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Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2022

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  • Efficient Extraction of Fermentation Inhibitors by Means of Green Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents
    • Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska
    • Edyta Słupek
    • Karolina Kucharska
    • Aleksandra Kramarz
    • Jacek Gębicki
    2022 Full text MOLECULES

    The methods for hydrogen yield efficiency improvements, the gaseous stream purification in gaseous biofuels generation, and the biomass pretreatment are considered as the main trends in research devoted to gaseous biofuel production. The environmental aspect related to the liquid stream purification arises. Moreover, the management of post-fermentation broth with the application of various biorefining techniques gains importance. Chemical compounds occurring in the exhausted liquid phase after biomass pretreatment and subsequent dark and photo fermentation processes are considered as value-added by products. The most valuable are furfural (FF), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and levulinic acid (LA). Enriching their solutions can be carried with the application of liquid–liquid extraction with the use of a suitable solvent. In these studies, hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were tested as extractants. The screening of 56 DESs was carried out using the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS). DESs which exposed the highest inhibitory effect on fermentation and negligible water solubility were prepared. The LA, FF, and HMF were analyzed using FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. In addition, the basic physicochemical properties of DES were carefully studied. In the second part of the paper, deep eutectic solvents were used for the extraction of FF, LA, and HMF from post-fermentation broth (PFB). The main extraction parameters, i.e., temperature, pH, and DES: PFB volume ratio (VDES:VPFB), were optimized by means of a Box–Behnken design model. Two approaches have been proposed for extraction process. In the first approach, DES was used as a solvent. In the second, one of the DES components was added to the sample, and DES was generated in situ. To enhance the post-fermentation broth management, optimization of the parameters promoting HMF, FF, and LA extraction was carried under real conditions. Moreover, the antimicrobial effect of the extraction of FF, HMF, and LA was investigated to define the possibility of simultaneous separation of microbial parts and denatured peptides via precipitation.

  • Efficient Fabry-Perot Open Resonator Analysis by the use of a Scattering Matrix Method
    • Małgorzata Warecka
    • Sebastian Dziedziewicz
    • Piotr Kowalczyk
    • Rafał Lech
    • Piotr Czekala
    • Bartlomiej Salski
    • Pawel Kopyt
    2022 Full text

    In this paper a comparative study of the computational efficiency of two modeling methods applied to the analysis of the plano- and double-concave Fabry-Perot open resonators is presented. In both numerical approaches, a scattering matrix method was applied, which allows splitting the analysis of the resonator into several sections, including the one with a spherical mirror, which requires the largest computing resources. Two modeling techniques were utilized to evaluate the scattering matrix of the spherical mirror, namely, the finite element method and free-space Green's function method. Resonant frequencies and the corresponding field distributions of the selected Gaussian modes were calculated and compared. Good agreement between the methods was achieved; however, the Green's function method has occurred to be more computationally efficient.

  • Efficient FPGA Implementation of an RFIR Filter Using the APC–OMS Technique with WTM for High-Throughput Signal Processing
    • Kasarla Satish Reddy
    • Sowmya Madhavan
    • Przemysław Falkowski-Gilski
    • Parameshachari Bidare Divakarachari
    • Arun Mathiyalagan
    2022 Full text Electronics

    Nowadays, Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters are used to change the attributes of a signal in the time or frequency domain. Among FIR filters, a reconfigurable filter has the advantage of changing the coefficient in real-time, while performing the operation. In this paper, the Anti-Symmetric Product Coding (APC) and Odd Multiple Storage (OMS) modules are utilized to implement the reconfigurable FIR filter (RFIR–APC–OMS). Herein, the APC–OMS module is used to reduce the area of the RFIR architecture. The performance of the RFIR–APC–OMS is analyzed in terms of: area, power, delay, LUT, flip flop, slices, and frequency. RFIR–APC–OMS has reduced 3.44% of area compared to the existing RFIR architecture employing the Dynamic Reconfigurable Partial Product Generator (DRPPG) module.

  • Ekonomika i zarządzanie energią
    • Waldemar Kamrat
    2022

    Przedstawiono problematykę kosztów w sektorze energii. Opisano metody oceny efektywności inwestowania.Przedstawiono problematykę audytingu energetycznego oraz pokazana współczesne narzędzia zarzadzania energią

  • Eko-regionalizm w architekturze wsi – idea czy realna szansa odbudowy wiejskości?
    • Anna Górka
    2022 Kultura wsi Ludzie Wydarzenia Przemiany

    Artykuł jest refleksją nad możliwością odrodzenia lokalnych form budownictwa wiejskiego dzięki rozwojowi architektury proekologicznej: "Swoisty eko-regionalizm w architekturze i budownictwie może wzmocnić odbudowę lokalnej specyfiki i lokalnej gospodarki wielu miejscowości. Wyrazisty wizerunek miejsca, kreowany przez architekturę i inne elementy zagospodarowania, sprzyja formowaniu tożsamości społecznej, poczuciu wspólnoty i rozwojowi lokalnemu."

  • EKOSYSTEM PRZESTRZENI ZAMIESZKIWANIA W UJĘCIU AUTORSKICH POSZUKIWAŃ FORMY DOMU OPARTYCH O KONCEPCJĘ ZGODNOŚCI
    • Agnieszka Kurkowska
    2022 Full text

    Celem artykułu jest prezentacja efektów projektu autorskiego realizowanego w oparciu o koncepcję zgodności. Przeprowadzone zostały kilkuletnie studia lokalnych uwarunkowań przyrodniczych skutkujących powstaniem zbioru rysunków i rzeźb oraz fotografii dokumentujących ich aranżację in situ. Badania prowadzono na terenie Pojezierza Kaszubskiego w obszarze południowego brzegu Jeziora Wdzydzkiego. Działania artystyczno-projektowe o charakterze biofilicznym i biomimetycznym lokują się w nurcie badań bionicznych. Wykonane analizy i dokumentacja stanowi pierwszy element pracy, która w dalszym przebiegu posłuży tworzeniu koncepcyjnych obiektów architektonicznych, stanowiących propozycję dla kulturowej ingerencji w badany obszar przy założeniu uzyskania zgodności z zasiedlanym miejscem i istniejącym już ekosystemem. Współczesne kryzysy wskazują, że może być to alternatywny kierunek dla prośrodowiskowego projektowania obiektów mieszkalnych na obszarach zalesionych.

  • Electrical safety in low-voltage DC microgrids with B-type residual current devices
    • Stanisław Czapp
    • Hanan Tariq
    • Seweryn Szultka
    • Agata Szultka
    • Elena Zaitseva
    • Vitaly Levashenko
    2022 Full text Eksploatacja i Niezawodność - Maintenance and Reliability

    Residual current devices (RCDs) are most popular devices used in low-voltage installations for protection against electric shock and fire. In cases of high risk of electric shock the application of RCDs is mandatory. Currently, the spread of local direct current (DC) microgrids is widely considered. This creates new challenges for protective systems, in particular those based on RCDs. The main purpose of the research is to test the operation of B-type RCDs by simulating the conditions that may occur in DC microgrids as well as assessment of the effectiveness of electrical safety with the use of such RCDs. The research has revealed that theoretically identical RCDs in terms of technical data can have different tripping properties, including no reaction to residual direct current, which poses a risk of electric shock. This signalizes the necessity of extension of the normative tests performed by manufacturers. The scope of these additional RCDs tests is indicated, from the point of view of the persons’ safety in DC microgrids.

  • Electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol, ethylene glycol and glycerine in alkaline media on TiO2 nanotubes decorated with AuCu nanoparticles for an application in fuel cells
    • Wiktoria Lipińska
    • Katarzyna Grochowska
    • Jakub Karczewski
    • Emerson Coy
    • Katarzyna Siuzdak
    2022 JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE

    In this work, we present the catalytic and photocatalytic activity of AuCu nanostructures obtained on TiO2 nanotubes toward methanol, ethylene glycol and glycerine oxidation. The electrode material is prepared by anodization of Ti foil, thin AuCu layer sputtering and rapid thermal treatment under argon atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed the presence of ordered tubular architecture of TiO2 as well as nanoparticles formed on the surface of the nanotubes. The electrodes were measured using cyclic voltammetry, linear voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in dark and under illumination. Obtained results show a significant current increase: 20 and 90 times higher current density at ? 0.3 V versus Ag/AgCl/0.1 M KCl after glycol and glycerine addition, respectively. Moreover, a higher current toward alcohol oxidation was registered for thermally annealed samples than for nonannealed ones. Reported studies demonstrate deep insight into the electrical properties of AuCu-modified titania materials.

  • Electrocatalytic performance of oxygen-activated carbon fibre felt anodes mediating degradation mechanism of acetaminophen in aqueous environments
    • Paweł Jakóbczyk
    • Grzegorz Skowierzak
    • Iwona Kaczmarzyk
    • Małgorzata Nadolska-Dawidowska
    • Anna Wcisło
    • Katarzyna Lota
    • Robert Bogdanowicz
    • Tadeusz Ossowski
    • Paweł Rostkowski
    • Grzegorz Lota
    • Jacek Ryl
    2022 Full text CHEMOSPHERE

    Carbon felts are flexible and scalable, have high specific areas, and are highly conductive materials that fit the requirements for both anodes and cathodes in advanced electrocatalytic processes. Advanced oxidative modi- fication processes (thermal, chemical, and plasma-chemical) were applied to carbon felt anodes to enhance their efficiency towards electro-oxidation. The modification of the porous anodes results in increased kinetics of acetaminophen degradation in aqueous environments. The utilised oxidation techniques deliver single-step, straightforward, eco-friendly, and stable physiochemical reformation of carbon felt surfaces. The modifica- tions caused minor changes in both the specific surface area and total pore volume corresponding with the surface morphology. A pristine carbon felt electrode was capable of decomposing up to 70% of the acetaminophen in a 240 min electrolysis process, while the oxygen-plasma treated electrode achieved a removal yield of 99.9% estimated utilising HPLC-UV-Vis. Here, the electro-induced incineration kinetics of acetaminophen resulted in a rate constant of 1.54 h, with the second-best result of 0.59 h-1 after oxidation in 30% H2O2. The kinetics of acetaminophen removal was synergistically studied by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques, revealing various reaction pathways attributed to the formation of intermediate compounds such as p-aminophenol and others. The enhancement of the electrochemical oxidation rates towards acetaminophen was attributed to the appearance of surface carbonyl species. Our results indicate that the best-performing plasma-chemical treated CFE follows a heterogeneous mechanism with only approx. 40% removal due to direct electro-oxidation. The degradation mechanism of acetaminophen at the treated carbon felt anodes was proposed based on the detected intermediate products. Estimation of the cost-effectiveness of removal processes, in terms of energy consumption, was also elaborated. Although the study was focussed on acetaminophen, the achieved results could be adapted to also process emerging, hazardous pollutant groups such as anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals.

  • Electrochemical determination of neurotransmitter serotonin using boron/nitrogen co-doped diamond-graphene nanowall-structured particles
    • Suchanat Boonkaew
    • Anna Dettlaff
    • Michał Sobaszek
    • Robert Bogdanowicz
    • Martin Jönsson-Niedziółka
    2022 Full text JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

    Electrode fouling is a major issue in biological detection due to the adhesion of the protein itself and polymerization of biomolecules on the electrode surface, impeding the electron transfer ability and decreasing the current response. To overcome this issue, the use of anti-fouling material, especially boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode, is an alternative way. However, the electrocatalytic activity of BDD is inadequate compared with graphene nanowalls, or other sp2 phase materials. Furthermore, the contamination from other metals during the synthesis of BDD can affect the electrochemical analysis. Herein, for the first time, we report boron/nitrogen co-doped with diamond graphene nanowalls (DGNW) integrated with the screen-printed graphene electrode (SPGE) for the detection of serotonin (5-HT) as a model system. DGNW shows the integration of sp2 and sp3 hybridized phases, leading to a high surface area, high electrocatalytic activity, wide potential window, and a low background current. DGNWs prepared under different conditions were investigated and characterized. Compared to the bare SPGEs, the DGNW modified electrode exhibited good electrochemical performance and a superior anti-fouling ability for neurotransmitter detection. A significant enhancement in current response in a concentration-dependent manner was obtained using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in the presence of 5-HT from 1 to 500 μM (R2 > 0.99) with a low detection limit (0.28 μM). Moreover, this proposed method was applied in a synthetic urine sample to confirm its biological applicability. These results show that the DGNW modified electrode could be productively utilized as an alternative electrochemical transducer with a good anti-fouling performance.

  • Electrochemical investigations on corosivity of de-icing liquids for railway infrastructure
    • Karolina Brzóska
    • Dorota Sikorska
    • Stefan Krakowiak
    2022 Ochrona przed Korozją

    The paper presents the results of electrochemical tests of the de-icing fluid for railway infrastructure. DC and AC electrochemical tests were performed to determine the corrosion rates of structural steel, cast iron and aluminium in the newly produced fluid. The results were compared with the corrosion rates of the same materials in the fluid without corrosion inhibitors. The obtained test results indicate a low corrosion risk of the de-icing fluid in the railway infrastructure in relation to the tested materials. The components of the fluid cause the surface passivation of materials that normally corrode in the active state. The efficiency of the inhibitors contained in the tested fluids reached a value of 90%. Corrosion rates obtained for the tested materials are many times lower than acceptable. The corrosion rates in the fluid without inhibitors, due to polyols used, are also very low. Research by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed high values of the charge transfer resistance and increase in material resistance along with the time of action of the fluids.

  • Electrochemical oxidation of landfill leachate using boron-doped diamond anodes: pollution degradation rate, energy efficiency and toxicity assessment
    • Barbara Wilk
    • Małgorzata Szopińska
    • Michał Sobaszek
    • Mattia Pierpaoli
    • Agata Błaszczyk
    • Aneta Łuczkiewicz
    • Sylwia Fudala-Książek
    2022 Full text ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH

    Electrochemical oxidation (EO), due to high efficiency and small carbon footprint, is regarded as an attractive option for on-site treatment of highly contaminated wastewater. This work shows the effectiveness of EO using three boron-doped diamond electrodes (BDDs) in sustainable management of landfill leachate (LL). The effect of the applied current density (25–100 mA cm−2) and boron doping concentration (B/C ratio: 500 ppm, 10,000 ppm and 15,000 ppm) on the performance of EO was investigated. It was found that, of the electrodes used, the one most effective at COD, BOD20 and ammonia removal (97.1%, 98.8% and 62%, respectively) was the electrode with the lowest boron doping. Then, to better elucidate the ecological role of LLs, before and after EO, cultivation of faecal bacteria and microscopic analysis of total (prokaryotic) cell number, together with ecotoxicity assay (Daphnia magna, Thamnocephalus platyurus and Artemia salina) were combined for the two better-performing electrodes. The EO process was very effective at bacterial cell inactivation using each of the two anodes, even within 2 h of contact time. In a complex matrix of LLs, this is probably a combined effect of electrogenerated oxidants (hydroxyl radicals, active chlorine and sulphate radicals), which may penetrate into the bacterial cells and/or react with cellular components. The toxicity of EO-treated LLs proved to be lower than that of raw ones. Since toxicity drops with increased boron doping, it is believed that appropriate electrolysis parameters can diminish the toxicity effect without compromising the nutrient-removal and disinfection capability, although salinity of LLs and related multistep-oxidation pathways needs to be further elucidated.

  • Electrochemical synthesis of 2D copper coordination-polymers: Layer-stacking deviation induced by the solvent and its effect on the adsorptive properties
    • Arthur Felipe de Farias Monteiro
    • Stephany Larissa da Silva Ribeiro
    • Thiago Izidoro Silva Santos
    • José Daniel da Silva Fonseca
    • Natalia Łukasik
    • Joanna Kulesza
    • Bráulio Silva Barros
    2022 Full text MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS

    A 2D Cu-based Metal-Organic Framework (MOF), namely copper-terephthalate (Cu(1,4-BDC)), was successfully synthesized by electrochemical method for effective methylene blue (MB) sorption from aqueous solutions. The composition, morphology, and the presence of functional groups in the obtained material were verified by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Thermal (TGA), and Elemental (EA) analysis, as well as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The effect of electrochemical param- eters applied in the synthesis protocol (i.e., a potentiometric or amperometric mode) on the resulting product composition was evaluated. The electric current value was determined as a variable controlling the type of crystal structure present in the obtained MOF. A structure with open channels - CuBDC1 was favored under the current higher than 0.35 A conditions. In contrast, for the lower current values and upon the amperometric mode in the material, a CuBDC2 phase with DMF molecules occupying the grids of the layers was also present. The MB sorption studies were analyzed both with kinetic and equilibrium models. The obtained results showed the time evolution could be fitted with a pseudo-second-order model with the rate constant k2 equal to 0.047 g μmol.

  • Electrolytic deposition of reactive element thin films on Crofer 22 APU and evaluation of the resulting high-temperature corrosion protection properties at 700 °C–900 °C
    • Bartłomiej Lemieszek
    • Justyna Ignaczak
    • Bartosz Kamecki
    • Jakub Karczewski
    • Mogens Mogensen
    • Sebastian Molin
    • Piotr Jasiński
    2022 Full text INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY

    This article presents electrolytic deposition of thin Rare Earth (RE) coatings on Crofer 22 APU stainless steel substrates for high temperature applications, such as interconnects in solid oxide cell stacks. The deposition of coatings based on yttrium-, gadolinium-, lanthanum-, and cerium nitrates is discussed. The high temperature corrosion properties of surface-modified steels were examined using thermogravimetry and electrical resistivity measurements. Coatings and oxide microstructures were examined by XRD and SEM of surfaces and cross-sections. The results showed that the use of the RE element oxide layers reduced the growth of oxide scale, as evidenced by lower weight gain. The layers based on Y- and Gd-oxides showed the best corrosion protection properties. The electrical measurements showed that the surface-modified samples had lower resistance than the uncoated sample.

  • Electromagnetic Control and Dynamics of Generalized Burgers’ Nanoliquid Flow Containing Motile Microorganisms with Cattaneo–Christov Relations: Galerkin Finite Element Mechanism
    • Faisal Shahzad
    • Wasim Jamshed
    • Tanveer Sajid
    • Md Shamshuddin
    • Rabia Safdar
    • Os Salawu
    • Mohamed Eid
    • Muhammad Bilal Hafeez
    • Marek Krawczuk
    2022 Full text Applied Sciences-Basel

    In our research work, we have developed a model describing the characteristics of the bio-convection and moving microorganisms in the flows of a magnetized generalized Burgers’ nanoliquid with Fourier’s and Fick’s laws in a stretchable sheet. Considerations have been made to Cattaneo–Christov mass and heat diffusion theory. According to the Cattaneo–Christov relation, the Buongiorno phenomenon for the motion of a nanoliquid in the generalized Burgers’ fluid has also been applied. Similarity transformations have been used to convert the control system of the regulating partial differential equations (PDEs) into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The COMSOL software has been applied to obtain mathematical results of non-linear equations via the Galerkin finite element method (G-FEM). Logical and graphical measurements for temperature, velocity, and microorganisms analysis have also been examined. Moreover, nanoparticle concentrations have been achieved by examining different approximations of obvious physical parameters. Computations of this model show that there is a direct relationship among the temperature field and thermal Biot number and parameter of the generalized Burgers’ fluid. The temperature field is increased to grow the approximations of the thermal Biot number and parameter of generalized Burgers’ fluid. It is reasonable to deduce that raising the chemical reaction parameter and concentricity relaxation parameter or decreasing the Prandtl number, concentricity Biot quantity, and active energy parameter can significantly increase the nanoparticles concentration dispersion.

  • Electromagnetic Simulations with 3D FEM and Intel Optane Persistent Memory
    • Maciej Jakubowski
    • Piotr Sypek
    2022 Full text

    Abstract—Intel Optane persistent memory has the potential to induce a change in how high-performance calculations requiring a large system memory capacity are conducted. This article presents what this change may look like in the case of factorization of large sparse matrices describing electromagnetic problems arising in the 3D FEM analysis of passive highfrequency components. In numerical tests, the Intel oneAPI MKL PARDISO was used to solve relatively large electromagnetic problems defined using the finite element method.

  • Electronic nose algorithm design using classical system identification for odour intensity detection
    • Tomasz Zubowicz
    • Krzysztof Armiński
    • Bartosz Szulczyński
    • Jacek Gębicki
    2022 MEASUREMENT

    The two elements considered crucial for constructing an efficient environmental odour intensity monitoring systems are sensors and algorithms typically addressed to as electronic nose sensor (e-nose). Due to operational complexity of biochemical sensors developed in human bodies algorithms based on computational methods of artificial intelligence are typically considered superior to classical model based approaches in development of e-nose algorithms. However, in this work authors proposed an approach to derive an algorithm for e-nose using a classical approach kept in model identification framework. The benefits of the proposed solution, apart of the structural correctness of the derived algorithm model, include improved generalisation capabilities in case of low training data volume is available. To that goal the algorithm structure is derived based on available knowledge on human senses reaction to odorants. Due to the algorithm structure a random search algorithm with heuristics (evolutionary algorithm) is used to search for the required parameters of the electronic nose e-nose to be able to explain the laboratory experiment data. The evolutionary algorithm is kept in a multi-objective optimisation framework. As such, two heuristic decision making mechanisms have been proposed to select parameters for the algorithm under development. A comparison of the resulting algorithm with the one developed based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) is provided.

  • Electronic States of Tris(bipyridine) Ruthenium(II) Complexes in Neat Solid Films Investigated by Electroabsorption Spectroscopy
    • Daniel Pelczarski
    • Oleksandr Korolevych
    • Błażej Gierczyk
    • Maciej Zalas
    • Małgorzata Makowska-janusik
    • Waldemar Stampor
    2022 Full text Materials

    We present the electric field-induced absorption (electroabsorption, EA) spectra of the solid neat films of tris(bipyridine) Ru(II) complexes, which were recently functionalized in our group as photosensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, and we compare them with the results obtained for an archetypal [Ru(bpy)3]2+ ion (RBY). We argue that it is difficult to establish a unique set of molecular parameter values by discrete parametrization of the EA spectra under the Liptay formalism for non-degenerate excited states. Therefore, the experimental EA spectra are compared with the spectra computed by the TDDFT (time-dependent density-functional theory) method, which for the first time explains the mechanism of electroabsorption in tris(bipyridine) Ru complexes without any additional assumptions about the spectral lineshape of the EA signal. We have shown that the main EA feature, in a form close to the absorption second derivative observed in the spectral range of the first MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) absorption band in Ru(bpy)3(PF6)2, can be attributed to a delocalized and orbitally degenerate excited state. This result may have key implications for the EA mechanism in RBY-based systems that exhibit similar EA spectra due to the robust nature of MLCT electronic states in such systems.

  • Electrophoretic co-deposition of Mn1.5Co1.5O4, Fe2O3 and CuO: Unravelling the effect of simultaneous addition of Cu and Fe on the microstructural, thermo-mechanical and corrosion properties of in-situ modified spinel coatings for solid oxide cell interconnects
    • Elisa Zanchi
    • Justyna Ignaczak
    • Sebastian Molin
    • Grzegorz Cempura
    • A Boccaccini
    • Federico Smeacetto
    2022 JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY

    A systematic microstructural, thermo-mechanical and electrical characterization of simultaneous Fe–Cu doped Mn–Co spinel coatings processed by electrophoretic co-deposition on Crofer 22 APU is here reported and discussed. An innovative approach for the simultaneous electrophoretic deposition of three spinel precursors is designed, conceived and optimised, with the aim of outlining time- and energy-saving spinel modification routes. The effect of different levels of Cu and Fe co-doping is observed on the stability of the modified Mn–Co spinel phase, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), the corrosion resistance and on the densification behaviour of the obtained coatings. Cu determines an increase of CTE, while Fe has the opposite behavior. The synergic effect of the simultaneous Fe and Cu co-doping results in an improved densification and the stabilization of the MnCo2O4 cubic phase. The most interesting results in terms of corrosion resistance are obtained for the Mn1.28Co1.28Fe0.15Cu0.29O4 spinel.

  • Elektrochemiczne magazyny energii - baterie przepływowe typu "redox flow"
    • Joanna Krakowiak
    • Krzysztof Rafał
    2022

    Rozwój i wzrost udziału energii odnawialnej, ze względu na kurczące się zasoby konwencjonalnych źródeł energii i ochronę środowiska, jest możliwy tylko dzięki współpracującym z nimi odpowiednim stacjonarnym magazynom energii. Technologia baterii przepływowych (ang. redox flow batteries, RFB) pozwala świetnie zaspokoić tego typu potrzeby ze względu na: (i) wyjątkowo dużą skalowalność układów; (ii) niezależny dobór mocy i pojemności energetycznej; (iii) możliwość rozbudowy w czasie eksploatacji; (iv) łatwość i bezpieczeństwo obsługi; (v) długi czas eksploatacji niezależny od głębokości rozładowania; (vi) wysoką sprawność; (vii) możliwość regeneracji elektrolitu; (viii) pomijalnie mały stopień samorozładowania niezależnie od stopnia naładowania baterii. Niniejsza praca ma na celu przybliżenie obecnego stanu wiedzy nt. baterii przepływowych oraz ich zastosowań komercyjnych.