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Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2023

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  • Respiratory Rate Estimation Based on Detected Mask Area in Thermal Images
    • Natalia Kowalczyk
    • Jacek Rumiński
    2023

    The popularity of non-contact methods of measuring vital signs, particularly respiratory rate, has increased during the SARS-COV-2 pandemic. Breathing parameters can be estimated by analysis of temperature changes observed in thermal images of nostrils or mouth regions. However, wearing virus-protection face masks prevents direct detection of such face regions. In this work, we propose to use an automatic mask detection approach to select pixels within a mask region as a source of respiration information allowing efficient estimation of respiratory signals. We performed experiments with two important types of virus protection masks, i.e., FFP2 (N95) and surgical masks, for subjects while sitting, slowly walking from a short distance toward a camera, and slowly walking with moderate head movements. Experiments conducted with the adapted YOLO model have shown that detection of the mask area on the face allows for higher SNR values and reduces error in respiratory rate estimation in all analyzed scenarios. The Mean Absolute Error for respiratory rate estimation was below 1 bpm for sitting subjects for all types of masks. The error for walking subjects was 1.21 bpm for an FFP2 mask and about 2.1 bpm for a surgical mask. In the presence of head movements, while walking, the MAE was below 1.39 bpm and less than 1 bpm when only one outlier was removed.

  • Restrained differential of a graph
    • Abel Cabrera-Martinez
    • Magda Dettlaff
    • Magdalena Lemańska
    • Juan Alberto Rodriguez-Velazquez
    2023 Full text Discussiones Mathematicae Graph Theory

    Given a graph $G=(V(G), E(G))$ and a vertex $v\in V(G)$, the {open neighbourhood} of $v$ is defined to be $N(v)=\{u\in V(G) :\, uv\in E(G)\}$. The {external neighbourhood} of a set $S\subseteq V(G)$ is defined as $S_e=\left(\cup_{v\in S}N(v)\right)\setminus S$, while the \emph{restrained external neighbourhood} of $S$ is defined as $S_r=\{v\in S_e : N(v)\cap S_e\neq \varnothing\}$. The restrained differential of a graph $G$ is defined as $\partial_r(G)=\max \{|S_r|-|S|:\, S\subseteq V(G)\}.$ In this paper, we introduce the study of the restrained differential of a graph. We show that this novel parameter is perfectly integrated into the theory of domination in graphs. We prove a Gallai-type theorem which shows that the theory of restrained differentials can be applied to develop the theory of restrained Roman domination, and we also show that the problem of finding the restrained differential of a graph is NP-hard. The relationships between the restrained differential of a graph and other types of differentials are also studied. Finally, we obtain several bounds on the restrained differential of a graph and we discuss the tightness of these bounds.

  • Results of the “DPDT-Auger” Research Project on Screw Displacement Piles
    • Adam Krasiński
    • Andrzej Słabek
    • Paweł Więcławski
    • Mateusz Wiszniewski
    • Tomasz Kusio
    • Witold Tisler
    2023 Full text Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

    The main objective of the “DPDT-Auger” research project was to test the prototype DPDT auger for forming screw displacement piles in the ground (patented in Poland in 2020). An additional aim was to develop design methods and rules for the making of such piles. The augers and piles were first tested on a model scale, and then more extensively in the real scale on experimental field plots. The results found the overall functionality of the DPDT auger to be good, and in several aspects better than that of the SDP auger. The load-bearing capacities and Q-s characteristics of piles made with both augers were considered comparable. All the conducted tests and their derived dependencies together with the results of in situ subsoil tests allowed for the development of empirical calculation methods and prognostic procedures, useful for designing and producing piles with DPDT and SDP augers. FEM numerical simulation rules for the considered piles were also developed, verified and calibrated by the results of real pile tests. This article describes only the most important final results of the research project but not the detailed results of the numerous tests and analyses that were carried out. Also omitted are the results of model tests and numerical simulations, as well as the implementation and acceptance recommendations, as they have already been or will be the subject of separate publications.

  • Rethinking non-governmental organizations – at the crossroad of economics and civil society
    • Mikołaj Haczewski
    • Małgorzata Gawrycka
    2023 Full text Horyzonty Polityki

    The article aims to close the existing knowledge gaps, show why non‑governmental organizations are founded and maintained, and elaborate and systematize the existing knowledge through an analysis of the existing subdisciplines within economics, laying the groundwork for the economics of non‑governmental organizations. The article was written based on a structured literature review with an approach similar to the grounded theory method. The research question is: Why are NGOs founded and what is their modus operandi? After determining the research ques‑tion, literature evidence was collected from a variety of sources, which led to the creation of a theoretical explanatory model. Nevertheless, a deductive, top‑down approach has been taken to present the final model in a more comprehensible and transparent way. Based on the institutional hierarchy of O.E. Wil‑liamson and drawing from the theoretical framework of the economics of the public sector and the motives behind the sharing economy, a model was built that explains why NGOs are founded and maintained, thus elucidating the route from social theory (in particular, institutional environments) all the way to undertaking actions to solve a given issue. The article influences and enhances the current state of knowledge regarding non‑governmental institutions, including the placement of NGOs in particular disciplines within economics. It also significantly supports researchers doing subsequent studies regarding this area of social science. After further research in the proposed direction, more practical implications may arise in the future, including improvements in the management of NGOs that will facilitate their more efficient operation.

  • Reverberation divergence in VR applications
    • Patryk Rolkowski
    • Piotr Odya
    • Bartłomiej Mróz
    2023

    The aim of this project was to investigate the correlation between virtual reality (VR) imagery and ambisonic sound. With the increasing popularity of VR applications, understanding how sound is perceived in virtual environments is crucial for enhancing the immersiveness of the experience. By examining the relationship between visual scenes and sound scenes, this research attempts to explore how the interaction between vision and hearing influences the perception of the virtual environment. In the experiment, participants were immersed in a virtual environment that replicated a concert hall and were exposed to different types of sound scenes. Each sound scene differed in the employed impulse response recorded in real venues such as concert halls, auditoriums, churches, etc. To provide a realistic auditory experience, the sound scenes were processed using third-order ambisonics and decoded using binaural techniques with HRTF. The research was conducted using paired tests, where participants compared different sound scenes with each other, while viewing the same visual scene. One of the major conclusions drawn from the conducted research was the confirmation of the role of spatial sound in creating immersive VR experiences. The study demonstrated that the appropriate matching of spatial sound to the VR visual scene is an important factor for achieving full immersion. Additionally, the existence of expectations and preferences regarding the characteristics of reverberation in different types of spaces was discovered. These findings have significant implications for the design of virtual environments, and understanding these aspects can contribute to the improvement of VR technology and the creation of more immersive and realistic virtual experiences for users.

  • Reverse vaccinology-based prediction of a multi-epitope SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and its tailoring to new coronavirus variants
    • Wahiba Ezzemani
    • Anass Kettani
    • Subrahmanyam Sappati
    • Kavya Kondaka
    • Hicham El Ossmani
    • Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
    • Haya Altawalah
    • Rachid Saile
    • Michinori Kohara
    • Soumaya Benjelloun
    • Sayeh Ezzikouri
    2023 JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE & DYNAMICS

    The genome feature of SARS-CoV-2 leads the virus to mutate and creates new variants of concern. Tackling viral mutations is also an important challenge for the development of a new vaccine. Accordingly, in the present study, we undertook to identify B- and T-cell epitopes with immunogenic potential for eliciting responses to SARS-CoV-2, using computational approaches and its tailoring to coronavirus variants. A total of 47 novel epitopes were identified as immunogenic triggering immune responses and no toxic after investigation with in silico tools. Furthermore, we found these peptide vaccine candidates showed a significant binding affinity for MHC I and MHC II alleles in molecular docking investigations. We consider them to be promising targets for developing peptide-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Subsequently, we designed two efficient multi-epitopes vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2, the first one based on potent MHC class I and class II T-cell epitopes of S (FPNITNLCPF–NYNYLYRLFR–MFVFLVLLPLVSSQC), M (MWLSYFIASF–GLMWLSYFIASFRLF), E (LTALRLCAY–LLFLAFVVFLLVTLA), and N (SPRWYFYYL–AQFAPSASAFFGMSR). The second candidate is the result of the tailoring of the first designed vaccine according to three classes of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Molecular docking showed that the protein-protein binding interactions between the vaccines construct and TLR2–TLR4 immune receptors are stable complexes. These findings confirmed that the final multi-epitope vaccine could be easily adapted to new viral variants. Our study offers a shortlist of promising epitopes that can accelerate the development of an effective and safe vaccine against the virus and its adaptation to new variants.

  • Review and Indication of Key Activities for Energy Management Improvement in DC Microgrids
    • Kawsar Nassereddine
    • Marek Turzyński
    • Ryszard Strzelecki
    2023

    DC MicroGrids (MG) must have Energy Management Systems (EMS) to guarantee efficient, dependable, and environmentally friendly electricity. The application of Model Predictive Control (MPC), proved to be helpful due to its adaptability and capacity to use non-linear models. This paper, based on an extensive literature review, identifies and discusses the three key activities to improve the characteristics of DC microgrids, i.e.: the use of Energy Storage Systems (ESS), the implementation of Demand Side Management (DSM), and the use of MPC. These activities generally associated with the use of advanced control techniques allow optimization of microgrid operation taking into account various practical constraints, including time horizon, ESS parameters, and Demand Response program (DRP).

  • Review of Methods for Diagnosing the Degradation Process in Power Units Cooperating with Renewable Energy Sources Using Artificial Intelligence
    • Paweł Ziółkowski
    • Marta Drosińska-Komor
    • Jerzy Głuch
    • Łukasz Breńkacz
    2023 Full text ENERGIES

    This work is based on a literature review (191). It mainly refers to two diagnostic methods based on artificial intelligence. This review presents new possibilities for using genetic algorithms (GAs) for diagnostic purposes in power plants transitioning to cooperation with renewable energy sources (RESs). The genetic method is rarely used directly in the modeling of thermal-flow analysis. However, this assignment proves that the method can be successfully used for diagnostic purposes. The GA method was presented in this work for thermal-flow studies of steam turbines controlled from the central power system to obtain the stability of RESs. It should be remembered that the development of software using genetic algorithms to locate one-off degradations is necessary for a turbine that works sustainably with RESs. In this paper, against the background of the review, diagnostic procedures create an inverse model of a thermal power plant. Algorithms were used to detect fast global extremes through the convergence of simulated signatures with signs explaining degradation. In addition, statistical dependencies are used in the selection phase to accelerate fault detection. The created procedure allows obtaining a diagnosis in the form of a single degradation. This procedure turns out to be quite effective for the above example.

  • Review of Shoreline Extraction Methods from Aerial Laser Scanning
    • Andrzej Stateczny
    • Armin Halicki
    • Mariusz Specht
    • Cezary Specht
    • Oktawia Lewicka
    2023 Full text SENSORS

    Autonomous technologies are increasingly used in various areas of science. The use of unmanned vehicles for hydrographic surveys in shallow coastal areas requires accurate estimation of shoreline position. This is a nontrivial task, which can be performed using a wide range of sensors and methods. The aim of the publication is to review shoreline extraction methods based solely on data from aerial laser scanning (ALS). This narrative review discusses and critically analyses seven publications drawn up in the last ten years. The discussed papers employed nine different shoreline extraction methods based on aerial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data. It should be noted that unambiguous evaluation of shoreline extraction methods is difficult or impossible. This is because not all of the methods reported achieved accuracy, the methods were assessed on different datasets, the measurements were conducted using different devices, the water areas differed in geometrical and optical properties, the shorelines had different geometries, and the extent of anthropogenic transformation. The methods proposed by the authors were compared with a wide range of reference methods.

  • Review on friction stir welding of dissimilar magnesium and aluminum alloys: Scientometric analysis and strategies for achieving high-quality joints
    • Mohamed M. Z. Ahmed
    • Mohamed M. El-Sayed Seleman
    • Dariusz Fydrych
    • Gürel Çam
    2023 Full text Journal of Magnesium and Alloys

    Magnesium and aluminum alloys continually attract interest as lightweight structural materials for transport applications. However, joining these dissimilar alloys is very challenging. The main obstacle that hinders progress in dissimilar Mg-Al joining is the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs). As a solid-state joining technique, FSW is an excellent candidate to attenuate the deleterious IMC effects in dissimilar Al-Mg joining due to the inherent low heat inputs involved in the process. However, the IMCs, namely Al3Mg2 and Al12Mg17 phases, have also been reported to form during Al-Mg dissimilar FSW; their amount and thickness depend on the heat input involved; thus, the weld parameters used. Since the heat dissipated in the material during the welding process significantly affects the amount of IMCs, the heat input during FSW should be kept as low as possible to control and reduce the amount of IMCs. This review aims to critically discuss and evaluate the studies conducted in the dissimilar Al/Mg FSW through a scientometric analysis and also with a focus on the strategies recently applied to enhance joint quality. The scientometric analysis showed that the main research directions in Mg/Al FSW are the technological weldability of aluminum and magnesium during FSW, structural morphology, and mechanical properties of dissimilar welded joints. Considering the scope of application of the aforementioned joints, the low share of articles dealing with environmental degradation and operational cracking is surprising. This might be attributed to the need for well-developed strategies for obtaining high-quality and sustainable joints for applications. Thus, the second part of this review is conventional, focusing mainly on the new strategies for obtaining high-quality Mg/Al joints. It can be concluded that in addition to the necessity to optimum welding parameters to suppress the excessive heat to limit the amount and thickness of IMC formed and improve the overall joint quality, strategies such as using Zn interlayer, electric current assisted FSW(EAFSW), ultrasonic vibration FSW (UVaFSW), are considered effective in the elimination, reduction, and fragmentation of the brittle IMCs.

  • Revisiting Toroidal Dipolar Moment in Planar Metamaterial
    • Abhishek Kumar Jha
    • Adam Lamęcki
    • Michał Mrozowski
    2023 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES

    This article revisits the electric, magnetic, and toroidal dipolar moments in the metamaterial structure and presents the flatland design for generating a toroidal dipolar response for the electromagnetic plane wave at normal incidence. Based on the numerical analysis of the surface current, the electric field, the magnetic field, and the quantitative analysis of scattered power supported by the electromagnetic multipole theory, it is shown that the earlier design involving symmetric unit cells is not able to produce toroidal dipolar moment. This study resulted in a new design of a planar metasurface, which provides a toroidal response as the dominant mode when excited by the transverse magnetic (TM)-polarized electromagnetic wave. The scattered power calculated for the proposed toroidal flatland metamaterial is found to be 1.7 × 105 times larger than the earlier design under investigation. The scattered power due to the toroidal dipole in the proposed design is found to be at least 70 times and 8 × 108 times larger than the electric dipole and the magnetic dipole, respectively, in the z-direction.

  • Revitalizing the Sacral Complex of the Parish of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Gdynia: A Comprehensive Restoration Project in Alignment with Monument Conservator's Guidelines and Technical Prerequisites
    • Maciej Niedostatkiewicz
    • Jacek Bramorski
    2023 Full text Modern Engineering

    Religiouscomplexes, due to their monumental character, belong to the group of facilities in which carrying out renovation works is difficult. Very often, construction works carried out as part of planned renovation work include not only modernization but also repair works, includingthose related to the reinforcement of structural elements. Renovation work in sacral buildings is particularly difficult when they are located in the area covered by conservation.The paperis a case study of the existing religious complex of the Parish of the Sacred Heart of Jesus located in Gdynia, consisting of a church building and a bell tower. The church building realized in the 1960s and the belfry located in its immediate vicinity built in the 1980s after many years of use showednot only signs of operational decapitalization which lowered their aesthetic value as a monument containing elements of modernist architecture, but also all were characterized by damage to construction and finishing elements, which posed a threat to the safety of the structure and use.

  • RF Multi-Functional Input-Reflectionless Dispersive-Delay Structure With Sharp-Rejection Filtering Using Channelization Techniques
    • Maciej Jasiński
    • Li Yang
    • Adam Lamęcki
    • Roberto Gomez-Garcia
    • Michał Mrozowski
    2023 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS II-EXPRESS BRIEFS

    A class of RF multi-functional input-reflectionless dispersive-delay structure (DDS) with linear-type in-band groupdelay variation and sharp-rejection bandpass-filtering capability is reported. It exploits a two-branch-channelized/balanced-type circuit with similar low-order reflective DDS units inside its channels, which are connected through input/output 3-dB quadrature wideband couplers. The adopted DDS unit is based on a coupledresonator network with a frequency-dependent cross-coupling. It introduces a pair of complex transmission zeros (TZs) to shape the intended in-band group-delay profile. Unequal transmissionline-based phase-shifting sections are also inserted at the outputs of both channels. In this manner, an input-absorptive behavior and selectivity enhancement with TZ generation are attained by means of transversal signal-interference techniques at the overall input and output nodes, respectively. Moreover, as the transferfunction phase term of the interference action in transmission is linear with frequency, the total group-delay pattern is defined by the DDS unit of the channels. As practical validation, a 1.5-GHz proof-of-concept microstrip prototype is constructed and tested.

  • Road traffic can be predicted by machine learning equally effectively as by complex microscopic model
    • Andrzej Sroczyński
    • Andrzej Czyżewski
    2023 Full text Scientific Reports

    Since high-quality real data acquired from selected road sections are not always available, a traffic control solution can use data from software traffic simulators working offline. The results show that in contrast to microscopic traffic simulation, the algorithms employing neural networks can work in real-time, so they can be used, among others, to determine the speed displayed on variable message road signs. This paper describes an experiment to develop and test machine learning models, i.e., long short-term memory, gated recurrent unit recurrent networks, and stacked autoencoder networks. It compares their effectiveness with traffic prediction results generated using a widely recognized traffic simulator that analyzes traffic at the level of individual vehicles.

  • Role of Fungi in Biodegradation of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids by Activated Sewage Sludge
    • Joanna Klein
    • Justyna Łuczak
    • Anna Brillowska-Dąbrowska
    2023 MOLECULES

    Ionic liquids (ILs), due to their specific properties, can play the role of persistent water contaminants. Fungi manifest the ability to decompose hardy degradable compounds, showing potential in the biodegradation of ILs, which has been studied extensively on sewage sludge; however, attention was drawn mainly to bacterial and not fungal species. The aim of the research was to determine the significance of fungi in ILs’ biodegradation to extend the knowledge and possibly point out ways of increasing their role in this process. The research included: the isolation and genetic identification of fungal strains potentially capable of [OMIM][Cl], [BMIM][Cl], [OMIM][Tf2N], and [BMIM][Tf2N] degradation, adjustment of the ILs concentration for biodegradability test by MICs determination and choosing strains with the highest biological robustness; inoculum adaptation tests, and finally primary biodegradation by OECD 301F test. The study, conducted for 2 mM [OMIM][Cl] as a tested substance and consortium of microorganisms as inoculum, resulted in an average 64.93% biodegradation rate within a 28-day testing period. For the individual fungal strain (Candida tropicalis), the maximum of only 4.89% biodegradation rate was reached in 10 days, then inhibited. Insight into the role of fungi in the biodegradation of ILs was obtained, enabling the creation of a complex overview of ILs toxicity and the possibilities of its biological use. However, only an inoculum consisting of a consortium of microorganisms enriched with a selected strain of fungi was able to decompose the IL, in contrast to that consisting only of an individual fungal strain.

  • ROLE OF GREEN LOGISTICS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAINS
    • Nguyen Dang Khoa Pham
    • Gia Huy Dinh
    • Hoang T. Pham
    • Janusz Kozak
    • Phuong Nguyen Hoang
    2023 Full text Polish Maritime Research

    The global supply chain has been growing strongly in recent years. This development brings many benefits to the economy, society, and human resources in each country but also causes a large number of concerns related to the environment since traditional logistics activities in the supply chain have been releasing significant amount of emissions. For that reason, many solutions have been proposed to deal with these environmental pollution problems. Among these, three promising solutions are expected to completely solve environmental problems in every supply chain: (i) application of blockchain in the supply chain, (ii) Use of renewable energy and alternative fuels, and (iii) Design of a closed supply chain. However, it seems to lack comprehensive study of these solutions aiming to overcome the drawbacks of traditional logistics. Indeed, this work focuses on analyzing and evaluating the three above-mentioned solutions and the impacts of each solution on solving problems related to traditional logistics. More importantly, this work also identifies critical factors and challenges such as policies, laws, awareness, and risks that are found to be remarkable difficulties in the shifting progress of traditional logistics to green logistics. Finally, directions for developing and deploying green solutions to the logistics, supply chain, and shipping sectors toward decarbonization strategies and net-zero goals are discussed in detail.

  • Role of research and development in internationalization of high-tech firms: Empirical results from Poland
    • Krzysztof Wach
    • Nelly Daszkiewicz
    2023 Full text Journal of International Studies

    The article focuses on the significance of research and development (R&D) in driving the internationalization of Polish high-tech firms. R&D is essential for businesses to remain competitive and adapt their products to the specific requirements of different markets. The study aims to investigate the relationship between R&D and the internationalization process of high-tech firms based in Poland, with a focus on the innovation context. We used a quantitative research method and employed a survey questionnaire to evaluate the internationalization of high-tech firms in Poland. The study employed a computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) method and identified the random sample of 263 fully-filled questionnaires during the survey that were important for further statistical analysis. We confirmed that research and development as it is commonly understood, i.e., having one's own R&D department and making expenditures on R&D, helps and strengthens the internationalization of high-tech firms.

  • Rotor-Flux Vector based Observer of Interior Permanent Synchronous Machine
    • Marcin Morawiec
    • Arkadiusz Lewicki
    • Charles Ikechukwu Odeh
    2023 Full text IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

    The sensorless control system of the interior permanent magnet machine is considered in this paper. The control system is based on classical linear controllers. In the machine, there occurs non-sinusoidal distribution of rotor flux together with the slot harmonics, which are treated as the control system disturbances. In this case, the classical observer structure in the (d-q) is unstable for the low range of rotor speed resulting in disturbances. This negative effect can be minimized by using the observer structure which is based on the rotor flux vector in (α-β) stationary frame together with the classical rotor speed and position law of estimation. The performance of the observer structure is validated by simulation and experimental results in the sensorless control system with field-oriented control

  • Roughness evaluation of turned composite surfaces by analysis of the shape of Autocorrelation Function
    • Przemysław Podulka
    • Wojciech Macek
    • Beata Zima
    • Grzegorz Lesiuk
    • Ricardo Branco
    • Grzegorz Królczyk
    2023 Full text MEASUREMENT

    In this paper, the application of an Autocorrelation Function for the characterisation of surface topography was validated. The roughness evaluation of turned composite surfaces was supported by sophisticated studies of the Autocorrelation Function properties, considering especially the shape of the function. Details were measured with the optical method. The selection of the surface roughness evaluation procedures was carried out based on the Autocorrelation Function for both profile and areal analyses. Moreover, the application of various types of regular analysis methods, proposed in commercial software, like regular Gaussian regression and robust Gaussian functions, median de-noising, regular isotropic Spline, and fast Fourier transform filters, was proposed for the evaluation of surface topography parameters from the ISO 25178 standards. It was found that many common techniques, like commonly used filters, spectral analysis, and characterisation of texture direction, were supported by the proposed Autocorrelation Function studies. Moreover, the hard thresholding technique was found to be valuable in the comprehensive noise-suppression analysis.

  • Routing Method for Interplanetary Satellite Communication in IoT Networks Based on IPv6
    • Paweł Dobrowolski
    • Grzegorz Debita
    • Przemysław Falkowski-Gilski
    2023

    The matter of interplanetary network (IPN) connection is a complex and sophisticated topic. Space missions are aimed inter alia at studying the outer planets of our solar system. Data transmission itself, as well as receiving data from satellites located on the borders of the solar system, was only possible thanks to the use of powerful deep space network (DSN) receivers, located in various places on the surface of the Earth. In this paper, we describe a routing method, based on geostationary orbits of the planets of our solar system, to give predictable, orderly motion of the satellites, equipped with measurement tools, i.e., managed by repro-grammable field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), related with the Internet of things (IoT) concept.