2021 - Publications Repository - Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2021

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Researching Digital Society: Using Data-Mining to Identify Relevant Themes from an Open Access Journal
- Judith Schoßböck
- Noella Edelmann
- Nina Rizun
2021 Full text
Open Access scholarly literature is scientific output free from economic barriers and copyright restrictions. Using a case study approach, data mining methods and qualitative analysis, the scholarly output and the meta-data of the Open Access eJournal of e-Democracy and Open Government during the time interval 2009–2020 was analysed. Our study was able to identify the most prominent research topics (defined as thematic clusters) of the journal, their evolution over time and how these were influenced by journal management factors. This kind of analysis helps editors to develop an editorial strategy, decide on the thematic development of the journal and address the expectations of future authors of the journal. It further can provide insights about research themes and trends within a scholarly community and their development over time
Reshaping financial systems: The role of ICT in the diffusion of financial innovations – Recent evidence from European countries
- Ewa Lechman
- Adam Marszk
2021 Full text TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE
Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are among the fastest-growing types of innovative financial products. The emergence and spread of these instruments have been facilitated by the digital revolution. Information and communication technology (ICT) is profoundly reshaping the global economic landscape, laying solid foundations for unrestricted and unbounded flows of information and knowledge, eliminating information asymmetries, and furthering the rapid diffusion of financial innovations worldwide. This work contributes to the literature by exploring the linkages between variations in ICT penetration and the development and expansion of financial innovation on stock exchanges in ten European countries: France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. The analysis covers the period from 2004 to 2019, and uses panel and country-specific regression models to verify the relationship hypothesized between increasing ICT penetration and the development of exchange-traded funds. Our findings indicate that ICT spreads evenly in all the countries, laying solid foundations for the development of innovative financial products. We also find that ICT positively influences the diffusion of ETFs, regardless of the other possible determinants considered; however, despite the high level of ICT adoption in most of the economies analyzed, ETF market development has not been universal, with substantial between-country differences.
Reshaping the Gdańsk Shipyard—The Birthplace of the Solidarity Movement. The Complexity of Adaptive Reuse in the Heritage Context
- Piotr Lorens
- Łukasz Bugalski
2021 Full text Sustainability
The Gdańsk Shipyard—the birthplace of the Solidarity movement—is host to a unique example of a multi-layered brownfield redevelopment project, an area that is burdened by a complex history, overlapping heritage, and multiple memories. These circumstances require an integrated yet differentiated approach to the site’s heritage and make the creation of one homogeneous narration of its future impossible. At the same time, the size of the area, as well as its location within Gdańsk city centre, has meant that its future has been the subject of numerous discussions and speculations conducted over the last 20 years—starting from the creation of a large-scale open-air museum and continuing to the localization of the new Central Business District of the city. Consequently, that broad discussion carried out regarding the scope of redevelopment projects has been rooted in the possible introduction of diverse models of adaptive reuse. This variety of possible approaches also includes discussion on the mode of integrating heritage in the redevelopment processes. The goal of this paper—written just before the initiation of the final stage of the conceptual part of the project—is to present the complexity of approaches to issues related to redevelopment and heritage preservation.
Revalorisation of the Szewalski’s concept of the law of varying the last-stage blade retraction in a gas-steam turbine
- Paweł Ziółkowski
- Stanisław Głuch
- Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Janusz Badur
2021 Full text E3S Web of Conferences
The article presents the implementations of the free vortex law to the blade of the last stage of a gas-steam turbine. First, a thermodynamic analysis was carried out, determining the parameters at the inlet, then the number of stages of the high and low-pressure part of the turbine was constructed, together with the kinematics and velocity vectors for subsequent stages of the axial turbine. The last step of article was to take into account the law of variation of the peripheral component of the velocity of the medium working with the radius of the turbine in a discrete way and to make a 3D drawing of the resulting geometry. When creating the spatial model, the atlas of profiles of reaction turbine stages was used.
Revealing dynamic changes of the volatile profile of food samples using PTR–MS
- Tomasz Majchrzak
- Wojciech Wojnowski
- Andrzej Wasik
2021 FOOD CHEMISTRY
Volatile compounds carry valuable information regarding the properties of foodstuffs. Volatiles emitted from food can be used as, for example, indicators of quality, shelf-life, or authenticity. A better understanding of the multitude of transformations which occur during food processing could facilitate the optimisation of production, increase the desirability of food products, and also their wholesomeness. However, as some of these transformations are fast-paced, it is necessary to monitor them using techniques which enable real-time determination of volatiles, such as proton transfer reaction–mass spectrometry (PTR–MS). Recent years have seen a marked increase in its use in food analysis, since it can be used to obtain insight into the dynamics of the monitored processes and can be the basis for precise quality control methods for food processing. This review highlights recent works in which PTR–MS was used in monitoring during foodstuffs production, preparation and storage.
Revealing the Frank–Evans “Iceberg” Structures within the Solvation Layer around Hydrophobic Solutes
- Joanna Grabowska
- Anna Kuffel
- Jan Zielkiewicz
2021 Full text JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B
Using computer simulations, the structural properties of solvation water of three model hydrophobic molecules, methane and two fullerenes (C60 and C80), were studied. Systems were simulated at temperatures in the range of 250−298 K. By analyzing both the local ordering of the molecules of water in the solvation layers and the structure of hydrogen bond network, it is shown that in the solvation layer of hydrophobic molecules, ordered aggregates consisting of water molecules are formed. Even though it is difficult to define the exact structure of these aggregates, their existence alone is clearly noticeable. Moreover, these aggregates become more pronounced with the decrease of temperature. The existence of the ordered aggregates around the hydrophobic solutes complies with the concept of “icebergs” proposed by Frank and Evans.
Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted DICOM Images Using Cyclic Binary Golay (23, 12) Code
- Mariusz Dzwonkowski
- Roman Rykaczewski
2021 Full text IEEE Access
In this paper, a novel reversible data hiding method for encrypted images (RDHEI) is proposed. An efficient coding scheme based on cyclic binary Golay (23, 12) code is designed to embed additional data into the least significant bits (LSBs) of the encrypted image. The most significant bits (MSBs) are used to ensure the reversibility of the embedding process. The proposed scheme is lossless, and based on the receiver’s privileges, allows recovery of marked data, original data and embedded data. Furthermore, the scheme can be used with any type of data, however it is best suited to 16-bit DICOM images of monochrome photometric interpretation. A modification to the standard DICOM network model was also introduced, to point out an example application of the proposed RDHEI method, i.e. an anonymized data storage outsourcing. A computer-based analysis has been carried out and simulation results are shown at the end of this paper.
Review of Cybersecurity Assessment Methods: Applicability Perspective
- Rafał Leszczyna
2021 Full text COMPUTERS & SECURITY
Cybersecurity assessments are crucial in building the assurance that vital cyberassets are effectively protected from threats. Multiple assessment methods have been proposed during the decades of the cybersecurity field. However, a systematic literature search described in this paper reveals that their reviews are practically missing. Thus, the primary objective of this research was to fulfil this gap by comprehensively identifying and analysing cybersecurity assessment methods described in the scientific literature. A structured research method and transparent criteria were applied for this purpose. As a result, thirty-two methods are presented in this paper. Particular attention is paid to the question of the methods’ applicability in realistic contexts and environments. In that regard, the challenges and limitations associated with the methods’ application as well as potential approaches to addressing them have been indicated. Besides, the paper systematises the terminology and indicates complementary studies which can be helpful during assessments. Finally, the areas that leave space for improvement and directions for further research and development are indicated. The intention is to support researchers and practitioners in choosing the method to be applied in their assessments and to indicate the areas that can be further explored.
Review of International Standards and Policy Guidelines for Smart Sustainable Cities
- Elsa Estevez
- Karina Cenci
- Pablo Fillottrani
- Tomasz Janowski
2021 Full text
Smart cities are often criticized for preoccupation with technology, for ignoring the negative effects of technology, for irrelevance to the needs of the poor, and for ubiquitous data collection creating perfect conditions for surveillance societies and autocratic states. In response, cities pursue smartness and sustainability simultaneously, becoming global (by participation in global digital networks) and local (by addressing local needs and circumstances) at the same time. In the pursuit of smart sustainable cities, they make explicit policy decisions about how technology should serve their residents, businesses and visitors, and avoid disrupting them. Many decisions are about standards—which standards should be followed and how, and increasingly, standards and policy guidelines are adopted by cities from international organizations, circumventing national authorities. This chapter reviews international standards and policy guidelines published by international standards organizations or intergovernmental bodies, with stated goals to support member states in the development and management of smart sustainable cities. We conducted the review through exploratory research and comparative policy analysis. The result could be used to raise awareness and address knowledge needs among city managers, policy analysts, and smart city researchers.
Review of Selected Methods for Prediction of Added Resistance in Following Waves
- Sebastian Bielicki
- Michał Kalbarczyk
2021
The added resistance in waves is a mean value of non-linear, second order reaction of a ship to incoming waves. In the beginning of the 20th century, the experimental methods for investigation of ship hydrodynamics at model scale were developed. They allowed the evaluation of added resistance by measurements in irregular waves (directly) or by measurements in regular waves (in-direct method). The main goal was to find more precise information about the margin for on-board installed engine power to fulfill operational demands of designed vessel. In the early sixties of the 20th century, numerical methods appeared, enabling the seakeeping analyses in frequency domain, and including the methods for determination of added resistance due to head waves. These computational methods, based on gravity character of added resistance, applied the potential flow theory and were mainly determined to cope with head waves. However, the issue of route optimization as well as the phenomena of broaching and surf-riding of vessels going through following and aft-quartering waves gained more attention recently, what demands accurate prediction methods applicable also for these conditions. To avoid dangerous behavior of a vessel, it is necessary to increase the speed, which means that the ship has to maintain a power margin for this operation. The level of added power can be assessed basing on computations of added resistance in waves coming from mentioned directions. The following paper presents the comparison of the results obtained from selected computational methods, including potential methods, semi-empirical formulae and RANS-CFD, with results of dedicated model experiments.
Review of Sustainability Assessment Tools for Buildings and Cities
- Gulben Calis
- Dorota Kamrowska-Załuska
- Ezgi Kocaman
- Merve Kuru
2021
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Review on robust laser light interaction with titania – Patterning, crystallisation and ablation processes
- Katarzyna Siuzdak
- Łukasz Haryński
- Jakub Wawrzyniak
- Katarzyna Grochowska
2021 PROGRESS IN SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY
Titanium dioxide is regarded as a very promising semiconducting material that is widely applied in many everyday-use products, devices, and processes. In general, those applications can be divided into energy or environmental categories, where a high conversion rate, and energy and power density are of particular interest. Therefore, many efforts are being put towards the elaboration of novel production routes, and improving the material's properties such as light absorption, and charge concentration, as well as development of the surface area to improve the efficiency of particular process. Typically, bulk doping and surface modifications can be distinguished, applying some sol-gel, chemical vapour deposition, and hydrothermal processes in the presence of dopant precursors. However, development of waste disposal and many up-scaling optimisation routes have to be performed to consider the proposed path worthy of wide scale, commercial use. In contrast to the wet-chemistry methods, laser technology offers unique material treatment by light of a particular wavelength, fluence, and pulse repetition rate. In consequence, the changes can affect the bulk structure or only its surface. Such an approach provides a wide range of possible modifications without the use of any chemical products, and therefore avoids the formation of any by-products. Moreover, knowing the facile scaling up of laser treatment towards a higher technology readiness level, we believe such an approach stands out from synthesis and/or modification carried out first in small flasks and using small amounts of substrates. In this review, we would like to emphasize the results of selected studies presenting possible laser beam and titania interactions ensuring changes in the surface zone or deeply in the internal structure. The works evoked here indicate that this powerful technique can, among other things, provide slight surface melting of titania nanotubes, their phase transition from an amorphous solid to anatase or, when the fluence exceeds a certain threshold, the ablation of material out of the titania target.
Reviewing the recent developments of using graphene-based nanosized materials in membrane separations
- Roberto Castro-Muñoz
- Angélica Cruz-Cruz
- Yrenka Alfaro-Sommers
- Luisa Ximena Aranda-Jarillo
- Emilia Gontarek-Castro
2021 CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
According to the potentialities of graphene-based materials and their unique physicochemical properties. Such 2D nanomaterials are likely to be the most implemented within the improvement of the selective separations of polymer membranes, together with enhanced physicochemical properties (such as hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, transport of molecules, mechanical and thermal features, among others). Hence, this review compiles and analyzes the latest development works (over the last 5 years) for combining graphene materials (including graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, etc.) in polymer phases at aiming their implementation in different membrane-based technologies. Herein, particular emphasis has been crucially paid to the novel studies together with relevant findings in the field. Based on the most important insights, the concluding remarks are given with compelling recommendations to the new researchers at exploring graphene materials in membrane separations.
Revitalization of Residential Buildings Dating Back to the Late19th and Early 20th Century on the Example of “Willa Halina” in Sopot (Poland)
- Antoni Taraszkiewicz
2021 Full text Buildings
Residential buildings dating back to the late 19th and early 20th century constitute an important element of the urban composition of many European cities, often determining their overall spatial expression. These buildings often require revitalization and sometimes also reconstruction or extension. Such activities make it possible to restore historical buildings to their former glory, but also to create new architecture, inscribed in the context of the place, yet bearing witness to modern times. Revitalization of historically and architecturally valuable but technically degraded residential buildings is one of the important elements of maintaining and sometimes rebuilding the image of modern cities and their sustainable development. However, revitalization activities require solving many problems of conservational nature, especially issues related to preserving the authenticity of the existing tissue, ways of reconstructing lost elements, and connecting historical architecture with contemporary architecture. Historic residential buildings of Sopot, a city located in Poland on the shores of the Baltic Sea, dating back to the late 19th and early 20th century, provide excellent research material for such considerations. In the article, the historical center of Sopot was examined, with particular emphasis on the historic Willa Halina from 1896 located there, which was revitalized (according to the design of the author of the article). Using such research methods as analysis of historical source material (iconography), observation (operationalization of preserved historical objects), comparative analysis of contemporary investments, and analysis of the revitalization design of “Willa Halina”, an attempt was made to present spatial and technical solutions leading to the desired effects in the revitalization process. This work aims to show (on the example of Willa Halina in Sopot) the author’s method of revitalizing valuable, historical residential buildings, complying with international conservation standards, including the Venice Charter, adopted in 1964 by the Second International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historical Monuments. The paper also aims to present spatial and technical solutions leading to desired effects in the revitalization process, consistent with the idea of sustainable development.
Rewitalizacja posadzek betonowych typu lastrico w obiektach zabytkowych. Część 1
- Sylwia Świątek-Żołyńska
- Maciej Niedostatkiewicz
- Władysław Ryżyński
2021 Full text Builder
W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia materiałowe i technologiczne dotyczące posadzek typu lastrico w aspekcie oceny ich stanu technicznegooraz sposobów naprawy i rewitalizacji.
Rewitalizacja posadzek betonowych typu lastrico w obiektach zabytkowych. Część 2
- Sylwia Świątek-Żołyńska
- Maciej Niedostatkiewicz
- Władysław Ryżyński
2021 Full text Builder
W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia materiałowe i technologiczne dotyczące posadzek typu lastrico w aspekcie oceny ich stanu technicznego oraz sposobów naprawy i rewitalizacji. Tekst stanowi kontynuacje artykułu zamieszczonego w Builder Science3 nr 9/2021
Ring Opening of Triflates Derived from Benzophospholan-3-one Oxides by Aryl Grignard Reagents as a Route to 2‑Ethynylphenyl(diaryl)phosphine Oxides
- Łukasz Ponikiewski
- Sylwia Sowa
2021 Full text JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
A new simple method for the synthesis of 2-ethynylphenyl(diaryl)phosphine oxides via ring opening of benzophosphol-3-yl triflates has been developed. This process occurs via nucleophilic attack of a Grignard reagent at the phosphorus center, which results in ring opening and cleavage of a leaving group. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and, within 15−60 min, leads to a library of previously unavailable 2-ethynylphenylphosphine oxides in yields up to 98%.
Risk Analysis by a Probabilistic Model of the Measurement Process
- Wojciech Toczek
- Janusz Smulko
2021 Full text SENSORS
The aim of the article is presentation of the testing methodology and results of examination the probabilistic model of the measurement process. The case study concerns the determination of the risk of an incorrect decision in the assessment of the compliance of products by measurement. Measurand is characterized by the generalized Rayleigh distribution. The model of the meas-urement process was tested in parallel mode by six risk metrics. An undesirable effect in the re-construction building block of the model was detected, consisting in the distortion of probability distribution at the edges of the measuring range. The paper gives guidelines on how to use the model, to obtain the analytical risk assessment consistent with the results of the Monte Carlo method. The study can be useful in product quality control, test design, and fault diagnosis.
Risk assessment for tram traffic on tramway bridges
- Kazimierz Jamroz
- Sławomir Grulkowski
- Krystian Birr
- Łukasz Jeliński
- Marcin Budzyński
2021 Full text Archives of Civil Engineering
Miejski transport szynowy wielu miastach stanowi istotny element systemu transportowego i jest przestrzennie rozwijającym się systemem zapewniającym mieszkańcom codzienną obsługę transportową. Bezpieczeństwo pasażerów transportu szynowego i użytkowników dróg jest jednym z najważniejszych czynników, który należy uwzględnić w trakcie projektowania infrastruktury oraz w ocenie operacyjnej systemu miejskiego transportu tramwajowego. Jedną z nierozwiązanych kwestii funkcjonowania transportu tramwajowego są odcinki dróg tramwajowych o dużych pochyleniach podłużnych. W artykule przedstawiono próbę zastosowania metody zarządzania ryzkiem do oceny bezpieczeństwa funkcjonowania dróg tramwajowych na obiektach zlokalizowanych na odcinkach dróg o dużych pochyleniach podłużnych. Taki problem występuje na trasie tramwajowej w Gdańsku przebiegającej na ulicy (częściowo na estakadzie) o pochyleniu położonej powyżej 5 % i małym łuku poziomym. Do oceny ryzyka zastosowano metodę zarządzania ryzykiem w transporcie TRANS-RISK. W pierwszym etapie przeprowadzono analizę ryzyka zagrożeń, korzystając z metod Bow-Tie i drzewa błędów zidentyfikowano główne zagrożenia poważnymi wypadkami na analizowanym odcinku drogi tramwajowej. Do oceny ryzyka zastosowano trzy podejścia oceniając ryzyko: indywidualne, społeczne i kolektywne. To ostatnie, nie używane w tego typu ocenach miejskiej infrastruktury transportowej, okazało się najbardziej przydatne do oceny bezpieczeństwa analizowanej infrastruktury. Wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz i ocen pozwoliły na sformułowanie zasad projektowania i utrzymania obiektów infrastruktury tramwajowej położonej na odcinkach o dużych pochyleniach.
ROAD SAFETY FOR CYCLISTS BASED ON THE CALORIES NEEDED
- Gaetano Bosurgi
- Orazio Pellegrino
- Joanna Wachnicka
- Romanika Okraszewska
2021 Full text Transport Problems
Cyclists are a vulnerable group of road users, especially when no separate infrastructure for cyclists is provided. Then, road factors such as distance and altitude differences can indirectly affect cyclists' safety. Therefore, the authors proposed a procedure based on the geometric characteristics of the road that can determine riding difficulties for cyclists. The proposed procedure can be used both by the public authorities who manage cyclists' safety and as a method of classifying the road network for cycling. The proposed procedure, based on the use of pattern recognition techniques, analyses data from a sample of nine riders who travelled on rural roads within the Municipality of Messina (Italy) to classify the roads according to their cycling difficulty. For each rider, duration, distance, road slope, altitude difference and spent calories have been measured and analysed. The collected data were used for the development of a model capable of predicting the cyclist’s physical effort as a function of the road alignment itself. Knowing the effort required to cycle along a route can contribute to a more complete assessment of road classification, commonly defined according to motor vehicles. Moreover, it may constitute a measure determining the safety of cycling by encouraging cyclists to travel along roads compatible with their physical abilities.