2022 - Publications Repository - Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2022

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Emergency condition of the ceramic facade of a residential building
- Maciej Niedostatkiewicz
2022 Full text Modern Engineering
The paper presents a description of the technical condition of the ceramic cladding of a residential building, the technical condition of which deteriorated significantly after only a few years of operation. The analysis of the influence of the applied design and working solutions on the façade failure frequency was analyzed. The article presents a conceptual solution to bring the building to the proper technical condition in terms of defects and damage to the facade.
EMI mitigation of GaN power inverter leg by local shielding techniques
- Paweł Derkacz
- Jean-Luc Schanen
- Pierre-Olivier Jeannin
- Piotr Chrzan
- Piotr Musznicki
- Mickael Petit
2022 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS
This paper presents local shielding techniques applied to a half-bridge inverter leg with the aim to reduce the common mode (CM) current noise at converter’s DC input. The research study is conducted for 650V Enhancement mode Gallium Nitride (GaN) power transistor switches. Main contributors of parasitic capacitances referred to the inverter-leg middle point node are identified. Then, shielding solutions are proposed to reduce CM current emission by these capacitances. Respecting the precautions concerning the isolation of CM currents of the half-bridge inverter leg, the electromagnetic compatibility measurement setup is developed. Experimental step-by-step addition of local shielding copper layers to different contributors of middle point capacitance shows progressive attenuation of CM noise spectra.
Emission Profiles of Volatiles during 3D Printing with ABS, ASA, Nylon, and PETG Polymer Filaments
- Wojciech Wojnowski
- Mariusz Marć
- Kaja Kalinowska
- Paulina Kosmela
- Bożena Zabiegała
2022 Full text MOLECULES
In this short communication we characterize the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing using four polymer materials, namely polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), Nylon, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Detailed emission profiles are obtained during thermal degradation of the polymers as a function of temperature and also in real-time during 3D printing. Direct quantitative measurement was performed using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). Qualitative determination of the volatiles emitted from the printed elements at various temperatures was accomplished using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The emission rates of VOCs differ significantly between the different polymer filaments, with the emission from Nylon and PETG more than an order of magnitude lower than that of ABS.
Emotion Recognition from Physiological Channels Using Graph Neural Network
- Tomasz Wierciński
- Mateusz Rock
- Robert Zwierzycki
- Teresa Zawadzka
- Michał Zawadzki
2022 Full text SENSORS
In recent years, a number of new research papers have emerged on the application of neural networks in affective computing. One of the newest trends observed is the utilization of graph neural networks (GNNs) to recognize emotions. The study presented in the paper follows this trend. Within the work, GraphSleepNet (a GNN for classifying the stages of sleep) was adjusted for emotion recognition and validated for this purpose. The key assumption of the validation was to analyze its correctness for the Circumplex model to further analyze the solution for emotion recognition in the Ekman modal. The novelty of this research is not only the utilization of a GNN network with GraphSleepNet architecture for emotion recognition, but also the analysis of the potential of emotion recognition based on differential entropy features in the Ekman model with a neutral state and a special focus on continuous emotion recognition during the performance of an activity The GNN was validated against the AMIGOS dataset. The research shows how the use of various modalities influences the correctness of the recognition of basic emotions and the neutral state. Moreover, the correctness of the recognition of basic emotions is validated for two configurations of the GNN. The results show numerous interesting observations for Ekman’s model while the accuracy of the Circumplex model is similar to the baseline methods.
Empirical Analysis of Forest Penalizing Attribute and Its Enhanced Variations for Android Malware Detection
- Abimbola G. Akintola
- Abdullateef O. Balogun
- Luiz Fernando Capretz
- Hammed Mojeed
- Shuib Basri
- Shakirat A. Salihu
- Fatima E. Usman-Hamza
- Peter O. Sadiku
- Ghaniyyat B. Balogun
- Zubair O. Alanamu
2022 Full text Applied Sciences-Basel
As a result of the rapid advancement of mobile and internet technology, a plethora of new mobile security risks has recently emerged. Many techniques have been developed to address the risks associated with Android malware. The most extensively used method for identifying Android malware is signature-based detection. The drawback of this method, however, is that it is unable to detect unknown malware. As a consequence of this problem, machine learning (ML) methods for detecting and classifying malware applications were developed. The goal of conventional ML approaches is to improve classification accuracy. However, owing to imbalanced real-world datasets, the traditional classification algorithms perform poorly in detecting malicious apps. As a result, in this study, we developed a meta-learning approach based on the forest penalizing attribute (FPA) classification algorithm for detecting malware applications. In other words, with this research, we investigated how to improve Android malware detection by applying empirical analysis of FPA and its enhanced variants (Cas_FPA and RoF_FPA). The proposed FPA and its enhanced variants were tested using the Malgenome and Drebin Android malware datasets, which contain features gathered from both static and dynamic Android malware analysis. Furthermore, the findings obtained using the proposed technique were compared with baseline classifiers and existing malware detection methods to validate their effectiveness in detecting malware application families. Based on the findings, FPA outperforms the baseline classifiers and existing ML-based Android malware detection models in dealing with the unbalanced family categorization of Android malware apps, with an accuracy of 98.94% and an area under curve (AUC) value of 0.999. Hence, further development and deployment of FPA-based meta-learners for Android malware detection and other cybersecurity threats is recommended.
End-of-life management of single-use baby diapers: Analysis of technical, health and environment aspects
- Justyna Płotka-Wasylka
- Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska
- Aleksandra Kurowska-Susdorf
- María José Santoyo Treviño
- Sergio Zarazúa Guzmán
- Heba Mostafa
- Mauro Cordella
2022 Full text SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Single-use baby diapers belongs to an important group of products used in the parenting journey because of their high performance and convenience. Single-use baby diapers are normally thrown away after one-time use, resulting in a waste management problem. The goal of this paper was to better understand main environmental concerns of different types of diapers and address how to reduce them, with a special consideration of waste management strategies and user behaviour practices. Furthermore, health and environmental hazards potentially associated with materials included in diapers, or substances formed from diapers during the waste treatment stage, are also analysed (e.g., phthalates, pesticides, dioxins, pesticides). Three main types of baby diapers have been analysed: single-use baby diapers, reusable baby diapers, and biodegradable single-use diapers. Each type of diaper comes with technical characteristics and environmental concerns and challenges, which are discussed in this paper to support the development of measures for the safe(r) and sustainable design, use and end of life management of baby diapers.
.Energia a rozwój gospodarki
- Waldemar Kamrat
2022
Przedstawiono uwarunkowania rozwoju gospodarki krajowej vs rozwój sektora energii. Wskazano na koniecznosc transformacji energetycznej
ENERGY AND EMISSION QUALITY RANKING OF NEWLY PRODUCED LOW-SULPHUR MARINE FUEL
- Zbigniew Korczewski
2022 Full text Polish Maritime Research
The article describes the methodology of engine tests on new types of low-sulphur marine fuels in laboratory conditions in order to conduct a comprehensive assessment of their suitability for powering full-size marine engines. The innovativeness of the proposed solution consists of adapting the laboratory Diesel Engine Test Bed to carry out experimental tests using residual and alternative fuels so that it is possible to imitate the real operating conditions of the ship engine. The main aim of the research program was to assess the energy efficiency of six different low-sulphur marine fuels and their impact on the chemical emissivity of engine exhaust gases and air pollution with toxic and harmful chemical compounds. In order to achieve the research purpose formulated in this way, it was necessary to: (1) equip the constructed laboratory stand with highly specialised measuring equipment and (2) develop a technology for determining diagnostic parameters representing the basis for developing a ranking of the energy and emission quality of the tested marine fuels according to the proposed physical model. The model distinguishes 10 diagnostic parameters that, after normalisation, form two subsets of evaluation parameters - stimulant and destimulant. Determining their values made it possible to estimate a synthetic variable, according to which all the tested fuels were adjusted in the order from the “best” to the “worst”, in accordance with the adopted qualitative criteria of such an assessment. The results of the laboratory tests show that among the considered fuels, i.e., MDO, MGO, RMD 80/L, RMD 80/S, RME 180, and RMG 380 type, the best solution is to use MDO distillate fuel to power full-size marine engines. However, taking into account its high purchase price, a rational alternative decision is to choose RMG 380 type residual fuel, which ranks second in the ranking of the functional quality of the tested marine fuels.
Energy and valuable organic products recovery from anaerobic processes
- Ewa Zaborowska
- Mojtaba Maktabifard
- Xiang Li
- Xianbao Xu
- Jacek Mąkinia
2022
Chapter 8 contains: Introduction, Energy balance in wastewater treatment plants and potential energy recovery, Potential valuable products recovery, Anaerobic processes focused on liquid products recovery; Anaerobic digestion (AD) processes focused on gaseous products recovery, Processes enhancing energy and valuable organic products recovery, Conclusions and perspectives. Anaerobic processes offer different pathways for the recovery of a wide variety of valuable products, both in liquid and gaseous form. These processes can be directed through the appropriate selection of substrates and methods of their pretreatment, process conditions and upgrading in order to obtain valuable products of the expected quality. Both well-established and emerging technologies can be applied and combined to implement the principles of circular economy and sustainability in wastewater treatment and organic waste management. In response to scientific achievements and technological development, promoted and stimulated by global trends, policies and favorable economic conditions, wastewater treatment plants are gradually transforming into water resource recovery facilities.
Energy Management for PV Powered Hybrid Storage System in Electric Vehicles Using Artificial Neural Network and Aquila Optimizer Algorithm
- Namala Narasimhulu
- R. S. R. Krishnam Naidu
- Przemysław Falkowski-Gilski
- Parameshachari Bidare Divakarachari
- Upendra Roy
2022 Full text ENERGIES
In an electric vehicle (EV), using more than one energy source often provides a safe ride without concerns about range. EVs are powered by photovoltaic (PV), battery, and ultracapacitor (UC) systems. The overall results of this arrangement are an increase in travel distance; a reduction in battery size; improved reaction, especially under overload; and an extension of battery life. Improved results allow the energy to be used efficiently, provide a comfortable ride, and require fewer energy sources. In this research, energy management between the PV system and the hybrid energy storage system (HESS), including the battery, and UC are discussed. The energy management control algorithms called Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Aquila Optimizer Algorithm (AOA) are proposed. The proposed combined ANN–AOA approach takes full advantage of UC while limiting the battery discharge current, since it also mitigates high-speed dynamic battery charging and discharging currents. The responses’ behaviors are depicted and viewed in the MATLAB simulation environment to represent load variations and various road conditions. We also discuss the management among the PV system, battery, and UC to achieve the higher speed of 91 km/h when compared with existing Modified Harmony Search (MHS) and Genetic Algorithm-based Proportional Integral Derivative (GA-PID). The outcomes of this study could aid researchers and professionals from the automotive industry as well as various third parties involved in designing, maintaining, and evaluating a variety of energy sources and storage systems, especially renewable ones.
Energy Security of Polish Consumers in 2004-2021
- Krystyna Gomółka
- Piotr Kasprzak
2022 Full text Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, Sectio H Oeconomia
Theoretical background: Energy security is one of the most important components of economic security. It is influenced not only by access to energy sources and the economic situation of the state and the individual consumer. The authors adopted the definition of energy security of an individual consumer as included in the UN report. It states that energy security of an individual consumer is guaranteed when the average consumer has access to energy at all times, in various forms, in sufficient quantity and at a reasonable price, with the simultaneous development of support mechanisms for socially and economically sensitive consumers, and after implementation of independent mechanisms for resolving disputes with the energy company, which eliminate or at least alleviate the economic advantage of the enterprises
Engineering and Management of Space Systems (EMSS) - an international joint Master's double-degree program
- Jasminka Matevska
- Justyna Szostak
- Zbigniew Łubniewski
- Szymon Krawczuk
- Marek Chodnicki
2022 Full text
Dynamic development of the space sector of European, and especially of Polish and German economies results in a necessity for suitable Higher Education Institution graduates. The increasing digitization, distribution and networking of technical systems leads to the necessity of a degree programme teaching “the systems view” and “interdisciplinarity” methods and skills. Furthermore, it is necessary to consider the entire life cycle of the systems starting with the analysis of the requirements, through design, integration, verification, to operation and maintenance, with supplementation of management, social and intercultural skills. Since interdisciplinarity and internationality are essential for engineering and management of space systems, the international project was launched early last year by two universities – Hochschule Bremen (Bremen City University of Applied Sciences, HSB, Germany) and Politechnika Gdańska (Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk Tech, Poland) establishing an international interdisciplinary joint Master's double-degree program - Engineering and Management of Space Systems (EMSS). It consists of three different fixed three- or four-semester study paths of several mobility schemes, though individual educational pathways adjusted to students' preference are also allowed. Each path includesa joint academic year – first semester is conducted in Gdańsk, the second in Bremen. The remaining semesters can be studied at either of the universities. All of the EMSS curricula meet the highest education standards of both countries. Several mandatory modules and many elective courses are included in the EMSS curricula. Upon graduation, students of the program are awarded two Master’s degrees - in Space and Satellite Technologies, issued by Gdańsk Tech, and, depending on the chosen study path, in Aerospace Technologies, Computer Science, or Electronics Engineering issued by HSB. Work on the establishment of a new, international, joint field of study - Engineering and Management of Space Systems, run by both universities is currently in progress. The curriculum of the new study programme will be based on the recommendations of the International Council On Systems Engineering (INCOSE) and its German Chapter, Gesellschaft für Systems Engineering (GfSE), and will offer the possibility of certification as a Systems Engineering Professional, Associate Level. This paper includes the lecturers’ and students’ perspective
Enhanced aging resistance of poly(ε-caprolactone)/brewers’ spent grain composites
- Aleksander Hejna
- Krzysztof Formela
- Mateusz Barczewski
- Tairong Kuang
- Mohammad Saeb
2022 Full text Polimery
The presented paper investigated the influence of brewers’ spent grain (BSG) extrusion pa-rameters on the photo-oxidative resistance of poly(ε-caprolactone)-based wood polymer composites. Filler samples characterized by the higher melanoidin content were more efficient in hindering of poly-mer degradation, inhibiting the decomposition of the polymer amorphous phase. As aresult, deteriora-tion of mechanical performance was limited, which was expressed by the higher values of aging factor for samples containing BSG extruded at higher temperatures.
Enhanced solar light photocatalytic performance of Fe-ZnO in the presence of H2O2, S2O82−, and HSO5− for degradation of chlorpyrifos from agricultural wastes: Toxicities investigation
- Noor S. Shah
- Jibran Iqbal
- Murtaza Sayed
- Ayman A. Ghfar
- Javed Ali Khan
- Zia Ul Haq Khan
- Behzad Murtaza
- Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Farrukh Jamil
2022 CHEMOSPHERE
This study reported Fe doped zinc oxide (Fe-ZnO) synthesis to degrade chlorpyrifos (CPY), a highly toxic organophosphate pesticide and important sources of agricultural wastes. Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analyses showed successful formation of the Fe-ZnO with highly crystalline and amorphous nature. Water collected from agricultural wastes were treated with Fe-ZnO and the results showed 67% degradation of CPY by Fe-ZnO versus 39% by ZnO at 140 min treatment time. Detail mechanism involving reactive oxygen species production from solar light activated Fe-ZnO and their role in degradation of CPY was assessed. Use of H2O2, peroxydisulfate (S2O82−) and peroxymonosulfate (HSO5−) with Fe-ZnO under solar irradiation promoted removal of CPY. The peroxides yielded hydroxyl (radical dotOH) and sulfate radical (Image 1) under solar irradiation mediated by Fe-ZnO. Effects of several parameters including concentration of pollutant and oxidants, pH, co-existing ions, and presence of natural organic matter on CPY degradation were studied. Among peroxides, HSO5− revealed to provide better performance. The prepared Fe-ZnO showed high reusability and greater mineralization of CPY. The GC-MS analysis showed degradation of CPY resulted into several transformation products (TPs). Toxicity analysis of CPY as well as its TPs was performed and the formation of non-toxic acetate imply greater capability of the treatment technology.
Enhanced stability of electrochemical performance of few-layer black phosphorus electrodes by noncovalent adsorption of 1,4-diamine-9,10-anthraquinone
- Paweł Jakóbczyk
- Anna Dettlaff
- Grzegorz Skowierzak
- Tadeusz Ossowski
- Jacek Ryl
- Robert Bogdanowicz
2022 Full text ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
In this paper, the novel noncovalent functionalisation strategy of few-layer black phosphorus by 1,4-diamine-9,10-anthraquinone electrode was proposed and studied. The degradation of few-layer black phosphorus under exposure to oxygen and water is a significant obstacle to its use as an electroanalytical electrode. The anthraquinone compound adsorbed at black phosphorus flakes results in improved prevention of the phosphorus surface against degradation and electrode decomposition. Furthermore, a large concentration of amino group present in 1,4-diamine-9,10-anthraquinone enhances the electrochemical performance of electrode revealed by a faster rate of heterogeneous electron transfer observed in cyclic voltammetry studies. The designed electrode exhibits stable redox peaks over 100 cycles with separation between the peaks of 79 ± 2 mV and the formal redox potential reaching 257 ± 3 mV. The differential pulse voltammetry was utilised for the detection of ascorbic acid, revealing a limit of detection equal to 3.29 ppm (18.68 µM) and a limit of quantification of 9.98 ppm (56.66 µM). The linear range of 1–20 ppm was achieved, allowing for the detection of ascorbic acid in real conditions. Thus, anthraquinone-modified few-layer black phosphorus may be an attractive novel electrode material for sensitive electroanalytical applications.
Enhanced susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD protein assay targeted by cellular receptors ACE2 and CD147: Multivariate data analysis of multisine impedimetric response
- Mateusz Brodowski
- Mattia Pierpaoli
- Monika Janik
- Marcin Kowalski
- Mateusz Ficek
- Paweł Ślepski
- Bartosz Trzaskowski
- Greg N. Swain
- Jacek Ryl
- Robert Bogdanowicz
2022 Full text SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the cells through the binding of spike protein to the host cell surface-expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) or by endocytosis mediated by extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (CD147). We present extended statistical studies of the multisine dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS) revealing interactions between Spike RBD and cellular receptors ACE2 and CD147, and a reference anti-RBD antibody (IgG2B) based on a functionalised boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode. The DEIS was supported by a multivariate data analysis of a SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD assay and cross-correlated with the atomic-level information revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. This approach allowed us to study and detect subtle changes in the electrical properties responsible for the susceptibility of cellular receptors to SARS-CoV-2, revealing their interactions. Changes in electrical homogeneity in the function of the RBD concentration led to the conclusion that the ACE2 receptor delivers the most homogeneous surface, delivered by the high electrostatic potential of the relevant docking regions. For higher RBD concentrations, the differences in electrical homogeneity between electrodes with different receptors vanish. Collectively, this study reveals interdependent virus entry pathways involving separately ACE2, CD147, and spike protein, as assessed using a biosensing platform for the rapid screening of cellular interactions (i.e. testing various mutations of SARS-CoV-2 or screening of therapeutic drugs).
Enhanced Toxicity of Bisphenols Together with UV Filters in Water: Identification of Synergy and Antagonism in Three-Component Mixtures
- Błażej Kudłak
- Natalia Jatkowska
- Wen Liu
- Michael Williams
- Damia Barcelo
- Helgi B. Schiöth
2022 Full text MOLECULES
Contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) localize in the biome in variable combinations of complex mixtures that are often environmentally persistent, bioaccumulate and biomagnify, prompting a need for extensive monitoring. Many cosmetics include UV filters that are listed as CECs, such as benzophenone derivatives (oxybenzone, OXYB), cinnamates (2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate, EMC) and camphor derivatives (4-methylbenzylidene-camphor, 4MBC). Furthermore, in numerous water sources, these UV filters have been detected together with Bisphenols (BPs), which are commonly used in plastics and can be physiologically detrimental. We utilized bioluminescent bacteria (Microtox assay) to monitor these CEC mixtures at environmentally relevant doses, and performed the first systematic study involving three sunscreen components (OXYB, 4MBC and EMC) and three BPs (BPA, BPS or BPF). Moreover, a breast cell line and cell viability assay were employed to determine the possible effect of these mixtures on human cells. Toxicity modeling, with concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) approaches, was performed, followed by data interpretation using Model Deviation Ratio (MDR) evaluation.
Enhancing Customer Engagement in Social Media with AI – a Higher Education case study
- Edyta Gołąb-Andrzejak
2022 Full text
Purpose. The study aims to demonstrate the importance of artificial intelligence (AI) and examples of tools based on it in the process of enhancing (building, measuring, and managing) customer engagement (CE) in social media in the higher education industry. CE is one of the current essential non-financial indicators of company performance in Digital Marketing strategy. The article presents a decision support system (DSS) based on social media engagement management with the use of AI-based tools in a higher education industry case study. Methodology. The study was based on an analysis of the literature on AI in conjunction with CE, the results of research – 2022 Social Media Industry Benchmark – prepared by Rival IQ, and qualitative research (in-depth interviews with experts) at selected universities in Poland. At a later stage, the interviews were transcribed, thematically analyzed, and open coding with NVivo was performed. Findings. The conducted study was of an introductory and exploratory nature. It recognises the significant role of AI in enhancing CE in social media. At the same time, examples of AI-based tools that can be used for this have been indicated. It was unequivocally stated that by implementing AI in marketing, universities can act more effectively and consequently enhance their non-financial performance. For them, it is a system that assists decision-making in the field of social media engagement management. Research limitations. Due to its preliminary nature, the study used secondary sources (Rival IQ Report 2022) and individual indepth interviews with three managers of promotion/marketing departments, which does not give a complete picture of the situation under analysis. However, it is the first step in research on this subject that is to be continued. The theoretical contribution. The conducted research demonstrated the role of AI in enhancing customer engagement in social media in higher education while at the same time showing its auxiliary role in the decision-making process. Practical implications. Specific tools such as Sprout Social or Rival IQ were identified that, when applied in universities, can measure the engagement rate and effective CE management in social media used by the university.
Entrained Flow Plasma Gasification of Sewage Sludge–Proof-of-Concept and Fate of Inorganics
- Dariusz Mikielewicz
- Paweł Ziółkowski
- Vishwajeet Vishwajeet
- Halina Pawlak-kruczek
- Marcin Baranowski
- Michał Czerep
- Artur Chorążyczkowski
- Krystian Krochmalny
- Krystian Ostrycharczyk
- Paweł Madejski
- Tadeusz Mączka
- Amit Arora
- Tomasz Hardy
- Łukasz Niedźwiecki
- Janusz Badur
2022 Full text ENERGIES
Sewage sludge is a residue of wastewater processing that is biologically active and consists of water, organic matter, including dead and living pathogens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals, as well as organic and inorganic pollutants. Landfilling is on the decline, giving way to more environmentally friendly utilisation routes. This paper presents the results of a two-stage gasification–vitrification system, using a prototype-entrained flow plasma-assisted gasification reactor along with ex situ plasma vitrification. The results show that the use of plasma has a considerable influence on the quality of gas, with a higher heating value of dry gas exceeding 7.5 MJ/mN3, excluding nitrogen dilution. However, dilution from plasma gases becomes the main problem, giving a lower heating value of dry gas with the highest value being 5.36 MJ/mN3 when dilution by nitrogen from plasma torches is taken into account. An analysis of the residues showed a very low leaching inclination of ex-situ vitrified residues. This suggests that such a system could be used to avoid the problem of landfilling significant amounts of ash from sewage sludge incineration by turning inorganic residues into a by-product that has potential use as a construction aggregate.
Environmental impact of construction. Methods of conscious shaping architecture in terms of ecological solutions
- Jan Cudzik
- Jakub Kruk
2022 Full text Przestrzeń i Forma
Shaping an ecologically conscious society is a process that also affects architecture. Currently, designers are eagerly looking for solutions that are beneficial in terms of carbon footprint. For the proper multi-criteria assessment and selection of adequate solutions, it is necessary to use appropriate tools such as, for example, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method or the rules of ecological certification (BREEAM and LEED). The work presents a review of tools and methods for the objective selection of ecological solutions in the process of architectural design.