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Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2024

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  • LCF behavior of 2024AA under uni- and biaxial loading taking into account creep pre-deformation
    • Adam Tomczyk
    • Andrzej Seweryn
    2024 ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS

    This study presents the results of experimental low-cycle fatigue (LCF) tests of aluminum 2024 alloy T3511 temper in uni- and biaxial loading states. Tests were carried out on both the as-received material (hardened extruded rods) and material with different pre-deformation histories. These deformations were carried out in the creep process at 200 °C and 300 °C for two different levels of at each temperature. The pre-deformed material’s basic fatigue characteristics were determined and compared with the appropriate characteristics of the as-received material. In-depth macro- and microscopic analysis (SEM) of fracture surfaces was done. The effect of preliminary creep on LCF behavior of investigated alloy was characterized for both uni- and biaxial loading. An increase of fatigue life occurs for large plastic strains in the case of cyclic tension/compression. For in-phase biaxial loading, improvement of life is observed only for material with pre-deformation at 300 °C. Crack initiates in the plane of maximum shear strains for both biaxial loading and pure torsion. For tension/compression – in the plane of maximum principal stress (strain).

  • LDNet: A Robust Hybrid Approach for Lie Detection Using Deep Learning Techniques
    • Shanjita Akter Prome
    • Md Rafiqul Islam
    • David Asirvatham
    • Neethiahnanthan Ari Ragavan
    • Cesar Sanín
    • Edward Szczerbicki
    2024 CMC-Computers Materials & Continua

    Deception detection is regarded as a concern for everyone in their daily lives and affects social interactions. The human face is a rich source of data that offers trustworthy markers of deception. The deception or lie detection systems are non-intrusive, cost-effective, and mobile by identifying facial expressions. Over the last decade, numerous studies have been conducted on deception detection using several advanced techniques. Researchers have focused their attention on inventing more effective and efficient solutions for the detection of deception. So, it could be challenging to spot trends, practical approaches, gaps, and chances for contribution. However, there are still a lot of opportunities for innovative deception detection methods. Therefore, we used a variety of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) approaches to experiment with this work. This research aims to do the following: (i) review and analyze the current lie detection (LD) systems; (ii) create a dataset; (iii) use several ML and DL techniques to identify lying; and (iv) create a hybrid model known as LDNet. By combining layers from Vgg16 and DeneseNet121, LDNet was developed and offered the best accuracy (99.50%) of all the models. Our developed hybrid model is a great addition that significantly advances the study of LD. The findings from this research endeavor are expected to advance our understanding of the effectiveness of ML and DL techniques in LD. Furthermore, it has significant practical applications in diverse domains such as security, law enforcement, border control, organizations, and investigation cases where accurate lie detection is paramount.

  • Leading with Understanding: Cultivating Positive Relationships between Neurotypical Leaders and Neurodivergent Employees
    • Joanna Szulc
    2024 Full text Employee Relations

    Neurodivergent employees have atypical needs that require distinctive leadership approaches. In this study, the specific nature of a relationship between neurodivergent employees and their neurotypical leaders is explored through the lens of the Leader-Member-Exchange (LMX) theory. This two-phased qualitative study builds on 12 semi-structured interviews with neurodivergent employees and an unstructured focus group with 15 individuals with professional and/or personal interest in neurodiversity. The researcher spent almost 13 hours listening to the lived experiences of research participants concerning neurodiversity and leadership. Leaders who exhibit empathy and understanding were noted to provide greater support. The findings also highlight the complexity of neuro-inclusion in the workplace. Specifically, the delicate balance between accommodation and avoiding stigmatization is emphasized, addressing the concerns raised regarding the legal risks associated with neurodivergent inclusion. Additionally, the findings underscore the necessity for leaders to avoid patronizing behaviours while catering to the diverse needs of neurodivergent employees. This underscores the importance of supporting both neurodivergent employees but also leaders navigating such challenges. The findings help to establish inclusive and accommodating employee relations practices that conscientiously address the requirements of neurodivergent employees while providing support for those in leadership roles. This study constitutes a direct answer to recent calls to develop more nuanced understanding of workplace neurodiversity with a specific focus on neuro-inclusive leadership. Acknowledging that we still use inappropriate, old tools in new situations that require novel approaches to leadership, it helps to set the agenda for future research in this area.

  • Learning sperm cells part segmentation with class-specific data augmentation
    • Marcin Jankowski
    • Emilia Lewandowska
    • Hugues Talbot
    • Daniel Węsierski
    • Anna Węsierska
    2024

    Infertility affects around 15% of couples worldwide. Male fertility problems include poor sperm quality and low sperm count. The advanced fertility treatment methods like ICSI are nowadays supported by vision systems to assist embryologists in selecting good quality sperm. Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA) provides quantitative and qualitative sperm analysis concerning concentration, motility, morphology, vitality, and fragmentation. However, fertility assessment algorithms often neglect individual spermatozoon tail and its beating patterns because recognizing the tails in blurry microscopic images reliably is challenging. In this article, we propose that models trained with head and tail part classes can better localize parts and segment the whole spermatozoon objects. Usually, the training of segmentation sperm models is supported by image-level augmentation. We argue that models guided by class-specific data augmentation attend to less discriminative sperm parts. To demonstrate this, we decouple the augmentation into object-level and background augmentation for the sperm part segmentation problem. Our proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods on the SegSperm dataset. Moreover, our ablation studies confirm the effectiveness of the proposed part-based object representation and augmentation.

  • Leather Waste Hydrolysation, Carbonization, and Microbial Treatment for Nitrogen Recovery by Ryegrass Cultivation
    • Ksawery Kuligowski
    • Dawid Skrzypczak
    • Katarzyna Mikula
    • Katarzyna Chojnacka
    • Paulina Bandrów
    • Robert Tylingo
    • Szymon Mania
    • Adrian Woźniak
    2024 Materials

    Leather waste contains up to 10% nitrogen (N); thus, combustion or gasification only for the energy recovery would not be rational, if safety standards are met. On the other hand, the chromium (Cr) content exceeding 5% in half of the waste stream (w/w) is too significant to be applied in agriculture. In this work, four acid hydrolysates from leather waste shavings, both wet-white free of Cr and wet-blue with Cr, were used: two with a mixture of acids and supplemented with Cu, Mn, and Zn, and the other two as semi-products from collagen extraction using hydrochloric acid. Additionally wet-green leather waste shavings, e.g., impregnated with olive extract, were used followed by the two treatments: amendment with a biochar from “wet white” leather waste shavings and amendment with this biochar incubated with the commercial phosphorus stimulating microbial consortia BactoFos. They were applied as organic nitrogen-based fertilizers in a glasshouse experiment, consisting of 4–5 subsequent harvests every 30 days, under spring–autumn conditions in northern Poland. Biochar-amended wet-greens provided the highest nitrogen use efficiencies, exceeding 100% after 4 months of growth (for 20 kg N/ha) and varying from 17% to 37% in particular months. This is backed up by another parameter (relative agronomic effectiveness) that for these materials exceeded 150% for a single month and in total was around 33%. Biochar amendments significantly increased agronomic parameters for wet-greens, and their microbial treatment enhanced them even further. Recycling this type of waste can replace inorganic fertilizers, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint.

  • LemPhos – New P-Chiral Phospholene Core Based Ligand
    • Adam Włodarczy
    • Łukasz Ponikiewski
    2024 SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART

    Synthesis and modifications of new chiral phospholene-based scaffolds are described. The construction of base molecules was accomplished via McCormack synthesis. Separation of single P-epimers was accomplished with column chromatography on silica gel.

  • Lepidium peruvianum as a Source of Compounds with Anticancer and Cosmetic Applications
    • Dorota Kasprzak
    • Katarzyna Gaweł-Bęben
    • Wirginia Kukuła-Koch
    • Marcelina Strzępek-Gomółka
    • Anna Wawruszak
    • Sylwia Woźniak
    • Marcelina Chrzanowska
    • Karolina Czech
    • Julia Borzyszkowska-Bukowska
    • Kazimierz Głowniak
    • Dariusz Matosiuk
    • Rita Cristina Orihuela-Campos
    • Barbara Jodłowska-Jędrych
    • Tomasz Laskowski
    • Henry O. Meissner
    2024 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

    Lepidium peruvianum—an edible herbaceous biennial plant distributed in the Andes—has been used for centuries as food and as a natural medicine in treating hormonal disorders, as an antidepressant, and as an anti-osteoporotic agent. The presented study aims to prove its beneficial cosmetic and chemopreventive properties by testing the antiradical, whitening, cytotoxic, and anticancer properties of differently colored phenotypes that were extracted using three solvents: methanol, water, and chloroform, with the help of the chemometric approach to provide evidence on the impact of single glucosinolanes (seven identified compounds in the HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis) on the biological activity of the total extracts. The tested extracts exhibited moderate antiradical activity, with the methanolic extract from yellow and grey maca phenotypes scavenging 49.9 ± 8.96% and 48.8% ± 0.44% of DPPH radical solution at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, respectively. Grey maca was the most active tyrosinase inhibitor, with 72.86 ± 3.42% of the enzyme activity calculated for the water extract and 75.66 ± 6.21% for the chloroform extract. The studies in cells showed no cytotoxicity towards the human keratinocyte line HaCaT in all studied extracts and a marked inhibition of cell viability towards the G361 melanoma cell line, which the presence of pent-4-enylglucosinolate, glucotropaeolin, and glucoalyssin in the samples could have caused. Given all biological activity tests combined, the three mentioned compounds were shown to be the most significant positive contributors to the results obtained, and the grey maca water extract was found to be the best source of the former compound among the tested samples.

  • Lessons learned in a decade: Medical‐toxicological view of tattooing
    • Michael Giulbudagian
    • Beatrice Battisini
    • Wolfgang Bäumler
    • Ana M Rico Blass
    • Beatrice Bocca
    • Corinna Brungs
    • Marco Famele
    • Milena Foerster
    • Birgit Gutsche
    • Veit Houben
    • Urs Hauri
    • Katarzyna Karpienko
    • Uwe Karst
    • Linda M. Katz
    • Nicolas Kluger
    • Jørgen Serup
    • Steffen Schubert
    • Ines Schreiver
    • Sebastiaan A. S. van der Bent
    • Carina Wolf
    • Andreas Luch
    • Peter Laux
    2024 Full text JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY

    Tattooing has been part of the human culture for thousands of years, yet only in the past decades has it entered the mainstream of the society. With the rise in popularity, tattoos also gained attention among researchers, with the aim to better understand the health risks posed by their application. 'A medical-toxicological view of tattooing'-a work published in The Lancet almost a decade ago, resulted from the international collaboration of various experts in the field. Since then, much understanding has been achieved regarding adverse effects, treatment of complications, as well as their regulation for improving public health. Yet major knowledge gaps remain. This review article results from the Second International Conference on Tattoo Safety hosted by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) and provides a glimpse from the medical-toxicological perspective, regulatory strategies and advances in the analysis of tattoo inks.

  • Leveraging Activation Maps for Improved Acoustic Events Detection and Classification
    • Maciej Szczodrak
    • Józef Kotus
    • Piotr Szczuko
    • Grzegorz Szwoch
    2024

    This paper presents a novel approach to enhance the accuracy of deep learning models for acoustic event detection and classification in real-world environments. We introduce a method that leverages activation maps to identify and address model overfitting, combined with an expert-knowledge-based event detection algorithm for data pre-processing. Our approach significantly improved classification performance, increasing the F1 score from 0.65 in the baseline model to 0.96 in the optimized model. The method was evaluated on a diverse validation dataset of 100 samples per each of 8 classes of urban acoustic events, including gunshots, explosions, and screams. Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) visualizations confirmed that our enhanced model focuses on relevant signal components, reducing reliance on irrelevant background information. Additionally, our expert detection module enables efficient online processing by bypassing the classifier for non-event signals. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of combining explainable AI techniques with domain expertise to improve the robustness and efficiency of acoustic event classification systems.

  • Leveraging food waste for electricity: A low-carbon approach in energy sector for mitigating climate change and achieving net zero emission in Hong Kong (China)
    • Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan
    • Xue Liang
    • Hui Hwang Goh
    • Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
    • Abdelkader Anouzla
    • Hussein Al-Hazmi
    • Kit Wayne Chew
    • Faissal Aziz
    • Imran Ali
    2024 JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

    In recent years, food waste has been a global concern that contributes to climate change. To deal with the rising impacts of climate change, in Hong Kong, food waste is converted into electricity in the framework of low-carbon approach. This work provides an overview of the conversion of food waste into electricity to achieve carbon neutrality. The production of methane and electricity from waste-to-energy (WTE) conversion are determined. Potential income from its sale and environmental benefits are also assessed quantitatively and qualitatively. It was found that the electricity generation from the food waste could reach 4.33 109 kWh annually, avoiding equivalent electricity charge worth USD 3.46 109 annually (based on US' 8/kWh). An equivalent CO2 mitigation of 9.9 108 kg annually was attained. The revenue from its electricity sale in market was 1.44 in the 1st year and USD 4.24 in the 15th year, respectively, according to the projected CH4 and electricity generation. The modelling study indicated that the electricity production is 0.8 kWh/kg of landfilled waste. The food waste could produce electricity as low as US' 8 per kW h. In spite of its promising results, there are techno-economic bottlenecks in commercial scale production and its application at comparable costs to conventional fossil fuels. Issues such as high GHG emissions and high production costs have been determined to be resolved later. Overall, this work not only leads to GHG avoidance, but also diversifies energy supply in providing power for homes in the future.

  • Leveraging Generative AI Tools for UX Design in Lean and Agile Projects
    • Marcin Sikorski
    2024

    Recent advancements in Generative AI (GenAI) open new opportunities to improve User Experience (UX) practitioners’ efficiency in their projects. Due to intensive teamwork caused by time pressure and readiness for rapid changes, Lean and Agile project management seems particularly predestined for easy adoption of GenAI-supported UX design methods. However, precipitate and spontaneous leveraging of GenAI tools to UX design bears the risk that results may differ from what is expected and cause delays that harm a speedy IT project management. This paper identifies issues relevant to UX practitioners' dilemmas when considering GenAI tools for user interface projects, and proposes a fast-and-fugal decision-making framework for IT project managers and UX professionals on whether to use (or not) GenAI tools in Agile and Lean IT projects.

  • Light formed through urban morphology and different organism groups: First findings from a systematic review
    • Seren Dincel
    • Ute Besenecker
    • Daniel Koch
    • Karolina Zielińska-Dąbkowska
    2024 Full text IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

    The prevailing implementation and usage of contemporary lighting technologies and design practices in cities have created over-illuminated built environments. Recent studies indicate that exposure to electric lighting effects formed through spatial characteristics has visual, physiological, and behavioural effects on both humans and non-humans, such as wildlife. In order to gain a better understanding of the impact that electric lighting has on space and different organism groups, a comprehensive literature review was conducted applying PRISMA 2020 systematic review guidelines. Results of the searches from various databases, such as Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus, identified 5260 related studies. A total of 55 papers connected to four themes: (1) urban morphology; (2) human visual impressions; (3) ecological impacts; and (4) design approaches and methods were analysed with a focus on urban morphology. The review provided the following general findings: lighting properties alone are inadequate to depict visual impressions of pedestrians, patterns formed through light interacting with spatial characteristics can contribute to understanding how spaces are visually perceived and help characterising the exposure of wildlife organisms to potential disturbances.

  • Lignocellulosic waste biosorbents infused with deep eutectic solvents for biogas desulfurization
    • Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska
    • Dominika Sikorska
    • Patrycja Janicka
    • Edyta Słupek
    • Aleksandra Mielewczyk-Gryń
    • Jacek Gębicki
    2024 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL

    This paper introduces an innovative method for treating biogas streams, employing lignocellulosic biosorbents infused with environmentally friendly solvents known as deep eutectic solvents (DES). The primary focus of this study was the elimination of volatile organosulfur compounds (VSCs) from model biogas. Biosorbents, including energetic poplar wood, antipka tree, corncobs, and beech wood, were used, each with varying levels of lignin and hemicellulose content. The selection of the DES with the greatest potential for VSC removal was carried out using COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Realistic Solvents (COSMO-RS) modeling. The chosen DES consisted of quaternary ammonium salts and glycols, specifically, tetrapropylammonium bromide and 1,2-hexanediol (1:3). The physicochemical properties of the new DES, such as the viscosity, density, and melting point, were evaluated. The biosorbents were treated with the selected DES after shredding, purifying, and sieving. Comprehensive analysis techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, were employed on the modified biosorbents both before and after modification. The subsequent step involved the adsorption of VSCs from biogas. The results of this study demonstrated the superior performance of a novel sorbent based on corn cob modified by DES compared to commercially available alternatives. The sorption capacity ranged from 103.8 to 112.1 mg/g for various VSCs. The adsorption process using the new biosorbent can be described by the pseudo second order kinetic model, as well as the Yoon-Nelson and Adams-Bohart models. The high efficacy of the VSCs removal was attributed to the concurrent operation of the absorption and adsorption processes. The resulting sorbent was also characterized by its ability to regenerate repeatedly without significant loss of sorption capacity of the new sorbents.

  • Limitation of Floating-Point Precision for Resource Constrained Neural Network Training
    • Mariusz Pietrołaj
    2024 Full text

    Insufficient availability of computational power and runtime memory is a major concern when it comes to experiments in the field of artificial intelligence. One of the promising solutions for this problem is an optimization of internal neural network’s calculations and its parameters’ representation. This work focuses on the mentioned issue by the application of neural network training with limited precision. Based on this research, the author proposes a new method of precision limitation for neural network training leveraging a custom, constrained floating-point representation with additional rounding mechanism. Its application allows to limit the resources required during neural network training thanks to the reduction of computational complexity and memory usage. The work shows that the proposed procedure allows to train commonly used benchmark networks such as LeNet, AlexNet and ResNet without significant accuracy degradation while using only 8-bit custom floating-point variables. It has also been proven that the proposed method of precision limitation does not negatively affect the network’s convergence, therefore, it is not required to extend the training by increasing the number of costly training epochs.

  • Limited dissolution of transition metals in the nanocrystalline cerium (IV) oxide
    • Agata Ducka
    • Patryk Błaszczak
    • Marcin Zajac
    • Adrian Mizera
    • Francesco d'Acapito
    • Beata Bochentyn
    2024 Full text CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL

    Nanocrystalline cerium (IV) oxides doped with transition metals have gained significant interest recently, mostly in the field of catalysis. Herein, we present the comprehensive studies on ceria doped with 10 mol.% of transition metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni or Cu) synthesized by the reverse microemulsion method. The aim of this work is to study the properties of those materials with the use of different complementary methods like XRD, SEM, TPR, and XPS and to determine the possibility of fabrication of single-phase materials with that doping level. Studies presented here prove that despite showing single-phase XRD patterns with high nanocrystallinity, in all obtained materials, the dopants are not fully incorporated in the ceria lattice. Spectroscopy studies show that additional transition metal oxides are present on the surface of all materials. Herein, we also present the analyses of L3,2-edges of transition metals in ceria, as well as high energy Ce K-edge to prove that 10 mol.% of any of those transition metals cannot be incorporated in the ceria host without the formation of additional phases. Using techniques presented here, it was found that the highest share of Mn can be dissolved in the lattice, while Cu is mostly present as a surficial Cu2O. Studies presented are an important contribution to the discussion about the solubility limits in nanocrystalline ceria and its properties which may be utilized for e.g various catalysts or as electrolytes.

  • Linear Time-Varying Dynamic-Algebraic Equations of Index One on Time Scales
    • Svetlin Georgiev
    • Sergey Kryzhevich
    2024

    In this paper, we introduce a class of linear time-varying dynamic-algebraic equations (LTVDAE) of tractability index one on ar- bitrary time scales. We propose a procedure for the decoupling of the considered class LTVDAE. Explicit formulae are written down both for transfer operator and the obtained decoupled system. A projector ap- proach is used to prove the main statement of the paper and sufficient conditions of decoupling are also written down explicitly.

  • Local basis function method for identification of nonstationary systems
    • Artur Gańcza
    2024 Full text

    This thesis is focused on the basis function method for the identification of nonstationary processes. The first chapter describes a group of models that can be identified using the basis function method. The next chapter describes the basic version of the basis function method, including its algebraic and statistical properties. The following section introduces the local basis function (LBF) method: its properties are described and similarities and differences between LBF and the basic basis function method are highlighted. The main difference lies in the approach to estimation. The primary version of the basis function method provides estimates for the entire analysis interval. The analysis window is then shifted so that estimates can be found for the next set of observations. In the case of the LBF method, the data from the analysis window are used to find parameter estimates for only one time instant within the analysis interval. The window is then moved to the subsequent observation and the estimation process is repeated. As a result, one obtains more accurate estimates at the expense of the increased computational burden.

  • Lokalne zarysowania w żelbetowych mostach sprężonych. Analiza wybranych problemów
    • Krzysztof Żółtowski
    • Przemysław Kalitowski
    2024 Materiały Budowlane

    Betonowe konstrukcje sprężone to struktury, w których wprowadza się w materiał naprężenia eliminujące lub w znacznym stopniu ograniczające w nim rozciąganie [1].W idealnie sprężonej konstrukcji nie występuje praca elementów żelbetowych w II fazie. Niestety tylko niektóre obecnie wznoszone konstrukcje mostowe spełniają ten warunek. Powszechnie stosuje się sprężenie podłużne, natomiast płytę jezdni i inne detale konstruuje jako żelbetowe. W ten sposób została zaprojektowana i wykonana większość najbardziej spektakularnych polskich konstrukcji mostowych. Doświadczenie zdobyte przy budowie i eksploatacji mostów sprężonych pokazuje, że praca w II fazie drugorzędnych elementów konstrukcyjnych nie stanowi problemu utrzymaniowego i nie wpływa na trwałość, ale każde lokalne zarysowanie dźwigara sprężonego, a przede wszystkim rysy i pęknięcia betonu w strefach zakotwień kabli sprężających, budzą niepokój i emocje.

  • Long-range, water-mediated interaction between a moderately active antifreeze protein molecule and the surface of ice
    • Joanna Grabowska
    • Anna Kuffel
    • Jan Zielkiewicz
    2024 JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS

    Using molecular dynamics simulations, we show that a molecule of moderately active antifreeze protein (type III AFP, QAE HPLC-12 isoform) is able to interact with ice in an indirect manner. This interaction occurs between the ice binding site (IBS) of the AFP III molecule and the surface of ice, and it is mediated by liquid water which separates these surfaces. As a result, the AFP III molecule positions itself at a specific orientation and distance relative to the surface of ice, which enables the effective binding (via hydrogen bonds) of the molecule with the nascent ice surface. Our results show that the final adsorption of the AFP III molecule on the surface of ice is not achieved by chaotic diffusion movements, but it is preceded by a remote, water-mediated interaction between the IBS and the surface of ice. The key factor that determines the existence of this interaction is the ability of water molecules to spontaneously form large, high-volume aggregates which can be anchored to both the IBS of the AFP molecule and the surface of ice. The results presented in this work for AFP III are in full agreement with the ones obtained by us previously for hyperactive CfAFP, which indicates that the mechanism of the remote interaction of these molecules with ice remains unchanged despite significant differences in the molecular structure of their ice binding sites. For that reason we can expect that also other types of AFPs interact with the ice surface according to an analogous mechanism.

  • Looking For Motivation. How to Keep Students’ Software Projects from Ending up on the Shelf?
    • Teresa Zawadzka
    • Michał Zawadzki
    • Agnieszka Landowska
    2024

    IT specialists in the business environment work in teams according to the established methodology and using the established toolkit. From the university’s point of view, preparing IT students to work in such an environment is a challenging task, as it requires either cooperation with business or the simulation of similar conditions in the university environment. Participation of students in real projects can provide them with the necessary practical skills. The aim of this paper is to present the experience gained in running real-life, long-term projects in academia, and to provide guidelines on how to involve students in running these projects to the benefit of students.