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Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2025

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  • Topology, Size, and Shape Optimization in Civil Engineering Structures: A Review
    • Ahmed Manguri
    • Hogr Hassan
    • Najmadeen Saeed
    • Robert Jankowski
    2025 Full text CMES-COMPUTER MODELING IN ENGINEERING & SCIENCES

    The optimization of civil engineering structures is critical for enhancing structural performance and material efficiency in engineering applications. Structural optimization approaches seek to determine the optimal design, by considering material performance, cost, and structural safety. The design approaches aim to reduce the built environment’s energy use and carbon emissions. This comprehensive review examines optimization techniques, including size, shape, topology, and multi-objective approaches, by integrating these methodologies. The trends and advancements that contribute to developing more efficient, cost-effective, and reliable structural designs were identified. The review also discusses emerging technologies, such as machine learning applications with different optimization techniques. Optimization of truss, frame, tensegrity, reinforced concrete, origami, pantographic, and adaptive structures are covered and discussed. Optimization techniques are explained, including metaheuristics, genetic algorithm, particle swarm, ant-colony, harmony search algorithm, and their applications with mentioned structure types. Linear and non-linear structures, including geometric and material nonlinearity, are distinguished. The role of optimization in active structures, structural design, seismic design, form-finding, and structural control is taken into account, and the most recent techniques and advancements are mentioned.

  • Toward 6G Optical Fronthaul: A Survey on Enabling Technologies and Research Perspectives
    • Abdulhalim Fayad
    • Tibor Cinkler
    • Jacek Rak
    2025 IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials

    The anticipated launch of the Sixth Generation (6G) of mobile technology by 2030 will mark a significant milestone in the evolution of wireless communication, ushering in a new era with advancements in technology and applications. 6G is expected to deliver ultra-high data rates and almost instantaneous communications, with three-dimensional coverage for everything, everywhere, and at any time. In the 6G Radio Access Networks (RANs) architecture, the Fronthaul connects geographically distributed Remote Units (RUs) to Distributed/Digital Units (DUs) pool. Among all possible solutions for implementing 6G fronthaul, optical technologies will remain crucial in supporting the 6G fronthaul, as they offer high-speed, low-latency, and reliable transmission capabilities to meet the 6G strict requirements. This survey provides an explanation of the 5G and future 6G optical fronthaul concept and presents a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art and future research directions in 6G optical fronthaul, highlighting the key technologies and research perspectives fundamental in designing fronthaul networks for 5G and future 6G. Additionally, it examines the benefits and drawbacks of each optical technology and its potential applications in 6G fronthaul networks. This paper aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers and industry professionals about the current state and future prospects of 6G optical fronthaul technologies, facilitating the development of robust and efficient wireless networks of the future.

  • Towards developing fully sustainable elastomers: the role of chemistry
    • Paulina Wiśniewska
    • Peyman Ezzati
    • Józef Haponiuk
    • Aleksander Hejna
    • Xavier Colom
    • Mohammad Saeb
    2025 GREEN CHEMISTRY

    The development of sustainable polymer materials is no longer just an option but a necessity. Elastomers are indispensable members of the polymer family due to their high tensile strength, durability, energy absorption capabilities, and excellent resistance to fatigue and environmental degradation. Elastomers have found a unique role in diverse industries, like transportation, automotive, aerospace, construction, and sports. However, elastomers are typically synthetic chemically crosslinked networks that are difficult to break down and recycle. Because of environmental impacts of synthetic elastomers, developing fully green or sustainable elastomers through green chemistry seems indispensable. This review aims to summarize and analyze existing reports on green elastomers, focusing on sustainable components, green chemistry, their performance, and sustainable manufacturing compared to conventionally used solutions. Due to the complexity of elastomer formulation—comprising numerous ingredients like base rubber or gum, curing agents, accelerators, activators, plasticizers, and other additives—creating fully sustainable elastomers, their blends, and composites with desirable properties remains a significant challenge. While no one has yet achieved this goal, a systematic and critical analysis of green chemistry principles in developing sustainable elastomers, with emphasis on green components, sustainable manufacturing and materials circularity considerations may be a feat of expediting decision-making processes toward a greener future ahead for the elastomer industry, and drive the development of fully green and sustainable elastomers.

  • Trimethyl Lock Based Tools for Drug Delivery and Cell Imaging – Synthesis and Properties
    • Andrzej Skwarecki
    • Joanna Stefaniak-Skorupa
    • Michał Nowak
    2025 CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL

    Trimethyl lock (TML) systems have become increasingly important in medicinal and bioorganic chemistry, particularly for their roles in the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents and as integral components in fluorogenic probes for cellular imaging. The simplicity and efficiency of their synthesis have established TML systems as versatile platforms for the controlled release of active molecules under particular physiological conditions. This review consolidates recent advancements in the application of TML systems, with a focus on their use in drug delivery, cellular imaging, and other areas where precise molecular release is crucial. Additionally, we discuss the synthetic strategies employed to construct TML-based conjugates, underscoring their potential to enhance the specificity and efficacy of bioactive compounds in various biomedical applications.

  • Tuning the Adhesive Strength of Functionalized Polyolefin-Based Hot Melt Adhesives: Unexpected Results Leading to New Opportunities
    • Lidia Jasińska-Walc
    • Weronika Nowicka
    • Jakub Kruszyński
    • Robbert Duchateau
    • Miloud Bouyahyi
    • Artur Różański
    • Lanti Yang
    • Farhan Ahmad Pasha
    • Ralf Kleppinger
    2025 Full text MACROMOLECULES

    The development of lightweight, often multi-component products requires adaptable and robust bondingsolutions. Hot melt adhesives increasingly attract industrial interestas they combine good adhesive strength, facile processability, andcost-efficiency. Recently, our group has reported on the remarkableadhesive performance of hydroxyl-functionalized propylene-basedcopolymers in bonding both polar and nonpolar surfaces. Theobtained adhesive strength proved to be too high for applicationssuch as single-use packaging, which requires low to moderateadhesion for easy opening. Tuning the adhesive strength bymanufacturing numerous functionalized polyolefin grades with varying contents of hydroxyl-functional groups is challenging in viewof industrial-scale production. Herein, we elucidate an alternative approach to tune the adhesive performance by blending thefunctionalized propylene copolymers with nonfunctionalized congeners. To understand the structure−property relationship of theinvestigated diluted blends, a thorough characterization of morphology, physical properties, crystallization, and viscoelastic behaviorwas performed. It appeared that the crystallinity of the nonfunctionalized polyolefin and its miscibility with the functionalizedpolyolefin play a crucial role on the adhesive strength of the blends. Either a gradual decrease in adhesive strength with dilution wasnoticed or�surprisingly�no loss of adhesive strength was observed at all, not even after diluting 100 times! Molecular dynamicssimulations revealed an intrinsic tendency of the hydroxyl-functionalized polyolefin to migrate to and interact with the aluminumoxide surface.

  • Two Approaches to Constructing Certified Dominating Sets in Social Networks
    • Joanna Raczek
    • Mateusz Miotk
    2025 IEEE Access

    Social networks are an important part of our community. In this context, certified dominating sets help to find in networks a group of people, referring as officials, such that 1) for each civilian, there is an official that can serve the civilian, and 2) no official is adjacent to exactly one civilian, to prevent potential abuses. To delve deeper into this topic, this study considers two approaches to the problem of finding certified dominating sets of small cardinality. One approach is to transform an ordinary dominating set, which is subject only to condition 1) given above, into a certified dominating set. The second approach involves constructing such a set from scratch. To compare the two methods, we first studied the computational complexity of the decision problem of whether, for a given graph, the domination number, which is the minimum size of a dominating set, is equal to the certified domination number, that is, the minimum size of a certified dominating set. Next, we constructed and compared the performance of two approximate algorithms that find certified dominating sets, one for each of the two approaches. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithms were validated through experiments that compare their results with each other and with a previous study: the linear-time algorithm, which determines the certified domination number for trees and with known results for the domination number in social networks.

  • Ultra-Compact Quintuple-Band Terahertz Metamaterial Biosensor for Enhanced Blood Cancer Diagnostics
    • Musa N. Hamza
    • Mohammad Tariqul Islam
    • Sunil Lavadiya
    • Iflikhar ud Din
    • Bruno Sanches
    • Sławomir Kozieł
    • Seyda Iffat Naqvi
    • Ali Farmani
    • Md. Shabiul Islam
    2025 Full text PLOS ONE

    Cancer and its diverse variations pose one of the most significant threats to human health and well-being. One of the most aggressive forms is blood cancer, originating from bone marrow cells and disrupting the production of normal blood cells. The incidence of blood cancer is steadily increasing, driven by both genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, early detection is crucial as it enhances treatment outcomes and improves success rates. However, accurate diagnosis is challenging due to the inherent similarities between normal and cancerous cells. Although various techniques are available for blood cancer identification, high-frequency imaging techniques have recently shown promise, particularly for real-time monitoring. Notably, terahertz (THz) frequencies offer unique advantages for biomedical applications. This research proposes an innovative terahertz metamaterial-based biosensor for high-efficacy blood cancer detection. The proposed structure is ultra-compact and operates across five bands within the range of 0.6 to 1.2 THz. It is constructed using a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) dielectric layer and two aluminum (Al) layers, with the top layer serving as a base for the THz-range resonator. Careful design, architectural arrangement, and optimization of the geometry parameters allow for achieving nearly perfect absorption rates (>95%) across all operating bands. The properties of the proposed sensor are extensively evaluated through full-wave electromagnetic (EM) analysis, which includes assessing the refractive index and the distribution of the electric field at individual working frequencies. The suitability for blood cancer diagnosis has been validated by integrating the sensor into a microwave imaging (MWI) system and conducting comprehensive simulation studies. These studies underscore the device's capability to detect abnormalities, particularly in distinguishing between healthy and cancerous cells. Benchmarking against state-of-the-art biosensors in recent literature indicates that the proposed sensor is highly competitive in terms of major performance indicators while maintaining a compact size.

  • Unlocking the electrochemical performance of glassy carbon electrodes by surface engineered, sustainable chitosan membranes
    • Agata Smułka
    • Mateusz Cieślik
    • Adrian Olejnik
    • Artur Zieliński
    • Jacek Ryl
    • Tadeusz Ossowski
    2025 Full text BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY

    Chitosan coatings, derived from crustacean shell waste, possess inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability, rendering them suitable for various biomedical and environmental applications, including electrochemical biosensing. Its amine and hydroxyl functional groups offer abundant sites for chemical modifications to boost the charge transfer kinetics and provide excellent adhesion, enabling the construction of robust electrode-coating interfaces for electroanalysis. This study explores the role of electrostatically-driven chemical interactions and crosslinking density originating from different chitosan (Cs) and glutaraldehyde (Ga) concentrations in this aspect. Studying anionic ([Fe(CN)6]3−/4−), neutral (FcDM0/+), and cationic ([Ru(NH3)6]2+/3+) redox probes highlights the influence of Coulombic interactions with chitosan chains containing positively-charged pathways, calculated by DFT analysis. Our study reveals how a proper Ch-to-Ga ratio has a superior influence on the cross-linking efficacy and resultant charge transfer kinetics, which is primarily boosted by up to 20× analyte preconcentration increase, due to electrostatically-driven migration of negatively charged ferrocyanide ions toward positively charged chitosan hydrogel. Notably the surface engineering approach allows for a two-orders of magnitude enhancement in [Fe(CN)6]4− limit of detection, from 0.1 µM for bare GCE down to even 0.2 nM upon an adequate hydrogel modification.

  • UNRES web server: Extensions to nucleic acids, prediction of peptide aggregation, and new types of restrained calculations
    • Rafał Ślusarz
    • Adam Sieradzan
    • Artur Gieldon
    • Emilia Lubecka
    • Magdalena J. Ślusarz
    • Mateusz Leśniewski
    • Nguyen Truong Co
    • Adam Liwo
    • Cezary Czaplewski
    2025 JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

    The third version of the UNRES web server is described, in which the range of biological macromolecules treated and calculation types has been extended significantly. DNA and RNA molecules have been added to enable the user to run simulations of their folding/hybridization and dynamics. To increase the accuracy of the simulated proteins models, the restraints on secondary structure have been enhanced to include the probabilities of the coil, extended and helical state, which are taken from the PSIPRED or HHpred raw input and the restraints from multiple bioinformatics models have been added. The NMR-data-assisted functionality has been extended to include time-averaged restraints, this feature enabling the user to model multistate and intrinsically-disordered proteins and those with intrinsically-disordered regions. Finally, the prediction of the propensity of peptides to aggregation has been included to enable the user to predict peptide solubility and aggregation, including the character and the structures of the aggregates.

  • Unveiling per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances contamination in e-cigarette refill liquids: A comprehensive analytical assessment
    • Paweł Kubica
    • Tomasz Majchrzak
    • Khrystyna Vakh
    2025 SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

    A robust analytical method was developed for the determination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in e-cigarette refill liquids using solid-phase extraction (SPE) with weak anion-exchange sorbent, followed by detection with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The design of experiment approach was employed to optimize sample preparation, leading to the validation of the method with limits of detection for PFAS ranging from 0.24 to 1.1 pg/mL. The method demonstrated inter-day repeatability of <17 % and relative recovery values between 89 % and 123 %. Additionally, the study explored the composition of e-cigarette refill liquids, focusing on the concentrations of primary constituents, such as vegetable glycerine and propylene glycol. Direct PFAS exposure through e-cigarette use might be of significant health concern due to vaping. Additionally, such products may serve as new source of PFAS release raising emerging issues about environment. Potential PFAS contamination in e-cigarette refill liquids may include manufacturing processes, packaging materials, or components of the e-cigarette devices, in result, leading to exposure during inhalation. A total of 31 e-cigarette refill liquid samples from various brands were analysed, revealing that PFAS were present mainly at trace levels. However, elevated concentrations exceeding 25 pg in 1 mL of commercial e-cigarette refill liquids were determined for PFNA, PFHxA, PFBS, HFPO-DA (GenX), and N-EtFOSAA. Among these, PFBS exhibited the highest detection frequency, occurring in 39 % of the samples. Notably, at least one of PFAS compounds was detected in 84 % of the samples analysed. Moreover, the higher PFAS content was determined in e-cigarette refill liquids with a nicotine content of 20 mg/mL than those with 6 mg/mL.

  • Upcycling of medium-density fiberboard and polyurethane foam wastes into novel composite materials
    • Aleksander Hejna
    • Mateusz Barczewski
    • Joanna Aniśko
    • Adam Piasecki
    • Roman Barczewski
    • Paulina Kosmela
    • Jacek Andrzejewski
    • Marek Szostak
    2025 Resources, Conservation and Recycling Advances

    While plastic and e-waste dominate public discourse, municipal waste, particularly bulky wastes pose a significant challenge due to their large-scale generation aligning with the enrichment of society. Their efficient collection and keeping in a loop should be considered among the priorities of municipal waste management. Herein, the presented work presents novel composite materials obtained from flexible polyurethane foams used as mattresses and medium-density fiberboards applied in furniture products. Composites have been prepared using compression molding, with the addition of an innovative binder composed of a diisocyanate and inorganic salt, whose in situ decomposition led to the gas generation providing the porous structure and strengthening the interfacial bonding inside the material. The impact of changes induced by the chemical interactions on the appearance, morphology, mechanical, thermal, acoustic and insulation performance of composites has been evaluated. Observed changes pointed to the auspicious conclusions on the further applications of the examined binder composition.

  • User Well-Being as a Paramount Challenge in Contemporary Built Environment Design: The Architecture of Psychiatric Hospitals and Its Influence on Treatment Processes and the Health, Safety, and Comfort of Patients and Medical Staff—A Systematic Literature Review and Insights from the New European Bauhaus Initiative
    • Daria Pawlaczyk-Szymańska
    • Agnieszka Gębczyńska-Janowicz
    • Joanna Zdrojewska
    • Wacław Szarejko
    2025 Buildings

    The natural environment, urban systems, and the buildings in which we live, study, work, or undergo treatment affect our mental health. The aim of this literature review was to verify the state of knowledge on the impact of the forms of psychiatric hospital buildings and the architectural solutions used inside these facilities on their comfort and safety of use, more effective forms of therapy, and the health of patients, as well as the comfort and safety of medical staff. This literature review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The scientific databases that were accepted for review were Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. During the preliminary analysis, During the initial analysis, 175 potential publications addressing the architecture of psychiatric hospital buildings were obtained. After three-stage verification, 31 English-language publications qualified for the review. The review showed the state and form of the architecture of psychiatric hospitals. The obtained results confirm the significant impact of the buildings and interiors of psychiatric wards and hospitals on the safety, comfort, and well-being of their users, as well as on achieving better therapeutic effects. The literature review not only examined the current state and form of the architecture in psychiatric hospitals but also the architectural solutions increasingly used in these facilities in order to improve the quality of the space, which affects its users.

  • Utilizing Cement Kiln Dust as an Efficient Adsorbent for Heavy Metal Removal in Wastewater Treatment
    • Khaled Elmaadawy
    • Mohamed R. Hamed
    • Hussein Al-Hazmi
    • Gamal K. Hassan
    2025 Water

    Cement kiln dust (CKD), a by-product of cement manufacturing, has been largely underutilized despite its potential as an eco-friendly adsorbent for wastewater treatment. This study addresses the knowledge gap regarding CKD’s effectiveness in removing heavy metals from wastewater residuals. A comprehensive experimental program was conducted to optimize key parameters such as the pH (6–9), contact time, sorbent dosage, and initial heavy metal concentrations using a batch equilibrium technique. The results demonstrated that CKD can effectively remove heavy metals, achieving removal efficiencies of 98% for Pb, 94% for Zn, 92% for Cu, and 90% for Cd within just 4 h of treatment. Importantly, CKD not only provided high adsorption efficiency but also resulted in a significant reduction in the formation of hazardous solid sludge, a major concern in traditional wastewater treatment methods. The adsorption data closely matched the Langmuir isotherm model, further validating CKD’s potential as a sustainable, cost-effective solution for reducing heavy metal contamination in wastewater while minimizing the environmental impact.

  • Utilizing UAV and orthophoto data with bathymetric LiDAR in google earth engine for coastal cliff degradation assessment
    • Paweł Tysiąc
    • Rafał Ossowski
    • Lukasz Janowski
    • Damian Moskalewicz
    2025 Scientific Reports

    This study introduces a novel methodology for estimating and analysing coastal cliff degradation, using machine learning and remote sensing data. Degradation refers to both natural abrasive processes and damage to coastal reinforcement structures caused by natural events. We utilized orthophotos and LiDAR data in green and near-infrared wavelengths to identify zones impacted by storms and extreme weather events that initiated mass movement processes. Our approach included change detection analysis to estimate eroded areas. Next, by applying Random Forest classifier within Google Earth Engine, we evaluated the importance of features in detecting these degraded zones. We tested the algorithm’s performance using datasets of varying resolutions (10 cm, 20 cm, 50 cm, and 100 cm), and a UAV dataset acquired two years later to validate results. The classifier achieved an overall accuracy of approximately 90% across all datasets. The findings indicate that DEM products in green and near-infrared wavelengths are similarly important, while reflectance maps and orthophotos suggest that red and near-infrared wavelengths play a significant role in identifying degradation. These results suggest that it is feasible to monitor coastal degradation caused by natural disasters using diverse sensors within a single training framework.

  • UV light-activated gas mixture sensing by ink-printed WS2 layer
    • Katarzyna Drozdowska
    • Janusz Smulko
    • Artur Zieliński
    • Andrzej Kwiatkowski
    2025 Full text SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL

    We fabricated a sensing layer from ink-printed WS2 flakes and utilized it for UV-activated gas sensing. The optical imaging of the structure made by repeated printing revealed the continuous layer comprising sub-µm flakes, confirmed independently by small-area AFM images (1×1 µm2). The activity of the sensing surface was investigated locally via AFM scanning of the surface with a polarized probing tip. The results indicated that the applied UV light amplifies the existing conducting paths in the dark. These hot spots are associated with the sensing activity of the WS2 surface (local adsorption-desorption centers). Gas sensing experiments revealed that the DC resistance of the WS2 sensor changes in the opposite direction for increasing concentrations of NO2 and NH3, which correlates with the electron-accepting and electron-donating properties of these species. On the contrary, low-frequency noise intensifies gradually in both gases, and relative changes in noise responses are higher than DC resistance responses for all investigated concentrations. The lowest detection limit obtained was 103 ppb from DC responses for NO2 and 168 ppb from noise responses for NH3. The studies of sensing responses for mixtures of the mentioned target gases revealed that the amplitude of resistance fluctuations is not a direct summation of spectra obtained for pure compounds. Such an effect observed for mixed gases indicates that the intermittent reactions between both species before adsorbing at the sensing surface or in the adsorption centers impact their detection.

  • Valorization of waste plastics to a novel metal-organic framework derived cobalt/carbon nanocatalyst as peroxymonosulfate activator for antibiotics degradation
    • Chongqing Wang
    • Xiuxiu Zhang
    • Luyao Wang
    • Gonggang Liu
    • Grzegorz Boczkaj
    2025 JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION

    Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), with excellent structural properties, exhibit unique advantages as promising catalysts in the degradation of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) by PS-AOPs. Herein, Co-MOF-71 was prepared by hydrothermal method using terephthalic acid (TPA) obtained from the hydrolysis of waste PET plastics as an organic ligand, and the derived cobalt/carbon composite (PETC) was prepared by carbonizing Co-MOF-71 under N2 atmosphere. Characterizations revealed that PETC800 carbonized at 800 °C possessed a loose and porous layered morphology with a surface area of 148 cm2/g, and had a porous structure rich in active sites that are effective in peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and tetracycline (TC) degradation. Degradation experiments revealed that the maximum degradation rate of TC by PETC800 could reach 90.94% within 20 min, with a maximum rate constant of 0.2700 min−1 and activation energy of 19.50 kJ/mol, which was lower than that of previous reports. Additional studies confirmed high effectiveness also towards other pharmaceuticals degradation such as metronidazole, levofloxacin and doxorubicin. More importantly, PETC800 could degrade TC efficiently in a broad pH region (3.0–9.0). The degradation performance of TC could be 72.18% after four cycles, demonstrating good reusability. Both radical (•OH, SO4•−, and O2•−) and nonradical pathways (singlet oxygen (1O2) and electron transfer) contributed to the TC degradation process, with the non-radical pathway dominating. LC-MS and toxicity analyses have postulated the degradation of TC into intermediates with lower levels of toxicity. The preparation of MOFs-derived catalysts from waste plastics allows resourceful utilization of waste plastics as well as enhances the catalytic performance of MOFs-derived cobalt/carbon-based catalysis for efficient degradation of emerging organic contaminants.

  • View Quality Assessments: A Pilot Study of Field Methods
    • Barbara Matusiak
    • Mandana Sarey Khanie
    • Claudia Moscoso
    • Anna María Pálsdóttir
    • Siegrun Appelt
    • Christina Hemauer
    • Klaus Martiny
    • Kamilla Woznicka Miskowiak
    • Ida Astrid Lindegaard
    • Alexander Tobias Ysbæk-Nielsen
    • Carlo Volf
    • Natalia Sokół
    2025 Full text LEUKOS

    This paper describes findings from a workshop during which participants evaluated a series of windowviews. An explorative approach was applied to identify issues and testing methods useful in daylightresearch. The participants visited nine rooms with views of varied content, complexity, and viewingdistance under the overcast sky. Participants used surveys with quantitative and qualitative questions,hand drawings, illuminance measurements, and photography to appraise the view quality.Subsequently, daylight simulations and neurocognitive tests have been carried out in two rooms with“bad” and “good” views. Multi-directional views were valued more than narrow or single-directionalviews. The cognitive testing showed numerical differences in several measures and a significant correla-tion between the difference scores for sadness and the difference scores for Trail Making Test-B acrosstwo rooms. The study identified that buildings of historical value, a presence of greenery, coloredbuilding facades, or a presence of people (content) contribute to a positive assessment of the view but are not included in the assessment criteria.

  • Vitamin B9 as a new eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for copper in 3.5% NaCl solution
    • Hubert Kwiatkowski
    • Stefan Krakowiak
    • Łukasz Gaweł
    2025 Full text JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

    Folic acid salt (sodium folate) was studied as an eco-friendly and non-toxic copper corrosion inhibitor in 3.5% NaCl solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, polarization resistance and weight-loss measurements show that the inhibitor efficiency increases with concentration (the highest value- approx. 96% was reported for the solution containing 16 mM sodium folate after 24 h). EIS data and Tafel plots indicate that sodium folate is a barrier, mixed-type (with predominant cathodic character) inhibitor. Inhibitor efficiency decreases with temperature, which suggests that adsorption has physical character rather than chemical one - adsorption free energy calculated using the Langmuir model is consistent with this statement. Activation energy determined from the Arrhenius plot increases as a result of inhibitor presence. Efficiency of the inhibitor increases systematically during the first 12 hours of immersion. Potential chemical changes in sodium folate solution were investigated using UV-VIS spectroscopy. Furthermore, copper surface after immersion in the presence and absence of inhibitor was characterized with scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy and microscopic photographs.

  • Voltage Control of a Stand-Alone Multiphase Doubly Fed Induction Generator
    • Krzysztof Blecharz
    • Marcin Morawiec
    • Roland Ryndzionek
    • Michał Michna
    2025 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

    This article presents a multiphase doubly fed induction generator (MDFIG) with a dedicated and unique control algorithm in a stand-alone wind energy conversion system. The algorithm has been developed and elaborated in the case of different emergency modes. Compared with the traditional double-fed induction generator, the MDFIG has increased reliability, reduced current level per phase, and low rotor harmonic currents. The control system is based on a classical mathematical model and the stator field-oriented control method. However, especially for the wind turbine system, the control system has been extended for dedicated five-phase operation and additional scenarios have been added. First, the dynamic states of the generator operation under normal operating conditions with voltage variation and load were simulated and compared with laboratory tests. Second, the fault-tolerance results of rotor phase failures with different states and loads were presented. This performance is validated in the laboratory with a 4 kW prototype MDFIG. The method presented in this article is simple, robust, and cost effective with MDFIG and has significantly improved the reliability of the power generation system.

  • Waste tire rubber with low and high devulcanization level prepared in the planetary extruder
    • Agata Rodak
    • Józef Haponiuk
    • Shifeng Wang
    • Krzysztof Formela
    2025 Sustainable Materials and Technologies

    Waste tires management is serious and global environmental problem. Therefore, searching for new andindustrially applicable solutions to convert waste tire rubber into high-value added products is gaining more andmore attention. Rubber devulcanization is step forward for further developing rubber recycling and upcyclingtechnologies. Thermo-mechanical treatment of ground tire rubber (GTR) performed in twin screw extruders iscurrently the most popular solution, while literature information about alternative continuous methods are verylimited. In this field of research, using of planetary extruders as multi-screw reactors seems to be interestingsolution, which is due to their high mixing efficiency, good heat exchange and devolatilization capacity.In this work, thermo-mechanical treatment of GTR was performed in a lab-scale planetary extruder. Devulcanization effectiveness has been investigated by extruder torque monitoring, Mooney viscosity, swelling measurements, Horikx theory, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy,thermogravimetry, curing characteristics and tensile tests. Volatile organic compounds emitted from untreatedwaste tire rubber and reclaimed rubbers were determined using a gas chromatography combined with flameionization detector or mass spectrometry. The results showed that GTR devulcanization efficiency and emissionlevels of volatile organic compounds increased with higher temperature during planetary extrusion. Mooneyviscosity and tensile properties of GTR treated using a planetary extruder were comparable to the commerciallyavailable reclaimed rubbers. This work confirms that waste tire rubber devulcanization in the planetary extruderis a promising approach for further studies towards sustainable development of rubber recycling technologiesand circular economy.