2022 - Publications Repository - Gdańsk University of Technology

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The influence of ILs on TiO2 microspheres activity towards 5-FU removal under artificial sunlight irradiation
- Patrycja Wilczewska
- Anna Pancielejko
- Justyna Łuczak
- Malwina Kroczewska
- Wojciech Lisowski
- Ewa Siedlecka
2022 APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
In this work, the effect of various ionic liquids (ILs), namely, choline chloride [Chol][Cl], hexadecylpyridynium chloride [HDPy][Cl], and tributylmethylammonium chloride [TBMA][Cl], on the morphology, surface compo-sition in relation to photocatalytic oxidation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and phenol in the presence of TiO2 pho-tocatalysts under artificial sunlight conditions was investigated. The highest photoactivity towards cytostatic drug removal was found when [TBMA][Cl] was used for the synthesis, for phenol removal photoactivity was not changed in all cases. Among the selected ionic liquids, only [TMBA][Cl] made it possible to form the Ti3+species, which was equivalent to the occurrence of oxygen vacancies and was beneficial for the photocatalytic activity. Moreover, the increase of ILs-TiO2 photoactivity was assigned to the presence of IL or IL’s organic residues on the photocatalyst surface responsible for better hole and electron separation. The mechanism of 5-FU degradation over the most photoactive photocatalyst was varied under different types of light irradiation, and •OHfree radicals were the major entities in the drug removal under UV light, while holes and •OH free radicals under solar light. These studies represent a promising approach to cytostatic drug removal in the presence of TiO2 microspheres prepared in the presence of others than imidazolium-based ILs.
The Influence of Low-Temperature Disintegration on the Co-Fermentation Process of Distillation Residue and Waste-Activated Sludge
- Anna Remiszewska-Skwarek
- Ryszard Wierzchnicki
- Otton K. Roubinek
- Archana Kasinath
- Alicja Jeżewska
- Magdalena Jasinska
- Hubert Byliński
- Andrzej G. Chmielewski
- Krzysztof Czerwionka
2022 Full text ENERGIES
: Innovative low-temperature disintegration (process temperature 55 ◦C and oxygen concentration 0.2 mg/dm3 ) can be an economically rational technology to intensifying energy production from renewable sources. The proposed process can achieve a degree of disintegration—under optimal conditions—of about 50%, which is excellent when compared with other methods of feed pre-treatment. The low-temperature disintegration of distillation residue and waste-activated sludge before the co-fermentation process increased biogas production by 30% and methane production by 65% (over a 26 d duration). The obtained results confirm that the low-temperature disintegration method can be effectively used to pre-prepare this type of feed. At the same time, it was discovered that the Gompertz model can be used to mathematically describe the biogas accumulation curves in the methane co-fermentation processes of the tested feeds (the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.98).
The influence of Nigella sativa essential oil on proliferation, activation, and apoptosis of human T lymphocytes in vitro
- Klaudia Ciesielska-Figlon
- Agnieszka Daca
- Adam Kokotkiewicz
- Maria Łuczkiewicz
- Bożena Zabiegała
- Jacek M. Witkowski
- Katarzyna A. Lisowska
2022 Full text BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY
In previous work, we tested the immunomodulatory effect of Nigella sativa (NS) fatty oil. Our results demonstrated that unrefined, obtained by cold pressing black cumin seed oil inhibited lymphocytes’ proliferation and induced their apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory properties of essential oil (EO) obtained from the NS seeds by hydrodistillation and its two main constituents: thymoquinone (TQ) and p-cymene. We analyzed the proliferation, activation phenotype, and apoptosis rates of human T lymphocytes stimulated with an immobilized monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody in the presence of serial ethanol dilutions of tested oil or serial distilled water dilutions of tested compounds with flow cytometry. Our results showed that NSEO significantly inhibited the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner, and reduced the expression of CD28 and CD25 antigens essential for lymphocyte activation. TQ inhibited the proliferation of T lymphocytes and induced cell death, particularly in high concentrations. Meanwhile, p-cymene did not influence lymphocyte proliferation. However, its high concentration induced cell necrosis. These results show that the essential oil from Nigella sativa has powerful immunomodulatory properties, which, at least partially, are related to the TQ component.
The influence of pressure drop on the working volume of a hydraulic motor
- Paweł Śliwiński
2022 Full text Eksploatacja i Niezawodność - Maintenance and Reliability
Reliability and maintenance analysis of hydraulic positive machines basicly focused on the processes of their wear and failure. But in order to correctly assess the mechanical and volumetric efficiency of a hydraulic motor, both at the stage of development research or at the stage of control tests during its exploitation, the working volume of this motor must be correctly determined. Therefore this paper proposes a new method of assessment of the size of the working volume of a hydraulic motor. It has been shown that the hydraulic motor absorbency per one revolution of this motor shaft is a non-linear function of pressure drop in working mechanism of the motor and non-linear function of motor rotational speed. Thus the relation between the working volume of a hydraulic motor and the pressure drop in the motor working mechanism is a non-linear function. This working volume as a function of pressure drop has been called the actual working volume. The correctness of the proposed method was confirmed experimentally.
The Influence of Storage on Human Milk Lipidome Stability for Lipidomic Studies
- Dorota Garwolińska
- Michał Młynarczyk
- Agata Kot-Wasik
- Weronika Hewelt-Belka
2022 Full text JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH
Human milk (HM) lipidome stability during storage is crucial in lipidomic studies to avoid misinterpretations. Facing the lack of comprehensive work on the HM lipidome stability, we performed a study on a potential alteration in the lipid profiles of HM samples stored under different conditions. An untargeted LC-Q-TOF-MS-based approach was applied to study the influence of storage conditions as well as the interaction of the storage temperature and time on HM lipid profiles. The samples were stored for 4–84 days at temperatures in the range from 4 to −80 °C and also were exposed to up to three freeze–thaw cycles. The results showed that the storage at 4 °C for just 4 days as well as being subjected to three freeze–thaw cycles can lead to a change in the content of lipids. The observed differences in levels of some lipid species in samples stored at −20 °C in comparison to the concentration level of those lipids in samples stored at −80 °C were not statistically significant, and inter-individual variance regardless of sample storage condition was maintained. The storage of HM samples at −20 °C for up to 3 weeks and −80 °C for up to 12 weeks ensures sample lipidome stability.
The Influence of Thin Gold Electrodes on the High-Temperature Impedance of Oxide Glasses
- Natalia Wójcik
- Ryszard Barczyński
2022 Full text Coatings
The influence of thin gold electrodes on the electrical measurements of glasses at high temperatures was studied using impedance spectroscopy. The impedance was measured several times over a wide frequency range from 10 mHz to 1 MHz and the temperature ranged from 213 to 673 K under air and nitrogen atmospheres. The results showed a drop in the conductivity of more than an order of magnitude at a temperature around 603 K during heating. An additional relaxation process was found at the low-frequency region. The occurred process was correlated with the thermal disintegration of the gold nano-layer used as an improvement in the electrical contact. The possible ambiguous interpretation of high-temperature impedance spectra was presented as a consequence of performing the electrical measurements only during heating or cooling while using unstable thin gold electrodes. Moreover, a possible solution to this problem was proposed.
The innovative approach for using pavement as a fire prevention measure in tunnels
- Mariusz Jaczewski
- Marek Pszczoła
- Dawid Ryś
- Piotr Jaskuła
2022 Full text
The paper consists of two main parts: first presents study regarding the typically used pavement structures in tunnels and the second part: the first fire trials of the poroelastic SEPOR (Safe, Eco-friendly POroelastic Road Surface) mixture which was designed to be used among other uses in tunnels. In the first part of the paper different pavement materials, such as cement concrete, asphalt concrete, stone mastic asphalt and porous asphalt are analyzed from the point of view of fire resistance. The paper summarize the wide and comprehensive literature review (both technical reports, conference presentations and journal articles) and presents advantages and disadvantages of specific pavement types. In the paper also the perspective improvements and advantageous mechanisms are presented for asphalt pavements. The literature review helps the administration and technical staff to get to know the properties of each pavement and chose the best one for their application. The second part of the paper present the innovative poroelastic SEPOR pavement, which is designed to slow down the initiation of the fire. The mixture is designed using the mineral aggregate, rubber aggregate and highly SBS-polymer modified bitumen. The mixture is designed to contain at least of 15% of mass of rubber aggregate and with target of voids around 20%. Such composition allows to slow down the ignition of the fire and allow people to have more time for evacuation. The paper presents two fire trials which were conducted for the SEPOR pavement. First trial was designed to measure the temperature increase during fire on the level of the vehicle floor. The second trial was designed to measure both the temperature of the vehicle and the time of fire ignition and the development of fire. During second trial real vehicles were used in the test. The measurement were direct for the real fire conditions. The first trial showed that the SEPOR pavement shows lower trial of fire temperature development. The measured temperatures were lower and increase slower in comparison to the pavements typically used in tunnels, such as stone mastic asphalt (SMA) or cement concrete. Also the SEPOR pavement showed in some specimen the possibility to dampen the flames during the fire. The second trial showed that SEPOR pavement presents superior ability in comparison to classical asphalt pavements, such as SMA.
The Laboratory Stand for the Evaluation of Heat Dissipation from the Power Cable in a Casing Pipe
- Romuald Masnicki
- Janusz Mindykowski
- Beata Palczynska
2022
The current carrying capacity of a power cable determines its efficiency, which depends on its capability to dissipate heat produced inside the cable, as a result of current flow, into the surrounding. The studies were conducted to determine how the characteristics of the medium around the cable affected its temperature and, as a result, its ability to transport electricity. The experimentation in the lab and real measurements of the temperature values at various locations in the casing pipe constitute the article's uniqueness. The article presents an innovative concept of a laboratory stand, designed to measure the dissipation of heat emitted by a cable in separated casing pipes with the content of various filling materials. The assessment of heat removal is made based on the recorded distribution of temperatures in individual casing pipes. The experimental setup was suitably compatible with the assumptions used for the research, according to the early findings of comparison investigations. It has been demonstrated for the instance under investigation that using the right fillers around the cable may reduce cable temperature, boost the cable's current carrying capability, and provide more efficient heat dissipation.
The Latest Advances in Wireless Communication in Aviation, Wind Turbines and Bridges
- Romana Śliwa
- Paweł Dymora
- Mirosław Mazurek
- Bartosz Kowal
- Michał Jurek
- Damian Kordos
- Tomasz Rogalski
- Pawel Flaszynski
- Piotr Doerffer
- Krzysztof Doerffer
- Stephen Grigg
- Runar Unnthorsson
2022 Full text Inventions
Present-day technologies used in SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) systems in many implementations are based on wireless sensor networks (WSN). In the context of the continuous development of these systems, the costs of the elements that form the monitoring system are decreasing. In this situation, the challenge is to select the optimal number of sensors and the network architecture, depending on the wireless system’s other parameters and requirements. It is a challenging task for WSN to provide scalability to cover a large area, fault tolerance, transmission reliability, and energy efficiency when no events are detected. In this article, fundamental issues concerning wireless communication in structural health monitoring systems (SHM) in the context of non-destructive testing sensors (NDT) were presented. Wireless technology developments in several crucial areas were also presented, and these include engineering facilities such as aviation and wind turbine systems as well as bridges and associated engineering facilities.
The Linear Array 2x1 of Slot Monopoles for 6-8.5 GHZ UWB Standard
- Tomasz Leliwa
- Włodzimierz Zieniutycz
2022
The results of numerical simulations and measurements of 2x1 linear array of slot monopoles are presented in the paper. At the begining a single slot monopole was designed. Next the 2x1 linear array of these monopoles was numerically tested for various configurations of the feeding network. The single monopole and the array were fabricated and the results of the measurements of the reflection coefficients and the radiationpatterns were compared to the results of the simulations.
The literature review on boundary conditions of use for non-residential buildings
- Natalia Sokół
- Julia Kurek
- Justyna Martyniuk-Pęczek
- Claudia Naves David Amorim
- Natalia Giraldo Vasquez
- Julia Resende Kanno
- Sergio Sibilio
- Barbara Matusiak
2022
This paper describes the results of qualitative and quantitative literature reviews on boundary conditions within educational buildings, emphasising the users' perspective. The reviews were performed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic using Scopus, Taylor& Francis, Web of Science databases. The boundary conditions understood as special characteristics for use and or precondition, determining specific features of buildings are investigated in the categories of energy, space use and user behaviour, and lighting. The reviews demonstrate that in the case of study investigations, a relation between different indicators helps define the boundary conditions. B/C are type of building/ user/ situation-pandemic / locations/ simulation inputs-values and methods- specific. The results of the papers published during the ongoing pandemic indicate that the perception of an indoor environment is changing along with its boundary conditions. This has consequences on the design, maintenance, and operation routines of educational buildings to limit the risk of transmission and contagion from airborne respiratory viruses.
The literature review on boundary conditions of use for non-residential buildings. Educational buildings.
- Natalia Sokół
- Julia Kurek
- Justyna Martyniuk-Pęczek
- Claudia Naves David Amorim
- Natalia Giraldo Vasquez
- Julia Kanno
- Sergio Sibilio
- Barbara Matusiak
2022
This paper describes the results of qualitative and quantitative literature reviews on boundary conditions within educational buildings, emphasising the users' perspective. The studies were performed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic using Scopus, Taylor& Francis, and Web of Science databases. The boundary conditions are understood as special characteristics for use and or precondition, determining specific features of buildings are investigated in energy, space use and user behaviour, and lighting. The reviews demonstrate that in the case of study investigations, a relation between different indicators helps define the boundary conditions. B/C are building/ user/ situation-pandemic / locations/ simulation inputs-values and methods-specific. The results of the papers published during the ongoing pandemic indicate that the perception of an indoor environment is changing along with its boundary conditions. This has consequences on educational buildings' design, maintenance, and operation routines to limit the risk of transmission and contagion from airborne respiratory viruses.
The Mechanism of a Retro-Diels–Alder Fragmentation of Luteolin: Theoretical Studies Supported by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry Results
- Magdalena Śliwka-Kaszyńska
- Iwona Anusiewicz
- Piotr Skurski
2022 Full text MOLECULES
The mechanisms of retro-Diels–Alder fragmentation of luteolin are studied theoretically using the Density Functional Theory method (B3LYP hybrid functional) together with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set and supported by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) results. The reaction paths leading to the formation of 1,3A and 1,3B fragment ions observed as the main spectral features in the ESI-MS spectrum are described and discussed, including the structures of the transition states and intermediate products. The heights of the activation energy barriers which have to be overcome along the reaction paths corresponding to 1,3-retrocyclization cleavage of the ionized luteolin are predicted to span the 69–94 kcal/mol range (depending on the initial isomeric structure) for the concerted retrocyclization mechanism and the 60–89 kcal/mol (first barrier) and 24–52 kcal/mol (second barrier) barriers for the stepwise mechanism (also depending on the initial isomeric structure). It is also demonstrated that the final fragmentation products (1,3A and 1,3B) are in fact represented by various isomeric systems which are not experimentally distinguishable. In addition, the absence of the spectral feature corresponding to the [M-B] fragment ion formed by the rupture of the C-C bond connecting luteolin’s B and C rings (which does not occur during the ESI-MS experiment) is explained by much larger energy barriers predicted for such a process.
The methodology of design of satellite working mechanism of positive displacement machine
- Paweł Śliwiński
2022 Full text Scientific Reports
In this paper is described a methodology of design of satellite mechanism consisting of two noncircular gears (externally toothed rotor and internally toothed curvature) and circular gears (satellites). In the presented methodology is assumed that the rotor pitch line is known, and the curvature pitch line is necessary to designate. The presented methodology applies to mechanisms for which the number of the curvature humps is at least one greater than the number of rotor humps. The selection of the number of gears and the number of teeth in gear and rotor and curvature is also presented. The methodology of calculating the position of the satellite center and the angle of its rotation in order to shape the teeth on the rotor and curvature is presented. The article is also showed different types of satellite mechanisms—satellite mechanisms with the different numbers of humps on the rotor and curvature. The technical parameters of the mechanism for the rotor pitch line described by the cosine function are also presented.
The Motion Analysis of Attacus Atlas Rigid Wing
- Zuzanna Kunicka-kowalska
- Michał Landowski
- Krzysztof Sibilski
2022 Full text International Review of Aerospace Engineering (IREASE)
The remarkable aerodynamic efficiency of flapping insect wings has fascinated researchers for many years. Butterfly wings are distinguished by a much larger lifting surface, and thus, a different style of flapping flight. The considerations described in the article are an introduction to a fully flexible analysis of the wing in motion. The study of the rigid wing gives the basic knowledge necessary in the further process. The yaw, pitch and roll angles obtained from the footage have been used to analyze the rigid wing. The data has been adapted to CFD calculations in Ansys Fluent software along with the geometry of the joined wings (one surface on one side). The wing deformations have not been taken into account during the analysis. The obtained results make it possible to specify clearly the aerodynamic forces in three directions and the pressure distributions on the wing surface. For a rigid wing, there is positive drag and negative lift. The negative lift indicates the exceptional importance of wing deformation, which is the only guarantee of the insect's ability to fly. On the other hand, a positive drag is evidence of the influence of the shape of the bearing surface on the flow aerodynamics
The Occurrence and Role of Tetrasphaera in Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Systems
- Jeremiah Otieno
- Przemysław Kowal
- Jacek Mąkinia
2022 Full text Water
The application of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has commonly been utilized worldwide. However, the optimum efficiency has not been realized over the past decades, prompting many studies and publications. The limitations, especially comprehension of the abundance and actual potential of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs), are not fully understood. Recently identified putative PAOs, Tetrasphaera, present a vast metabolic versatility compared to Candidatus Accumulibacter. The characterisation of Tetrasphaera unique abilities to utilize various carbon substrates, volatile fatty acids production and consistent high abundance, presents potential boosts towards the process efficiency improvement. This paper provides the existing knowledge on the physiology, morphology and genetic description of PAOs with a special attention to the current state of research on Tetrasphaera and its potential. In addition, process conditions and their influence on the microbial activities in EBPR systems are discussed.
The phenomenon of increasing capacitance induced by 1T/2H-MoS2 surface modification with Pt particles – Influence on composition and energy storage mechanism
- Zuzanna Zarach
- Mariusz Szkoda
- Konrad Trzciński
- Marcin Łapiński
- Grzegorz Trykowski
- Andrzej Nowak
2022 Full text ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
In this paper, several approaches to the synthesis of molybdenum-based electrode materials for supercapacitors are presented, including anodization, hydrothermal process and annealing. For the material prepared via anodization of a molybdenum plate, followed by a hydrothermal process in thiourea aqueous solution, a thorough study of the Pt-surface modification through repetitive cycling in 1 M sulfuric acid with Pt acting as a counter electrode is performed, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and energy storage mechanism contribution. Along with the increasing number of cycles, an increase of the capacitance value is observed up to 1.064 F cm−2 after 60 000 cycles, resulting in more than tenfold growth (by over 1 150%). The analysis reveals progressive changes in the electrode material's chemical composition and the increasing pseudocapacitance contribution in energy storage processes, which is strictly caused by the formation of mixed molybdenum oxides with oxygen vacancies. Thus, Pt-surface modification effectively improves the electrochemical performance of the electrode material with excellent coulombic efficiency and capacitance retention. In a symmetric two-electrode configuration with Pt-modified electrode materials, the areal capacitance of 140.5 mF cm−2 is obtained after 50 000 cycles (with capacitance retention of 123%) indicating that Pt-surface modification of MoS2 may provide a novel approach for electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors.
The Physical Activity Environment Policy Index for monitoring government policies and actions to improve physical activity
- Catherine B Woods
- Liam Kelly
- Kevin Volf
- Peter Gelius
- Sven Messing
- Sarah Forberger
- Jeroen Lakerveld
- Nicolette R den Braver
- Joanna Żukowska
- Enrique García Bengoechea
2022 Full text EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Background A multifaceted response, including government action, is essential to improve population levels of physical activity (PA). This article describes the development process of the ‘Physical Activity Environment Policy Index’ (PA-EPI) monitoring framework, a tool to assess government policies and actions for creating a healthy PA environment. Methods An iterative process was undertaken. This involved a review of policy documents from authoritative organizations, a PA policy audit of four European countries, and a systematic review of scientific literature. This was followed by an online consultation with academic experts (N = 101; 20 countries, 72% response rate), and policymakers (N = 40, 4 EU countries). During this process, consensus workshops were conducted, where quantitative and qualitative data, alongside theoretical and pragmatic considerations, were used to inform PA-EPI development. Results The PA-EPI is conceptualized as a two-component ‘policy’ and ‘infrastructure support’ framework. The two-components comprise eight policy and seven infrastructure support domains. The policy domains are education, transport, urban design, healthcare, public education (including mass media), sport-for-all, workplaces and community. The infrastructure support domains are leadership, governance, monitoring and intelligence, funding and resources, platforms for interaction, workforce development and health-in-all-policies. Forty-five ‘good practice statements’ or indicators of ideal good practice within each domain conclude the PA-EPI. A potential eight-step process for conducting the PA-EPI is described. Conclusions Once pre-tested and piloted in several countries of various sizes and income levels, the PA-EPI good practice statements will evolve into benchmarks established by governments at the forefront of creating and implementing policies to address inactivity.
The possibility of application of the potentiometric sensor with all-solid-state electrodes containing lipid-polymer membranes for classification of tested black leaf teas in terms of their quality
- Ewa Marjańska
- Maria Szpakowska
- Przemysław Dmowski
2022 Full text Desalination and Water Treatment
Potentiometric sensor with all-solid-state electrodes containing lipid-polymer membranes for a set of black leaf teas coming from four countries (China, India, Sri Lanka and Kenia) classification was applied. The tested tea samples were reassigned to quality classes marked with numbers I–V according to the information available. The sensor results of tea samples are presented in the form of radar charts. It was observed that, in the majority of cases samples with a similar radar chart shape belong to the same quality class. Based on principal component analysis and agglomerative hierarchical clustering analyses four groups of leaf tea samples and two separate items were distinguished. The first group was constituted by the highest quality Yunnan teas. The second group is made up of high-quality Indian teas and one tea sample of undeclared quality. The third group includes tea samples of unknown quality assigned to quality Class IV. The last group distinguished is constituted by the sample of Indian Madras and Ceylon tea, which are imported for retail trade for blends. This grouping largely corresponds to the quality classes of tested tea samples. The obtained results suggest that potentiometric sensor with all-solid-state electrodes containing lipid-polymer membranes might be used for discrimination of black leaf teas of different quality and also for determination of quality class of an unknown tea sample.
The potential interaction of environmental pollutants and circadian rhythm regulations that may cause leukemia
- Francisco Alejandro Lagunas-Rangel
- Błażej Kudłak
- Wen Liu
- Michael Williams
- Helgi B. Schiöth
2022 Full text CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Tumor suppressor genes are highly affected during the development of leukemia, including circadian clock genes. Circadian rhythms constitute an evolutionary molecular machinery involving many genes, such as BMAL1, CLOCK, CRY1, CRY2, PER1, PER2, REV-ERBa, and RORA, for tracking time and optimizing daily life during day-night cycles and seasonal changes. For circulating blood cells many of these genes coordinate their proliferation, output, and function, and therein lies their importance for the development of leukemia. Recent findings suggest that environmental pollutants may affect circadian rhythms and thus affect cancer development and treatment. Such environmental pollutants are often found in mixtures and include benzene, tobacco smoke, pesticides and microplastics. Our understanding of the molecular basis for the interaction mechanisms within complex mixtures is also growing, confirming the plausible occurrence of synergistic (superadditive effect) and antagonistic (cancellation effect) actions of pollutant cocktails. In this work, we discuss the relationship of environmental pollutants and the alteration of circadian rhythms that potentially may cause leukemia. We highlight the need of additional dimensions and perhaps a paradigm shift for future studies in relation to continuously growing magnitude of environmental pollution using multitude of disciplines such as development of high throughput reporter cell lines, other cell screening methods, contaminant measurements in leukemia patients, advanced pharmacology and toxicological measurement of mixtures and highly efficient computer analysis including artificial intelligence, among others.