high today), on the misstatements (since it is impossible to trace all the changes in knowledge related to the object of study), regardless of the quality of the performance of these individuals. In addition, the auditor often takes subjective decisions (for example, when choosing individual elements for the assessment from the general population), which also affects the degree of objectivity of his assessments. Artificial intelligence is the tool that could handle the entire set of knowledge, track all changes in the significant and important information, as well as in the insignificant and unimportant (which, however, also has an effect on the object of analysis). It does not have a work schedule or other restrictions on the time of work, so the comparison and analysis of information can be carried out around the clock, and the speed of data processing is determined by the processing power of the information systems, on which it operates, and is stably high. In this case, artificial intelligence is ready to perform the tasks non-stop in real time till receiving the command of termination the process.

  • Probabilistic seismic assessment of RC box-girder highway bridges with unequal-height piers subjected to earthquake-induced pounding
    • Hossein Rezaei
    • Seyyed Amirhossein Moayyedi
    • Robert Jankowski
    2020 Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering

    This paper uses the probabilistic seismic assessment to study the effects of pounding and irregularity on the seismic behavior of typical concrete box-girder bridges with four levels of altitudinal irregularity. To extend the results for all bridges in the same class, uncertainty related to the earthquake, structural geometries, and materials are considered. Pounding is likely to take place in two cases: the first one concerns the seat-type abutments, and the second is at the in-span hinge of multi-frame bridges. Accordingly, the present study is an attempt to investigate the behavior of irregular bridges considering the effects of pounding in both cases. In the first case, the effects of changes in the gap size on Engineering Demand Parameters (EDPs) were investigated. Then, correlations between earthquake parameters and the pounding force were evaluated. Furthermore, the pounding force exerted on the abutment was compared for different bridge irregularity levels. In the second part of the paper, the effects of pounding of adjacent bridge segments in the decks of non-continuous bridges were studied for equivalent Two-Degree-of-Freedom (2DOF) structures, for which the probability of non-occurrence was estimated. In the end, the relationship between structural or seismic parameters and the pounding force was evaluated in case of pounding. The results of the study show that the gap size between the abutment and the deck has the highest effect on the abutment passive deformation, pounding force, and base shear. Also, the substructure irregularity of bridges reduces the correlation between the gap size and the EDPs, except for the column ductility. Moreover, decreasing the ratio of periods of the adjacent frames diminishes the effect of the type of the earthquake but increases the probability of pounding.

  • PROBABILISTYCZNY MODEL PROCESU OBCIĄŻEŃ MOCĄ OKRĘTOWEGO TŁOKOWEGO SILNIKA GŁÓWNEGO I JEGO PRAKTYCZNA PRZYDATNOŚĆ
    • Jerzy Girtler
    2020 Full text Journal of Polish CIMEEAC

    W artykule przedstawiono propozycję modelu widma obciążeń mocą okrętowego silnika głównego w formie czterostanowego procesu semi-Markoawa {D(t): t ≥0} ciągłego w stanach i czasie o zbiorze stanów C = {c1, c2, c3, c4} i następującej interpretacji elementów tego zbioru: c1 – obciążenie silnika mocą częściową, c2 – obciążenie silnika mocą trwałą, c3 – obciążenie silnika mocą znamionową, c4 – obciążenie silnika mocą maksymalną. Określono rozkład graniczny wspomnianego procesu i wykazano możliwość oszacowania prawdopodobieństw tego rozkładu. Przedstawiono uzasadnienie potrzeby opracowania takiego modelu charakteryzując warunki eksploatacji okrętowych silników głównych. Wykazano, że zastosowanie w praktyce nawet tak prostego modelu może być przydatne do planowania zapasu paliwa niezbędnego do działania silnika podczas rejsu statku. Wykazano też, że model ten może być zmodyfikowany, w zależności od potrzeb eksploatacyjnych tak, aby uwzględnionych było w nim tyle stanów odzwierciedlających poszczególne rodzaje obciążeń mocą silnika głównego, ile musi znać użytkownik, aby zapewnić racjonalną jego eksploatację.

  • Probing the Magnetic Anisotropy of Co(II) Complexes Featuring Redox-Active Ligands
    • Praveen Kumar
    • Daniel J. SantaLucia
    • Kinga Kaniewska-Laskowska
    • Sergey V. Lindeman
    • Andrew Ozarowski
    • J. Krzystek
    • Mykhaylo Ozerov
    • Joshua Telser
    • John F. Berry
    • Adam T. Fiedler
    2020 Full text INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

    Coordination complexes that possess large magnetic anisotropy (otherwise known as zero-field splitting, ZFS) have possible applications in the field of magnetic materials, including single molecule magnets (SMMs). Previous studies have explored the role of coordination number and geometry in controlling the magnetic anisotropy and SMM behavior of high-spin (S = 3/2) Co(II) complexes. Building upon these efforts, the present work examines the impact of ligand oxidation state and structural distortions on the spin states and ZFS parameters of pentacoordinate Co(II) complexes. The five complexes included in this study (1–5) have the general formula, [Co(TpPh2)(LX,Y)]n+ (X = O, S; Y = N, O; n = 0 or 1), where TpPh2 is the scorpionate ligand hydrotris(3,5-diphenyl-pyrazolyl)borate(1−) and LX,Y are bidentate dioxolene-type ligands that can access multiple oxidation states. The specific LX,Y ligands used herein are 4,6-di-tert-butyl substituted o-aminophenolate and o-aminothiophenolate (1 and 2, respectively), o-iminosemiquinonate and o-semiquinonate radicals (3 and 4, respectively), and o-iminobenzoquinone (5). Each complex exhibits a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry, as revealed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Direct current (dc) magnetic susceptibility experiments confirmed that the complexes with closed-shell ligands (1, 2, and 5) possess S = 3/2 ground states with negative D-values (easy-axis anisotropy) of −41, −78, and −30 cm–1, respectively. For 3 and 4, antiferromagnetic coupling between the Co(II) center and o-(imino)semiquinonate radical ligand results in S = 1 ground states that likewise exhibit very large and negative anisotropy (−100 > D > −140 cm–1). Notably, ZFS was measured directly for each complex using far-infrared magnetic spectroscopy (FIRMS). In combination with high-frequency and -field electron paramagnetic resonance (HFEPR) studies, these techniques provided precise spin-Hamiltonian parameters for complexes 1, 2, and 5. Multireference ab initio calculations, using the CASSCF/NEVPT2 approach, indicate that the strongly negative anisotropies of these Co(II) complexes arise primarily from distortions in the equatorial plane due to constrictions imposed by the TpPh2 ligand. This effect is further amplified by cobalt(II)-radical exchange interactions in 3 and 4.

  • Problem wody gruntowej pod ciśnieniem w aspekcie posadowienia dróg w wykopach
    • Grzegorz Horodecki
    2020 Magazyn Autostrady

    Jednym z problemów, który wymaga rozwiązania na etapie przygotowania i realizacji inwestycji drogowych, jest woda gruntowa na odcinkach zlokalizowanych w wykopach. Może występować w postaci zwierciadła swobodnego, co objawia się sączeniami i wypływami ze skarp i/lub w postaci zwierciadła napiętego, uniemożliwiającego realizację robót lub prawidłową eksploatację z uwagi na przebicia i wypływy przez warstwy podłoża gruntowego nawierzchni. W artykule przedstawiono przekład zrealizowanego odcinka drogi ekspresowej S7 w głębokim wykopie ze swobodnym i z napiętym zwierciadłem wody gruntowej, stabilizującym się powyżej niwelety.

  • Problemy i wyzwania w zakresie bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego w Nowej Dekadzie
    • Kazimierz Jamroz
    • Joanna Żukowska
    2020 Full text Transport Miejski i Regionalny

    Po wieloletnim okresie systematycznego spadku liczby ofiar śmiertelnych i rannych w wypadkach drogowych w ostatnich kilku latach nastąpiła stagnacja, a nawet odwrócenie tej korzystnej tendencji. Pandemia COVID-19, w wyniku której nastąpiło zmniejszenie mobilności mieszkańców, przyczyniła się do powrotu do tendencji spadkowej liczby ofiar śmiertelnych i ciężko rannych. W artykule przedstawiono prognozę liczby ofiar śmiertelnych i ciężko rannych na koniec roku 2020 będącego ostatnim rokiem realizacji IV Narodowego Programu BRD. Przedstawiono założenia i wymagania Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych i Komisji Europejskiej skierowane do krajów członkowskich w sprawie redukcji ofiar śmiertelnych i ciężkorannych w wypadkach drogowych w Nowej Dekadzie (w latach 2021–2030). Przedstawiono także problemy i możliwości realizacji tych wymagań w Polsce.

  • Proces zmiany sprzedawcy energii elektrycznej w Polsce dla odbiorcy w gospodarstwie domowym
    • Rafał Łangowski
    2020 Full text Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

    W publikacji przedstawiono proces zmiany sprzedawcy energii elektrycznej dla odbiorcy w gospodarstwie domowym, prowadzony w detalicznym segmencie rynku energii. Szczególny nacisk położono na proces bazujący na generalnej umowie dystrybucji dla usługi kompleksowej. Odniesiono się do wszystkich, istotnych regulacji mających zastosowanie do poruszanych kwestii, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zapisów instrukcji ruchu i eksploatacji sieci dystrybucyjnej oraz wzorca generalnej umowy dystrybucji dla usługi kompleksowej.

  • Process arrival pattern aware algorithms for acceleration of scatter and gather operations
    • Jerzy Proficz
    2020 Full text Cluster Computing-The Journal of Networks Software Tools and Applications

    Imbalanced process arrival patterns (PAPs) are ubiquitous in many parallel and distributed systems, especially in HPC ones. The collective operations, e.g. in MPI, are designed for equal process arrival times (PATs), and are not optimized for deviations in their appearance. We propose eight new PAP-aware algorithms for the scatter and gather operations. They are binomial or linear tree adaptations introducing additional process ordering and (in some cases) additional activities in a special background thread. The solution was implemented using one of the most popular open source MPI compliant library (OpenMPI), and evaluated in a typical HPC environment using a specially developed benchmark as well as a real application: FFT. The experimental results show a significant advantage of the proposed approach over the default OpenMPI implementation, showing good scalability and high performance with the FFT acceleration for the communication run time: 16.7% and for the total application execution time: 3.3%.

  • Process Control of Biogas Purification Using Electronic Nose
    • Edyta Słupek
    • Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska
    • Dominik Dobrzyniewski
    • Bartosz Szulczyński
    • Jacek Gębicki
    2020 Full text CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS

    Nowadays, biogas produced from landfills and wastewater treatment plants or lignocellulosic biomass is important sustainable and affordable source of energy. Impurities from biogas stream can cause a serious odor problem, especially for residents of areas immediately adjacent to production plants. Therefore, biogas pre-treatment is necessary to protect engines that convert biogas into energy and in order to increase the specific heat. Currently, there are many well-known methods of purifying biogas streams i.e. physical and chemical absorption, adsorption, membrane separation, cryogenic separation, pressure swing adsorption, advanced oxidation processes and biological separation. Among these technologies, methods based on the use of physical absorption show a high efficiency of the impurities removal from the gas phase using appropriately selected absorbents. In the presented study the purification of model biogas mixtures contaminated with cyclohexane, toluene, propionaldehyde, 1-butanol and dimethyl disuflide. Three absorbents were used in the research: hexadecane and two deep eutectic solvents: choline chloride with urea in 1:2 molar ratio and camphor with guaiacol in 1:1 molar ratio. For process efficiency monitoring the electronic nose was used. The obtained results were compared with gas chromatography analysis.

  • PROCESSING, MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE STREAMS
    • Jerzy Korol
    • Aleksander Hejna
    2020 Full text

    The recycling of plastics is currently one of the most significant industrial challenges. Due to the enormous amounts of plastic wastes generated by various industry branches, it is essential to look for the potential methods of their utilization. Nevertheless, for the efficient application of recycled materials it is crucial to analyze their performance. Therefore, in presented paper we investigated the processing (melt flow index), as well as the mechanical (static tensile tests) and thermal (thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry) properties of four recycled low-density polyethylene streams obtained from the market. The impact of the impurities on the performance was analyzed.

  • Processing of Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ barrier layers for solid oxide cells: The effect of preparation method and thickness on the interdiffusion and electrochemical performance
    • Sebastian Molin
    • Jakub Karczewski
    • Bartosz Kamecki
    • Aleksander Mroziński
    • Sea-Fue Wang
    • Piotr Jasiński
    2020 Full text JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY

    Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 (CGO) barrier layers are required to mitigate the chemical reactions between Sr-containing oxygen electrode materials and Zr-based oxygen ion conductors in high-temperature solid oxide cells. Barrier layers produced by different methods were studied in this work. As a reference, a cell with no barrier layer was measured. The application of the powder-processed barrier layers, considerably increases the performance. For further comparison, thin and dense CGO layers were produced by a low-temperature spray pyrolysis process. Three different thicknesses were evaluated: ∼300 nm, ∼700 nm and ∼1500 nm. The best performance was found for the ∼700 nm thick CGO barrier layer. It showed low ohmic and polarisation resistances. The low thickness and high density of the CGO barrier layer were found to be the important factors. The cells with the ∼700 nm CGO barrier layers were also evaluated for their electrolysis performance as well as fuel cell durability.

  • Processing of Polyester-Urethane Filament and Characterization of FFF 3D Printed Elastic Porous Structures with Potential in Cancellous Bone Tissue Engineering
    • Agnieszka Haryńska
    • Iga Carayon
    • Paulina Kosmela
    • Anna Brillowska-Dąbrowska
    • Marcin Łapiński
    • Justyna Kucińska-Lipka
    • Helena Janik
    2020 Full text Materials

    This paper addresses the potential of self-made polyester-urethane filament as a candidate for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)-based 3D printing (3DP) in medical applications. Since the industry does not provide many ready-made solutions of medical-grade polyurethane filaments, we undertook research aimed at presenting the process of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) filament formation, detailed characteristics, and 3DP of specially designed elastic porous structures as candidates in cancellous tissue engineering. Additionally, we examined whether 3D printing affects the structure and thermal stability of the filament. According to the obtained results, the processing parameters leading to the formation of high-quality TPU filament (TPU_F) were captured. The results showed that TPU_F remains stable under the FFF 3DP conditions. The series of in vitro studies involving long- and short-term degradation (0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); 5 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH)), cytotoxicity (ISO 10993:5) and bioactivity (simulated body fluid (SBF) incubation), showed that TPU printouts possessing degradability of long-term degradable tissue constructs, are biocompatible and susceptible to mineralization in terms of hydroxyapatite (HAp) formation during SBF exposure. The formation of HAp on the surface of the specially designed porous tissue structures (PTS) was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) studies. The compression test of PTS showed that the samples were strengthened due to SBF exposure and deposited HAp on their surface. Moreover, the determined values of the tensile strength (~30 MPa), Young’s modulus (~0.2 GPa), and compression strength (~1.1 MPa) allowed pre-consideration of TPU_F for FFF 3DP of cancellous bone tissue structures

  • Production of certified reference materials - homogeneity and stability study based on the determination of total mercury and methylmercury
    • Małgorzata Rutkowska
    • Jacek Namieśnik
    • Piotr Konieczka
    2020 Full text MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL

    Reference materials (RMs) play an important role in all elements of the quality assurance system of measurements. In this work, ``package'' 4 new CRMs (bottom sediment, herring tissue, cod tissue, cormorant tissue) were prepared and characterised to carry out the quality control in monitoring analysis of mercury and methylmercury in environmental samples. Materials - candidates were collected in Poland and south part of the Czech Republic. All materials were freeze-dried, milled, sieved, homogenised, sterilized and distributed in amber bottles. For the homogeneity and stability study of the samples of materials several statistical tests were applied. Materials - candidates for CRMs with certified mercury and methylmercury content meet the heterogeneity requirement and can be considered homogenous both between bottle and within bottle. Each material meets also the requirements for the stability condition of reference material with certified mercury content.

  • Pro-Ecological Activities in Polish Financial Institutions on the Example of Selected Banks
    • Katarzyna Kubiszewska
    • Agata Czyżewska
    2020 Full text Przedsiębiorstwo we współczesnej gospodarce - teoria i praktyka

    The character of the role that banks play in the economy provides them with an opportunity to positively affect the environment on multiple levels. The article aimed at characterizing and evaluating pro-ecological activities occurring in financial institutions in Poland. It compares pro-ecological activities undertaken by three different banks operating on the Polish market: BOŚ Bank SA, BNP Paribas Bank Polska SA and PKO Bank Polski SA. Based on the conducted analysis, the author’s division of environmentally friendly initiatives undertaken by banks was proposed.

  • Project-Based Learning as a Method for Interdisciplinary Adaptation to Climate Change—Reda Valley Case Study
    • Dominika Wróblewska
    • Romanika Okraszewska
    2020 Full text Sustainability

    The challenges of the global labour market require university authorities to extend traditional forms of education into more innovative and effective solutions. Project-based learning (PjBL) is one of highly effective methods for acquiring knowledge and teaching “soft” skills to future employees. This article describes an experimental use of PjBL at a university with a long history of teaching based on traditional methods—the Gdansk University of Technology. The experiment was conducted in the academic year 2017–2018, in collaboration with the city of Wejherowo. The project’s main goal was to solve the city’s real problems related to climate change, land development and water management. The project was implemented experimentally as part of two subjects: spatial planning, and monitoring and environmental management to ensure an interdisciplinary approach and cover the scope of the project fully. The results of the experiment confirmed the evidence-based advantages of PjBL. However, several methodological, organisational and technical problems, which need to be resolved before a new edition starts, were encountered during the experimental implementation of the method. The experiment was positively received by students, clients, and tutors. To evaluate the impact of PjBL on spatial planning education, the new edition must include a methodological framework for evaluation.

  • Projekt INZNAK - aktywne znaki drogowe
    • Andrzej Czyżewski
    2020 Magazyn Autostrady

    W Politechnice Gdańskiej na Wydziale Elektroniki, Telekomunikacji i Informatyki we współpracy z Akademią Górniczo-Hutniczą w Krakowie i dwiema firmami z województwa pomorskiego (Siled Sp. z o.o. i Microsystems Sp. z o.o.) od 2017 r. realizowany jest projekt badawczy pt. „INZNAK – inteligentne znaki drogowe do adaptacyjnego sterowania ruchem pojazdów, komunikujące się w technologii V2X”. Projekt jest dofinansowywany przez NCBR w ramach programu „Projekty aplikacyjne” POIR 4.1.4 (nr POIR.04.01.04-00-0089/16). Osoby zainteresowane projektem zapraszamy do bezpośredniego kontaktu z autorem pod adresem mailowym: andcz@multimed.org

  • Projekt wytycznych planowania tras dla pieszych
    • Kazimierz Jamroz
    • Romanika Okraszewska
    • Lech Michalski
    • Lucyna Gumińska
    • Tomasz Mackun
    2020 Full text Transport Miejski i Regionalny

    W ramach prowadzonych przez resort infrastruktury prac zmierzających do zmiany warunków technicznych, jakie powinny spełniać drogi oraz standardów ich projektowania, powstał m.in. zbiór wytycznych poświęcony projektowaniu infrastruktury dla pieszych. W artykule przedstawiono cele, założenia oraz najistotniejsze elementy „Wytycznych planowania tras dla pieszych” stanowiących pierwszą część zbioru. Prezentowane wytyczne są odpowiedzią na zachodzące zmiany w światowych trendach planowania i projektowania infrastruktury dla pieszych, przykłady zagranicznych dobrych praktyk oraz braku kompleksowych rozwiązań krajowych. W artykule przedstawiono przegląd doświadczeń wybranych krajów dotyczących planowania tras dla pieszych, charakterystykę użytkowników oraz urządzeń dla pieszych. Szczegółowo opisano procedurę planowania tras dla pieszych zawierającą: analizę i ocenę stanu istniejącego i planowanego, określenie popytu dla pieszych, opracowanie planu tras dla pieszych. Nowymi elementami wprowadzanymi przez prezentowane wytyczne do polskiej praktyki planistycznej i projektowej są: uporządkowanie definicji, propozycja zakresu niezbędnych danych oraz zasady identyfikowania problemów i barier dla pieszych, zasady ustalania kompleksowej sieci tras dla pieszych, wprowadzenie ich klasyfikacji funkcjonalnej i technicznej oraz ustalenie zakresu wymagań projektowych dla kluczowych tras dla pieszych.

  • Projekt wytycznych projektowania infrastruktury liniowej dla pieszych
    • Kazimierz Jamroz
    • Tomasz Mackun
    • Lucyna Gumińska
    • Janusz Rożkowski
    2020 Full text Transport Miejski i Regionalny

    Ministerstwo Infrastruktury podjęło prace dotyczące zmiany warunków technicznych, jakim powinny odpowiadać drogi, i standardów projektowania dróg. W ramach zbioru standardów opracowano także nowe „Wytyczne do projektowania infrastruktury dla pieszych”. Drugą część tego projektu stanowią „Wytyczne projektowania infrastruktury liniowej dla pieszych”. W artykule przedstawiono identyfikację problemów projektowania infrastruktury dla pieszych w Polsce oraz przegląd sposobów rozwiązywania tych problemów w innych krajach. Przedstawiono również zasady projektowania infrastruktury liniowej dla pieszych.

  • Projekt wytycznych projektowania infrastruktury punktowej dla pieszych
    • Tomasz Mackun
    • Kazimierz Jamroz
    • Anna Gobis
    • Joanna Bała-Żółtowska
    2020 Full text Transport Miejski i Regionalny

    Artykuł przedstawia projekt „Wytycznych projektowania infrastruktury punktowej dla pieszych” (WRD-41-3). Wytyczne powstały jako jeden z elementów pracy podjętej przez Ministerstwo Infrastruktury, mającej na celu stworzenie standardów planowania, projektowania i utrzymywania infrastruktury drogowej. Artykuł przedstawia skondensowaną wersję opracowania wraz z uzasadnieniem przyjętych rozwiązań dla pieszych przekraczających drogi, torowiska tramwajowe i linie kolejowe. Istotnym elementem bezpieczeństwa pieszych jest zapewnienie pól widoczności, krótkich przejść dla pieszych i stosownych elementów organizacji ruchu. W artykule przedstawiono metodę wyboru optymalnego rozwiązania w zakresie typu przejścia dla pieszych.