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Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2022

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  • Enhancing Customer Engagement in Social Media with AI – a Higher Education case study
    • Edyta Gołąb-Andrzejak
    2022 Full text

    Purpose. The study aims to demonstrate the importance of artificial intelligence (AI) and examples of tools based on it in the process of enhancing (building, measuring, and managing) customer engagement (CE) in social media in the higher education industry. CE is one of the current essential non-financial indicators of company performance in Digital Marketing strategy. The article presents a decision support system (DSS) based on social media engagement management with the use of AI-based tools in a higher education industry case study. Methodology. The study was based on an analysis of the literature on AI in conjunction with CE, the results of research – 2022 Social Media Industry Benchmark – prepared by Rival IQ, and qualitative research (in-depth interviews with experts) at selected universities in Poland. At a later stage, the interviews were transcribed, thematically analyzed, and open coding with NVivo was performed. Findings. The conducted study was of an introductory and exploratory nature. It recognises the significant role of AI in enhancing CE in social media. At the same time, examples of AI-based tools that can be used for this have been indicated. It was unequivocally stated that by implementing AI in marketing, universities can act more effectively and consequently enhance their non-financial performance. For them, it is a system that assists decision-making in the field of social media engagement management. Research limitations. Due to its preliminary nature, the study used secondary sources (Rival IQ Report 2022) and individual indepth interviews with three managers of promotion/marketing departments, which does not give a complete picture of the situation under analysis. However, it is the first step in research on this subject that is to be continued. The theoretical contribution. The conducted research demonstrated the role of AI in enhancing customer engagement in social media in higher education while at the same time showing its auxiliary role in the decision-making process. Practical implications. Specific tools such as Sprout Social or Rival IQ were identified that, when applied in universities, can measure the engagement rate and effective CE management in social media used by the university.

  • Entrained Flow Plasma Gasification of Sewage Sludge–Proof-of-Concept and Fate of Inorganics
    • Dariusz Mikielewicz
    • Paweł Ziółkowski
    • Vishwajeet Vishwajeet
    • Halina Pawlak-kruczek
    • Marcin Baranowski
    • Michał Czerep
    • Artur Chorążyczkowski
    • Krystian Krochmalny
    • Krystian Ostrycharczyk
    • Paweł Madejski
    • Tadeusz Mączka
    • Amit Arora
    • Tomasz Hardy
    • Łukasz Niedźwiecki
    • Janusz Badur
    2022 Full text ENERGIES

    Sewage sludge is a residue of wastewater processing that is biologically active and consists of water, organic matter, including dead and living pathogens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals, as well as organic and inorganic pollutants. Landfilling is on the decline, giving way to more environmentally friendly utilisation routes. This paper presents the results of a two-stage gasification–vitrification system, using a prototype-entrained flow plasma-assisted gasification reactor along with ex situ plasma vitrification. The results show that the use of plasma has a considerable influence on the quality of gas, with a higher heating value of dry gas exceeding 7.5 MJ/mN3, excluding nitrogen dilution. However, dilution from plasma gases becomes the main problem, giving a lower heating value of dry gas with the highest value being 5.36 MJ/mN3 when dilution by nitrogen from plasma torches is taken into account. An analysis of the residues showed a very low leaching inclination of ex-situ vitrified residues. This suggests that such a system could be used to avoid the problem of landfilling significant amounts of ash from sewage sludge incineration by turning inorganic residues into a by-product that has potential use as a construction aggregate.

  • Environmental impact of construction. Methods of conscious shaping architecture in terms of ecological solutions
    • Jan Cudzik
    • Jakub Kruk
    2022 Full text Przestrzeń i Forma

    Shaping an ecologically conscious society is a process that also affects architecture. Currently, designers are eagerly looking for solutions that are beneficial in terms of carbon footprint. For the proper multi-criteria assessment and selection of adequate solutions, it is necessary to use appropriate tools such as, for example, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method or the rules of ecological certification (BREEAM and LEED). The work presents a review of tools and methods for the objective selection of ecological solutions in the process of architectural design.

  • Environmentally Friendly Fabrication of High-Efficient Fe-ZnO/Citric Acid-Modified Cellulose Composite and the Enhancement of Photocatalytic Activity in the Presence of H2O2
    • Agnieszka Fiszka Borzyszkowska
    • Agnieszka Sulowska
    • Ivar Zekker
    • Jakub Karczewski
    • Kai Bester
    • Anna Zielińska-Jurek
    2022 Full text Catalysts

    In the present study, a novel Fe-ZnO/citric acid-modified cellulose composite (x%Fe-ZnOy% CAC) was synthesized using an environmentally friendly hydrothermal method. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV−vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nitrogen physisorption, and electrochemical and photocurrent density analyses. The influence of the additives from the series of x%Fe-ZnO-y%CAC photocatalysts with Fe content from 0 to 5% and CAC content from 0 to 80% on photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen (IBU) under simulated solar light was investigated. The photocatalyst 0.5%Fe-ZnO-40%CAC showed high photocatalytic activity of 0.0632 min−1 first-order kinetic rate constant and 46% TOC reduction of IBU under simulated solar light irradiation. Additionally, H2O2-assisted photocatalytic process was investigated for facilitating the IBU degradation in the presence of 0.5%Fe-ZnO-40%CAC; the first-order kinetic rate constant was 2.7 times higher compared to the process without addition of H2O2. Moreover, the effect of radical scavengers was examined to explain the degradation mechanism of IBU by synthesized photocatalysts supported with H2O2. The demonstrated system provides a low-cost and green approach to improve the photocatalytic activity of x%Fe-ZnO-y%CAC photocatalysts.

  • ESTIMATING AVERSION TO RANK INEQUALITY UNDERLYING SELECTED ITALIAN INDICES OF INCOME INEQUALITY
    • Stanisław Kot
    2022 Full text Statistica e Applicazioni

    In this paper, we estimate aversion to rank inequality (ATRI) underlying selected Italian income inequality indices, I, notably the Pietra index, the Bonferroni index and the “new” Zenga index. We measure ATRI by the parameter v of the generalised Gini index G(v). ATRI is distinct from aversion to income inequality, as measured by parameter ε of Atkinson’s index A(ε). We propose eliciting v from the equation I = GE(v). As, in general, an analytical solution to this equality can be cumbersome, we retrieve v from the empirical equation Iˆ = Gˆ (v) where the symbols Iˆ and Gˆ (v) denote the estimates of I and G(v), respectively. We also calculate the benchmark income x* such that adding a small income to it does not affect inequality. In this paper, we solve the equation using the estimates of the Italian inequality indices for Poland from 2000 to 2017. We have found, on average, v≈1.5 for the Pietra index, v ≈ 3 for the Bonferroni index, and v ≈ 11 for the Zenga index.

  • Estimation of groundwater recharge in a shallow sandy aquifer using unsaturated zone modeling and water table fluctuation method
    • Anna Gumuła-Kawęcka
    • Beata Jaworska-Szulc
    • Adam Szymkiewicz
    • Wioletta Gorczewska-Langner
    • Małgorzata Pruszkowska-Caceres
    • Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo
    • Jirka Šimůnek
    2022 Full text JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY

    Quantification of groundwater recharge is one of the most important issues in hydrogeology, especially in view of the ongoing changes in climate and land use. In this study, we use numerical models of 1D vertical flow in the vadose zone and the water table fluctuation (WTF) analysis to investigate local-scale recharge of a shallow sandy aquifer in the Brda outwash plain in northern Poland. We show that these two methods can be jointly used to improve confidence in recharge estimation. A set of preliminary numerical simulations based on soil water content measurements from 4 grassland and pine forest profiles provided a wide range of recharge estimates (263 mm to 839 mm for a 3-year period). Additional simulations were performed with the lower boundary condition specified as a functional relationship between the groundwater table elevation and the rate of groundwater outflow from the vertical profile (horizontal drains boundary condition). In this way, we could reproduce the water table fluctuations resulting from recharge and lateral discharge to nearby lakes. The agreement between simulated and observed groundwater levels differed depending on the specific set of parameters characterizing vadose zone flow, which allowed us to find the most representative parameter sets and refine the range of plausible recharge estimates (501 mm to 573 mm per 3 years). The recharge rates from WTF (410 mm to 606 mm per 3 years) were in good agreement with numerical simulations, providing that the effect of the natural recession of groundwater table due to lateral outflow was considered (master recession curve method). Our results show that: (i) the proposed approach combining 1D vadose zone modeling and WTF improves recharge estimation, (ii) multiple types of observations, including groundwater table positions, are needed to calibrate and validate vadose zone flow models, and (iii) extended periods of observations and simulations are necessary to capture year-to-year variability in the recharge rates.

  • Estimation of nonstructural stiffness in instrumented steel frames
    • Tomasz Falborski
    • Amit Kanvinde
    2022 ENGINEERING STRUCTURES

    Lateral stiffness of nonstructural components may significantly influence the initial stiffness of the entire structure and consequently alter its dynamic characteristics. While methods for simulating structural members are well-established, approaches for modeling nonstructural components that also participate in seismic response are notably less developed. In this paper a simplified, physically-intuitive approach for estimating the stiffness of nonstructural members based on vibration recordings of buildings is presented. The method comprises two components: (1) identifying the instants during the time history wherein components of interstory velocity are negligible, such that damping forces are zero, and (2) at these instants, using static analysis to estimate story shears and story torsion in the structural members by applying the recorded displacements to the entire structure, and the accelerations to all masses above the story of interest. The method derives from first-principles of dynamics and structural analysis, and is assessed against experimental data from three datasets that include shake table data on steel frames with nonstructural walls as well as quasi-static tests on the similar walls. The results are critically discussed in the context of their prospective applications in practical settings, and limitations are summarized.

  • Estimation of the angular position of a two-wheeled balancing robot using a real IMU with selected filters
    • Krzysztof Laddach
    • Rafał Łangowski
    • Tomasz Zubowicz
    2022 Full text Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences-Technical Sciences

    A low-cost measurement system using filtering of measurements for two-wheeled balancing robot stabilisation purposes has been addressed in this paper. In particular, a measurement system based on gyroscope, accelerometer, and encoder has been considered. The measurements have been corrected for deterministic disturbances and then filtered with Kalman, α-β type, and complementary filters. A quantitative assessment of selected filters has been given. As a result, the complete structure of a measurement system has been obtained. The performance of the proposed measurement system has been validated experimentally by using a dedicated research rig.

  • Estimation of transmission quality in cellular systems based on indicators measured by the radio module
    • Olga Błaszkiewicz
    • Robert Burczyk
    • Agnieszka Czapiewska
    • Małgorzata Gajewska
    • Sławomir Gajewski
    • Jarosław Sadowski
    2022

    The article presents a measurement stand for testing transmission quality in cellular systems such as LTE, NB-IoT, UMTS and GSM. The results of BLER and throughput measurements for various propagation conditions as well as results of quality indicators appropriate for mentioned technologies measured by commercial radio module are presented. Those measurements were utilized to analyze the possibility of estimating the transmission quality in LTE, NB-IoT, UMTS and GSM only based on the results of measurements carried out by a commercial radio module.

  • ESTYMACJA I ANALIZA STANU KANAŁU RADIOWEGO INTERFEJSU LTE NA POTRZEBY REALIZACJI HETEROGENICZNEGO ALGORYTMU MULTILINK Z UŻYCIEM GŁĘBOKIEGO UCZENIA
    • Krzysztof Cwalina
    • Olga Błaszkiewicz
    • Alicja Olejniczak
    • Piotr Rajchowski
    • Jarosław Sadowski
    2022 Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne

    W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono estymację i analizę stanu kanału radiowego dla interfejsu LTE na potrzeby realizacji heterogenicznego algorytmu trasowania prze-syłanych pakietów pomiędzy dostępnymi interfejsami radiowymi. Udowodniono przydatność i zwiększenie efektywności predykcji metryki BLER opracowanego modelu głębokiego uczenia względem modelu liniowego. Przedstawiono także metodykę oraz przeanalizowano istotność parametrów wejściowych uzyskanego modelu głębokiego uczenia.

  • Estymacja jakości transmisji w systemie LTE na podstawie wskaźników mierzonych przez moduł radiowy
    • Olga Błaszkiewicz
    • Robert Burczyk
    • Agnieszka Czapiewska
    • Małgorzata Gajewska
    • Sławomir Gajewski
    • Jarosław Sadowski
    2022 Full text Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

    W referacie zaprezentowano stanowisko pomiarowe do badania jakości transmisji w systemie LTE. Przedstawiono także wyniki pomiarów BLER oraz przepływności dla różnych warunków propagacyjnych oraz mierzone przez moduł parametry RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SINR i MCS. Wyniki pomiarów posłużyły do przeprowadzenia analizy możliwości estymacji jakości transmisji w systemie LTE jedynie na podstawie wyników pomiarów realizowanych przez komercyjny moduł radiowy.

  • Estymacja parametrów kanału NB-IoT w łączu w dół.
    • Jarosław Magiera
    • Piotr Rajchowski
    • Krzysztof Cwalina
    2022 Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne

    Artykuł dotyczy doboru metody estymacji parametrów kanału, odpowiedniej do zastosowania w terminalu wąskopasmowego Internetu Rzeczy. Przedstawiono strukturę sygnału pilotowego NRS, używanego do wyznaczenia współczynników kanału w LTE-NB. Zaproponowano cztery warianty metody wyznaczenia współczynników kanału dla całej ramki transmisyjnej. Dokonano oceny tych wariantów w oparciu o dwa wskaźniki jakościowe skojarzone z błędem odtworzonych symboli względem konstelacji odniesienia. Na tej podstawie wskazano wariant optymalny.

  • Estymacja współrzędnych kątowych w radarze trójwspółrzędnym z elektronicznym skanowaniem wiązki i obracaną anteną planarną
    • Kamil Stawiarski
    2022 Full text

    W rozprawie zawarto historię radiolokacji oraz sposób obróbki sygnałów i danych radarowych przed etapem estymacji. Przedstawiono oraz przetestowano klasyczne metody estymacji współrzędnych wraz ze wskazaniem ich słabych oraz mocnych stron. Zaproponowano uodpornione warianty estymatorów największej wiarygodności, które pozwolił poprawić jakość oszacowania przy estymacji elewacji w warunkach propagacji wielodrogowej, redukując jednocześnie odsetek estymat obarczonych grubymi błędami. Zaproponowano również rozwiązania, oparte o podejście parametryczne jak i nieparametryczne, pozwalające na szacowanie azymutu przy obracanej antenie, kiedy niestacjonarność macierzy kowariancji sygnału uniemożliwiała zastosowanie metod klasycznych. Przedstawione algorytmy zostały przetestowane w oparciu o dane symulowane jak i rzeczywiste rejestracje radarowe. Pokazano ponadto, że złożoność obliczeniowa proponowanych rozwiązań umożliwia ich implementację na urządzeniach pracujących w czasie rzeczywistym.

  • E-technologie wspomagające terapię dzieci z autyzmem
    • Agnieszka Landowska
    • Małgorzata Pykała
    • Szymon Pietkun
    2022 Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne

    Autyzm jest zaburzeniem rozwojowym, w którym deficytowe są umiejętności komunikacyjne oraz możliwości uczenia. Edukacja i terapia dzieci z autyzmem wymaga zindywidualizowanego podejścia, gdyż występowanie i nasilenie objawów jest u nich różnorodne. Rozwiązania technologiczne, wspierające procesy terapeutyczne w autyzmie, muszą spełniać wiele kryteriów, oprócz ogólnej użyteczności czy też dopasowania do wieku dzieci. Projektowanie i specyfika rozwiązań informatycznych wspomagających terapię była i nadal jest przedmiotem badań na Politechnice Gdańskiej. W ich wyniku powstał zestaw aplikacji mobilnych, wspomagających terapię dzieci z autyzmem w nurcie behawioralnym o przełomowym znaczeniu, m. in. ze względu na istotne ograniczenia dostępnych w Polsce rozwiązań. Przyjazne Aplikacje są udostępniane nieodpłatnie w sklepie Google Play i korzystają z nich nie tylko placówki terapeutyczne, ale także indywidualni rodzice.

  • Eu2Mg3Bi4: Competing Magnetic Orders on a Buckled Honeycomb Lattice
    • Madalynn Marshall
    • Fei Wang
    • Tomasz Klimczuk
    • Ranuri S. Dissanayaka Mudiyanselage
    • Martha Greenblatt
    • David Walker
    • Weiwei Xie
    2022 CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS

    The honeycomb lattice and its derived variants provide information on modeling and designing quantum magnets. A novel magnetic material, Eu2Mg3Bi4, which stabilizes in a previously unknown buckled honeycomb lattice, was discovered by high-pressure and high-temperature methods. We report here on the synthesis exploration of pure single crystals, structural determination of the buckled honeycomb lattice of europium moments, and experimental observation of competing magnetic phases in metallic Eu2Mg3Bi4. The crystal structure of Eu2Mg3Bi4 is orthorhombic and centrosymmetric with the space group Cmce and Eu atoms in a buckled honeycomb lattice. The dominant antiferromagnetic interaction associated with magnetic coupling within the buckled honeycomb layers is confirmed based on the high Curie−Weiss fitting with TCW ∼ −24 K. However, the long-range magnetism orders are in a temperature range far below TCW. Two transitions observed at TN1 = 4.0 K and TN2 = 6.0 K likely originate from the competing magnetic interactions in Eu2Mg3Bi4. Two sharp anomalies that occur in the magnetic susceptibility, zero-field resistivity, and heat capacity all suggest successive evolution of magnetic order parameters, which is frequently observed in magnets with competing interactions. This magnetism and structure entanglement provides an ideal platform to study the interplay between honeycomb lattice rare-earths and quantum magnets, thus realizing the design and control of magnetism from the structural aspects.

  • EVALUATION OF 3D MODEL OF REBAR FOR QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS
    • Abdul Hannan Qureshi
    • W. S. Alaloul
    • A. Murtiyoso
    • S. J. Hussain
    • Syed Saad
    • Vipin Kumar Oad
    2022 Full text

    The construction industry practices and processes are evolving constantly, and with the emergence of Industry 4.0, the use of technologies is expanding. Construction progress monitoring is an essential project lifecycle process; project success and timely completion are linked with effective progress monitoring operations and adopted tools. In the domain of automated construction progress monitoring, 3D modeling techniques have been studied a lot, with laser scanning and photogrammetry as two main methods. Although laser scanning provides precise and detailed 3D models, it is an expensive technology. Moreover, the literature reveals that for digitized construction progress monitoring, the major focus has been given to primary reinforced concrete (RC) structures compared to rebar. In contrast, rebar is a key element in RC structures, as structural integrity is dependent on steel reinforcement design, which makes rebar monitoring an essential activity. This study aimed to devise an automated monitoring digital-based methodology for effective and efficient onsite rebar monitoring considering quantitative parameters e.g., rebar length and rebar spacing. The developed module successfully interpreted photogrammetry-based 3D point cloud rebar model for the aforementioned parameters with an overall achieved accuracy ≥ 98%.

  • Evaluation of bacterial strains for developing effective plant growth promoting strain on chickpea growth and physico chemical properties of soil
    • Muhammad Adeel Ahmad
    • Hussain Sajid
    • Rahid Khan
    • Umar Farooq
    • Zubair Rehman
    • Arshad Hussain
    • Hizba Gouhar
    • Maham Saddique
    • Irfan Iftikhar
    • Amjad Tariq
    • Nimra Mushtaq
    2022 Full text Bioscience Research

    The study was intended to isolate and characterize the plant growth-promoting properties. A collection of microbial consortia called plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) work to increase crop growth and yield through a variety of direct mechanisms, including as nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, synthesis of PGH, ammonia, and siderophore, as well as indirect mechanisms. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of bio fertilizer on Chickpea growth and soil health. Five bacterial strains were utilized for this purpose. Pot study was conducted at arid zone research center D. I. Khan. The results showed that treated pots with inoculation of rhizobium strains plus organic amendments showed greater results as compared to control treatment. The highest value of plant height, shoot fresh and root fresh weight (34.cm)(39.66g)(6.00 g)were found in treatments T2 (Mesorhizobium ceceriplus compost)T6 (Pesodomonas putida wheat straw)as compared to control treatment. The study found that rhizobacterial strains treated plots significantly increased chickpea crop growth. Treated pots showed that using Rhizobacterial strains have increase chickpea crop growth and improve soil nutrient absorption from soil. As a result, the combination with (Rhizobacteria plus organic amendments) increases soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus content. It may be concluded from the study that using PGPR Mesorhizobium ceceriplus compost and (Enterobactor moriplusLentil straw) increases soil nutrient absorption form soil while also improved chickpea growth parameters.

  • Evaluation of Decision Fusion Methods for Multimodal Biometrics in the Banking Application
    • Piotr Szczuko
    • Arkadiusz Harasimiuk
    • Andrzej Czyżewski
    2022 Full text SENSORS

    An evaluation of decision fusion methods based on Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST) and its modifications is presented in the article, studied over real biometric data from the engineered multimodal banking client verification system. First, the approaches for multimodal biometric data fusion for verification are explained. Then the proposed implementation of comparison scores fusion is presented, including details on the application of DST, required modifications, base probability, and mass conversions. Next, the biometric verification process is described, and the engineered biometric banking system principles are provided. Finally, the validation results of three fusion approaches on synthetic and real data are presented and discussed, considering the desired outcome manifested by minimized false non-match rates for various assumed thresholds and biometric verification techniques.

  • Evaluation of Medical Staff Satisfaction for Workplace Architecture in Temporary COVID-19 Hospital: A Case Study in Gdańsk, Poland
    • Agnieszka Gębczyńska-Janowicz
    • Rafał Janowicz
    • Wojciech Targowski
    • Rafal Cudnik
    • Krystyna Paszko
    • Karolina Zielińska-Dąbkowska
    2022 Full text International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

    This article analyses the architecture that was used in the temporary AmberExpo hospital in Gdańsk, Poland which was installed during the COVID-19 pandemic. The construction of this type of facility is often based on experimental approaches, aimed at caring for patients suffering from an infectious disease in emergency conditions. In order to assess the level of employee satisfaction with the architectural and technical elements used in the first period of the hospital’s activity, medical staff were asked to fill out a questionnaire. The analysis of the survey’s results indicated that the majority of employees expressed satisfaction with the architectural and technical elements, with the design of the spatial layout of the individual medical zones receiving the most positive feedback. However, frequently selected drawbacks in the design included the lack of natural daylight, the artificial light that was used and the acoustics of the facility. This detailed examination of the satisfaction and feedback from medical employees working in this type of emergency facility enables the development of solutions that in the future will allow for the improved adaptive reuse and implementation of such structures, with enhanced time and economic efficiency, and most importantly, the ability to provide a safer workplace.

  • Evaluation of mercury content in combustible tobacco products by employing cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy and considering the moisture content: a comprehensive study
    • Paweł Hać
    • Chintankumar Padariya
    • Bartłomiej Cieślik
    • Piotr Konieczka
    2022 Full text MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE

    Plants are mainly made up of water, which constitutes between 80 and 90% of their weight. Moisture factor comes across as one of the most important in tobacco products. Rapid determination of moisture content in tobacco products comes at neces- sity in any tobacco management plants (before and after production). Therefore, the concern has been raised in this study to evaluate the moisture content in four kinds of combustible tobacco products using the gravimetric method. In addition, a total mercury content using cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy has been evaluated in all chosen combustible tobacco products in this study. Determining moisture content in four types of tobacco products does not show significant differences within a product group. Moisture content ranged from 7.9% in bidis to 25% in pipe tobaccos. Mercury content in tobacco ranged from 13 μg/kg to 32 μg/kg while in cigarette wrapper paper and filter from the limit of detection (LOD) < 1.3 μg/ kg to 8.2 μg/kg. As evidenced, cigarette wrapper paper and filters alone are unlikely to be a significant source of consumer exposure to mercury. However, the proposed sample preparation method provides good results for the preparation of specific material, such as tobacco products.