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Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2016

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  • Apparent Molar Volumes and Isentropic Compressibilities of Tetraalkylammonium Bromides in Aqueous Propane-1,2-diol. An Attempt to Design Hydraulic Liquids
    • Wacław Grzybkowski
    • Dorota Warmińska
    2016 JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA

    Apparent molar volumes and apparent molar compressibilities for tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrapropylammonium, and tetrabutylammonium bromides in water, propane-1,2-diol, and water−propane-1,2-diol mixtures (mass fraction: 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) have been determined from solution density measurements at T = 288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15 K and sound velocity measurements at T = 298.15 K as a function of the concentration of tetraalkylammonium salt. The limiting apparent molar volumes and limiting apparent molar compressibilities have been derived using the Masson equation. The limiting expansion coefficients for tetraalkylammonium bromides in the studied solutions were also estimated. These parameters have been discussed in terms of structural factors controlling the properties of the systems.

  • Applicability of arrays of microjets heat transfer correlations to design compact heat exchangers
    • Tomasz Muszyński
    • Rafał Andrzejczyk
    2016 APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING

    The article presents experimental studies on a compact heat exchanger with heat transfer intensification by means of impinging microjets. The pursuit to provide high performance of heat exchangers is a response to the demand both in economics and in the universal tendency to miniaturization of industrial equipment. This paper presents the design and tests of a prototype, microjet heat exchanger. The modular design of the heat exchanger allows to change its geometrical dimensions, as well as changing the heat exchange membrane material. The study of heat transfer in water-water flow, allows to determine the heat transfer efficiency, the characteristics of heat transfer, and the heat transfer coefficient values. Data were collected for the pressure drops in heat exchanger not exceeding 15 kPa, i.e. such as in conventional heat exchangers. Hydraulic characteristics of a model heat exchanger were obtained. Experimental values of heat transfer for jet impingement were calculated by means of Wilson's plot method. Obtained values of heat transfer coefficient were compared with literature correlations. Authors also proposed their own empirical correlation for jet impingement heat transfer coefficient.

  • Application of analytical procedure based on accelerated solvent extraction and ion chromatography technique for determination of thiocyanate and other inorganic ions in human placenta samples
    • Sylwia Narkowicz
    • Bogumiła Kiełbratowska
    • Ewa Jaszczak-Wilke
    • Jacek Namieśnik
    • Żaneta Polkowska
    2016

    Exposure of a pregnant woman during pregnancy is a special case of exposure to toxic substances. Samples of placenta collected for the studies had been prepared with the technique of accelerated solvent extraction and later analyzed for the presence of thiocyanate ion and other inorganic ions, with the use of the technique of ion chromatography. The concentration of thiocyanate ion in placenta samples collected from active smokers was at higher level than that in placenta samples of non-smoking women who were not exposed to the harmhul componds of tobacco smoke in the environment. The conducted statistical of measurement data obtained the differences in the concentrations of thiocyanate ion in the marked samples. The high concentration of thiocyanate ions in yhe placenta samples proves that harmful substances from tobacco smoke penetrate the placenta

  • Application of Barkhausen effect in the impact assessment of welding to internal stress distribution in steel
    • Dariusz Kowalski
    2016

    The paper presents identification method of internal stresses in plane steel elements in the chase of deliverance and welding assembly. The assessment was made by means of a non-destructive experimental method based on measurements incorporating local external magnetic field and the measurement of induced voltage, including Barkhausen noise. This method allows a degradation assessment due to internal and external actions, causing internal stress variation in a material. Internal stresses combined with the external load effects act on service safety of structural elements. The method allows to assess structural wear, comparing the material after use with the pattern material, leading to non-invasive experiments on ferromagnetic metals, both in qualitative and quantitative meaning.

  • Application of Barkhausen effect in the impact assessment of welding to internal stress distribution in steel
    • Dariusz Kowalski
    2016

    The paper presents identification method of internal stresses in plane steel elements in the chase of deliverance and welding assembly. The assessment was made by means of a non-destructive experimental method based on measurements incorporating local external magnetic field and the measurement of induced voltage, including Barkhausen noise. This method allows a degradation assessment due to internal and external actions, causing internal stress variation in a material. Internal stresses combined with the external load effects act on service safety of structural elements. The method allows to assess structural wear, comparing the material after use with the pattern material, leading to non-invasive experiments on ferromagnetic metals, both in qualitative and quantitative meaning.

  • Application of Barkhausen method to determine internal stresses in cold-rolled and hot-rolled sheets
    • Agnieszka Łukowicz
    • Dariusz Kowalski
    2016

    The paper presents investigations on internal stress distribution in plane hot—or cold-rolled sheets dedicated for the cold-formed profiles. The motivation of the research is a new profile design whose bending technology, incorporating a longitudinal welded joint and hot-dip galvanization after bending and welding introduces additional internal stresses. In order to identify the entirety of stresses in the process of sheet production and profile forming, in its first stage identification of internal stresses was made, due to sheet rolling, storing and transportation in the form of coils.

  • Application of boron-doped diamond film and ZnO layer in the Fabry-Pérot interferometer
    • Daria Majchrowicz
    • Wojciech Den
    • Małgorzata Szczerska
    2016

    In this article there have been presented the use of boron-doped diamond films for sensor applications. The low-finesse Fabry-Pérot interferometer working in the reflective mode has been implemented. Two kinds of reflective layers have been elaborated: boron-doped diamond thin films and zinc-oxide (ZnO) layer. Thin ZnO layers were deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) on the face of a standard telecommunication single-mode optical fiber (SMF-28). Boron-doped diamond films were deposited using Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (μPE CVD) system. Measurements were performed for various lengths of the air cavity in the reflective mode. The cavity length was varied from 0 μm to 600 μm in increments of 50 μm. Representative measured spectra obtained with a cavity length of 100 μm. The preliminary investigation of elaborated the low-coherence interferometers Fabry-Pérot have shown their ability for their application in sensors applications

  • APPLICATION OF CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS TO THE STUDY OF SNOW AT THE SUDETY MOUNTAINS, POLAND
    • Marek Błaś
    • Żaneta Polkowska
    • Simeonov Vasil
    • Tsakovski Stefan
    • Mieczyslaw Sobik
    • Katarzyna Kozak
    • Jacek Namieśnik
    2016 Full text Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S - Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna S

    Snow samples were collected during winter 2011/2012 in three posts in the Western Sudety Mountains (Poland) in 3 consecutive phases of snow cover development, i.e. stabilisation (Feb 1st), growth (Mar 15th) and its ablation (Mar 27th). To maintain a fixed number of samples, each snow profile has been divided into six layers, but hydrochemical indications were made for each 10 cm section of core. The complete data set was subjected in the first run of chemometric data interpretation to Cluster Analysis as well as Principal Components Analysis. Further, Self-Organizing Maps, type of neutral network described by Kohonen were used for visualization and interpretation of large high-dimensional data sets. For each site the hierarchical Ward’s method of linkage, squared Euclidean distance as similarity measure, standardized raw data, cluster significance test according to Sneath’s criterion clustering of the chemical variables was done. Afterwards this grouping of the chemical variables was confirmed by the results from Principal Components Analysis. The major conclusion is that the whole system of three sampling sites four patterns of variable groupings are observed: the first one is related to the mineral salt impact; the second one - with the impact of secondary emissions and organic pollutants; next one - with dissolved matter effect and the last one - with oxidative influence, again with relation to anthropogenic activities like smog, coal burning, traffic etc. It might be also concluded that specificity of the samples is determined by the factors responsible for the data set structure and not by particular individual or time factors.

  • Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry for the determination of oxygenated volatile organic compounds in effluents from the production of petroleum bitumen
    • Grzegorz Boczkaj
    • Patrycja Makoś
    • Andrzej Przyjazny
    2016 JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE

    Wepresent a new procedure for the determination of oxygenated volatile organic compounds in samples of postoxidative effluents from the production of petroleum bitumens using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The eight extraction parameters were optimized for 43 oxygenated volatile organic compounds. The detection limits obtained ranged from 0.07 to 0.82 g/mL for most of the analytes, the precision was good (relative standard deviation below 2.91% at the 5 g/mL level and 4.75% at the limit of quantification), the recoveries for the majority of compounds varied from 70.6 to 118.9%, and the linear range was wide, which demonstrates the usefulness of the procedure. The developed procedure was used for the determination of oxygenated volatile organic compounds in samples of raw postoxidative effluents and in effluents after chemical treatment. In total, 23 compounds at concentration levels from 0.37 to 32.95 g/mL were identified in real samples. The same samples were also analyzed in the SCAN mode, which resulted in four more phenol derivatives being identified and tentatively determined. The studies demonstrated the need for monitoring volatile organic compounds content in effluents following various treatments due to the formation of secondary oxygenated volatile organic compounds.

  • Application of dynamic headspace and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (DHS-GC-MS) for the determination of oxygenated volatile organic compounds in refinery effluents
    • Grzegorz Boczkaj
    • Patrycja Makoś
    • Andrzej Przyjazny
    2016 Full text Analytical Methods

    The paper presents a new procedure for the determination of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (O-VOCs) in postoxidative effluents from the production of petroleum asphalt using dynamic headspace coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode (DHSGC-MS). Among the GC capillary columns tested, a polar SLB-IL111 column with the ionic liquid stationary phase was found to be superior due to its high selectivity for n-alkanes and individual oxygenated volatile organic compounds. The low detection limit, good reproducibility and a wide linear range allows determination of O-VOCs at low concentration levels and applicability of the procedure to routine analyses of O-VOCs in industrial effluents with a very complex composition. The developed procedure was used for the analysis of real samples – raw effluents from the production of bitumens and effluents treated chemically through oxidation. Thirteen compounds at concentrations ranging from 0.01 mg mL1 to 118.61 mg mL1 were identified in the effluents. In addition, nine more compounds, mostly alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, were identified using the SCAN mode. The paper demonstrates the need for monitoring O-VOCs in processes of chemical treatment of effluents. Due to the pathways of oxidation of organic pollutants present in effluents, O-VOCs become secondary pollutants. A substantial increase in the concentration of some groups of compounds, i.e. phenol and its derivatives and aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, was found in oxidized effluents. The presence of these compounds has a negative effect on the activated sludge used in refinery wastewater treatment plants.

  • Application of electrochemical sensors and sensor matrixes for measurement of odorous chemical compounds
    • Jacek Gębicki
    2016 TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

    In this paper describes the principle of operation of the electrochemical sensors and the sensor matrixes comprised of electrochemical sensors intended for measurement of odorous compounds. Critical comparison of these sensors’ advantages and disadvantages has been made. The fields of economy contributing to release of odours and the potential sources of their emission have been identified. Commercially available electrochemical sensors and sensor matrixes for measurement of odorous compounds have also been presented.

  • Application of Electronic Nose Based on Fast GC for Authenticity Assessment of Polish Homemade Liqueurs Called Nalewka
    • Magdalena Śliwińska
    • Paulina Wiśniewska
    • Tomasz Dymerski
    • Waldemar Wardencki
    • Jacek Namieśnik
    2016 Full text Food Analytical Methods

    The possibility of application of electronic nose based on fast GC for differentiation of three types of cherry liqueurs, namely Polish homemade liqueurs called nalewka, commercially available liqueurs labeled as nalewka, and commercial liqueurs, was investigated. This device was equipped with two parallel connected columns with different stationary phases coupled to two ultrasensitive flame ionization detectors (μ-FIDs). Four data analysis methods were used, namely principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant function analysis (DFA), soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA), and statistical quality control (SQC). Application of electronic nose based on fast GC system allows identification of volatile organic compounds and compare aroma profiles of all three types of cherry liqueurs. Only DFA allows for full discrimination of all groups of samples. Application of PCA, SIMCA, and SQC analysis allows only for the differentiation of homemade and commercial liqueurs, but not for separation between two groups of commercial liqueurs. The electronic nose based on fast GC provides a possibility of effective and rapid aroma profile comparison (the total time of analysis is 93 s) of selected alcohols. In addition, the identification and tentative semiqualitative comparison of the amount of selected compounds of the volatile fraction of these beverages using the HS-SPME/GC×GC-TOFMS technique were done. This work presents the proposal of protection of this traditional product through elaborated methodology and rapid authentication assessment of Polish nalewka made from cherries.

  • APPLICATION OF INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY TO NON-CONTACT TESTING OF AD/DC POWER SUPPLY
    • Stanisław Galla
    • Alicja Konczakowska
    2016 FACTA UNIVERSITATIS

    Testing of AC/DC power supplies using the thermography was carried out in order to assess their assembly and operation correctness before launching them on the market. The investigation was carried out for 17 AC/DC power supplies which passed the standard tests (measurements of their basic parameters and characteristics). The investigation consisted of two steps. In the first step the dispersion of temperature on power supply boards was measured after 20 minutes operating in nominal conditions. Three regions were defined as potentially revealing a failure. In the second step the acceptable temperature increments on the boards of tested power supplies were evaluated. It was proposed to assess properties of power supplies on the basis of temperature increments on their boards, registered by an infrared camera either for 12 minutes or up to 20 minutes.

  • Application of Ionic Liquids in Amperometric Gas Sensors
    • Jacek Gębicki
    • Adam Kloskowski
    • Wojciech Chrzanowski
    • Piotr Stepnowski
    • Jacek Namieśnik
    2016 CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

    This article presents an analysis of available literature data on metrological parameters of the amperometric gas sensors containing ionic liquids as an electrolyte. Four mechanism types of signal generation in amperometric sensors with ionic liquid are described. Moreover, this article describes the influence of selected physico-chemical properties of the ionic liquids on the metrological parameters of these sensors. Some metrological parameters are also compared for amperometric sensors with GDE and SPE electrodes and with ionic liquids for selected analytes.

  • Application of ionic liquids in electronic nose instruments
    • Jacek Gębicki
    2016

    Among many applications in different fields of science and technology the ionic liquids (ILs) are also utilised in chemical sensors yielding improvement of their operation parameters (Buzzeo, 2004; Wei and Ivaska, 2008; Silvester, 2011; Gebicki et al., 2013). Some of these chemical sensors are the components of the devices, which resemble human sense of smell as far as their operation is concerned. These devices are named electronic noses (Gardner and Bartlett, 1996; Rock et al., 2008; Wilson and Baietto, 2009). Literature provides information that the ILs also found application as a component of the electronic nose instruments (Liang et al., 2002; Rehman et al., 2011). This contribution presents the principle of operation of these chemical sensors, in which the ILs are used and which are the components of the electronic nose instruments or possess a potential to be incorporated in the electronic nose structure in future.

  • Application of linear buckling sensitivity analysis to economic design of cylindrical steel silos composed of corrugated sheets and columns
    • Piotr Iwicki
    • Mateusz Sondej
    • Andrzej Tejchman-Konarzewski
    2016 ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS

    The paper deals with global stability of steel cylindrical silos composed of corrugated walls and vertical columns with loads imposed by a bulk solid following Eurocode 1. The optimum silo design with respect to the steel weight was based on a sensitivity analysis method. The changes of silo column profiles at each design step were performed by means of influence lines for the buckling load factor due to the unit column bending stiffness variation. The corrugated walls were simulated as an equivalent orthotropic shell and vertical thin-walled columns as beam elements. The results were compared with the Eurocode 3 approach and verified by FE results of linear buckling and non-linear analyses with geometric non-linearity carried out with the commercial finite element code ABAQUS for a 3D shell model of a perfect silo. The proposed procedure allowed for a rational silo design with an economic material use. Some recommendations for the silo optimum design were elaborated.

  • APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES FOR WATER TREATMENT
    • Dorota Dulko
    2016 Full text Technical Issues

    In this study magnetic nanoparticles were fabricated and used for water treatment. Nanoparticles were prepared in two ways. The first one involved NiZn ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation of metal cations with sodium hydroxide at high temperature. The second one featured maghemite nanoparticles was prepared by saltassisted solid-state reaction. Modification and functionalization of nanoparticles surface was investigated. Nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Modified nanoparticles were added to the solution of desired concentration of methylene green. Adsorption ability was examined trough ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS). For NiZn ferrite and also for maghemite nanoparticles results were positive. Both of complexes can be used for water treatment with 51% success for maghemite and 72% for NiZn ferrite nanoparticles.

  • Application of multicriteria decision analysis in solvent type optimization for chlorophenols determination with a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
    • Paulina Bigus
    • Jacek Namieśnik
    • Marek Tobiszewski
    2016 JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A

    This study presents a novel support tool for the optimization and development of analytical methods. The tool is based on multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), namely the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), that allows users to rank possible solutions according to their requirements. In this study, we performed rankings of pairs of eight extraction and three dispersive solvents used in DLLME for chlorophenols extraction from water samples. The first ranking involved sensitivity and precision of the method for each of the nine chlorophenols. The tool is a quantitative solution to the common analytical problem that the change of analytical performance results in better performance for some analytes and worse for others. The second ranking included the assessment of the greenness of each pair of solvents, based on toxicological, ecotoxicological and environmental persistence criteria. The third ranking was based on a combination of sensitivity, precision and greenness criteria. Heptane as an extraction solvent and acetone as a dispersive solvent were selected as the most appropriate ones. The TOPSIS tool is a successful, easy to implement, incorporation of green analytical chemistry values to analytical method optimization.

  • Application of multi-criteria methods to compare different solutions of supplying buildings in electricity from photovoltaic systems
    • Barbara Mendecka
    • Alicja Stoltmann
    2016

    Nowadays, the technologies of electricity generation in distributed systems are usually associated with Renewable Energy Sources (RES). The choice of the construction site depends mainly on the availability of the power system. However, energy planning, especially in case of RES, is a complex process involving multiple and often conflicting objectives. The complexity of the selection of the electricity system is typically addressed with the use of multi-criteria tools, involving all of the considered criteria and also different methods of their aggregation. The result is a final ranking of the available alternatives. This paper describes the application of a multi-criteria decision tool for the comparative analysis of the use of alternative options of the PV technology for electricity production. Four decision variants are considered, including the different construction of solar farms (static and movable structure) and different types of configuration of individual installation (off and on-grid). The construction of each new sources of electricity generation, including PV, is the multi-threaded and multi-dimensional decision problem. The criteria used in the analysis combine economic, environmental and social issues. The first of the considered criterion is the Net Present Value (NPV) which determines the economic viability of the project. The second criterion, thermo-ecological cost (TEC), connecting energy and environmental issues. Finally, the Land Use (LU) is considered as a social criterion. As aggregation function, the Weighted Sum Method (WSM) is used. The sensitivity analysis of the criteria weights was performed with the use of a novel method involving Monte Carlo simulation and a method of data reconciliation.

  • Application of multisensoral remote sensing data in the mapping of alkaline fens Natura 2000 habitat
    • Dominik Kopeć
    • Dorota Michalska-Hejduk
    • Sławik Łukasz
    • Tomasz Edward Berezowski
    • Marcin Borowski
    • Stanisſaw Rosadziſski
    • Jarosſaw Chormaſski
    2016 ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS

    The Biebrza River valley (NE Poland) is distinguished by largely intact, highly natural vegetation patterns and very good conservation status of wetland ecosystems. In 2013⿿2014, studies were conducted in the upper Biebrza River basin to develop a remote sensing method for alkaline fen classification ⿿ a protected Natura 2000 habitat (code 7230) ⿿ using remote sensing technologies. High resolution airborne true colour (RGB) and color infrared (CIR) orthophotomaps, the laser scanning point cloud and thermal day and night images were obtained in August 2013 in the Biebrza River basin. At the same time, botanical studies were conducted in this area using conventional phytosociological methods. The random forest classification method was used to distinguish patches (phytocoenoses) of alkaline fens in the study area. The developed method of wetland identification has an accuracy of 91.5%. The night land surface temperature (LST) appears to have the greatest indicator potential. The obtained inventory results were compared with the results of the traditional habitat 7230 mapping method, carried out in 2011⿿2013 by another team of authors, under the Management Plan (MP, 2014). The obtained results suggest that the developed method has a wide application in nature conservation. Remote sensing methods are alternatives to traditional methods and can be used to identify alkaline fens on a larger scale.