Show publications from the year
-
Show all publications from the year 2025
-
Show all publications from the year 2024
-
Show all publications from the year 2023
-
Show all publications from the year 2022
-
Show all publications from the year 2021
-
Show all publications from the year 2020
-
Show all publications from the year 2019
-
Show all publications from the year 2018
-
Show all publications from the year 2017
-
Show all publications from the year 2016
-
Show all publications from the year 2015
-
Show all publications from the year 2014
-
Show all publications from the year 2013
-
Show all publications from the year 2012
-
Show all publications from the year 2011
-
Show all publications from the year 2010
-
Show all publications from the year 2009
-
Show all publications from the year 2008
-
Show all publications from the year 2007
-
Show all publications from the year 2006
-
Show all publications from the year 2005
-
Show all publications from the year 2004
-
Show all publications from the year 2003
-
Show all publications from the year 2002
-
Show all publications from the year 2001
-
Show all publications from the year 2000
-
Show all publications from the year 1999
-
Show all publications from the year 1998
-
Show all publications from the year 1988
-
Show all publications from the year 1987
-
Show all publications from the year 1980
Publications from the year 2024
Show all-
Investigation of RH effect on uncommon limonene ozonolysis products and SOA formation in indoor air with real time measurement techniques
- Klaudia Pytel
- Bożena Zabiegała
Scientific interest in SOA influence on indoor air quality increases since last 20 years. It is well known, that particles of nano-sized diameter pose a threat for human health causing, among others: eye, upper airway irritation, inflammatory response in cells, worsening asthma, hypertension, diabetes, and central nervous dysfunction. Terpenes are reactive VOCs, commonly emitted in indoor air and considered to be SOA precursors by oxidation reactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative humidity influence on i) formation of limonene ozonolysis products and ii) SOA formation process – especially the first steps of it. We managed to determine 4 uncommon limonene ozonolysis products (m/z: 43, 83, 99 and 110) appearing in the PTR-TOF-MS mass spectra with the same frequency as well-known formaldehyde, acetone, acetic acid and formic acid. We also detected m/z 75 and m/z 115 formed under dry conditions and m/z 111 and m/z 125 formed under humid conditions. Detected masses formula is proposed with probability >70 % and the probability is derived from the deviation of the exact mass to the measured one and the isotope distribution. SMPS data analysis allowed us to conclude that RH around 40% increases particle mass concentration, regardless initial limonene concentration. Unfortunately, conclusions about RH influence on particle number concentration are inconsistent. Under low initial terpene concentration, RH around 40% decreases particle number concentration. However, for high initial limonene concentration, RH around 40% caused increase in particle number concentration. Obtained results allowed to conclude, that i) RH influences both particle number and particle mass concentration, ii) initial substrate concentration influences SOA formation altering the RH effect, iii) comparison of results and drawing conclusions is difficult due to different experimental protocols in the literature and due to the number of factors influencing SOA formation initiated by terpene oxidation.
-
Investigation of the antimicrobial potential and microbiota of bee pollen and bee bread derived from Polish apiaries
- Karolina Matejczuk
The phenomenon of resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics is becoming one of the greatest challenges of modern medicine. At the same time, the number of new antibiotics introduced into clinical practice is decreasing. This creates the need to search for new, effective, non-antibiotic methods of combating and preventing infectious diseases. Over the last two decades, there has been renewed interest in the antimicrobial potential of natural products, including bee products. The object of my interest were two less known bee products – bee pollen and bee bread, mainly the antimicrobial activity of these products. The results I obtained are very promising. The high activity of ethanolic extracts of bee pollen and bee bread, as well as the products themselves, has been demonstrated to combat dangerous pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) of humans and animals. The important role of proteinaceous substances (mainly bee-derived peptides and enzymes) in the antimicrobial activity of these products has been confirmed. It was also found that a significant percentage of bacterial strains isolated from pollen and bee bread (mainly Bacillus spp.) have a high probiotic potential and the ability to synthesize metabolites that effectively inhibit the development of pathogenic bacteria. The results of the research were presented in the form of four scientific publications.
-
Investigation of use of hydrophilic/hydrophobic NADESs for selective extraction of As(III) and Sb(III) ions in vegetable samples: Air assisted liquid phase microextraction and chemometric optimization
- Adil Elik
- Bünyamin Doğan
- Ahmet Demirbas
- Hameed Haq
- Khan Sanaullah
- Nail Altunay
In this paper, a green, cost-effective sample preparation method based on air assisted liquid phase microextraction (AA-LPME) was developed for the simultaneous extraction of As(III) and Sb(III) ions from vegetable samples using hydrophilic/hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs). Central composite design was used for the optimization of extraction factors including NADES volume, extraction cycle, pH, and curcumin concentration. Limits of detection for As(III) and Sb(III) were 1.5 ng L−1 and 0.06 ng L−1, respectively. Working ranges for As(III) and Sb(III) were 0.2–300 ng L−1 (coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9978) and 5–400 ng L−1 (R2 = 0.9996), respectively. Relative standard deviations for As(III) and Sb(III) were 2.2–2.8% and 2.9–3.2%, respectively. Enrichment factor of the method was 184 for As(III) and 172 for Sb(III). The accuracy and precision of the AA-NADES-LPME method were investigated by intraday/interday studies and standard reference material analysis, respectively. Finally, the AA-NADES-LPME method was successfully applied to microwave digested vegetable samples using the standard addition approach and acceptable recoveries were achieved.
-
Investigation of vortex assisted magnetic deep eutectic solvent based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for separation and determination of vanadium from water and food matrices: Multivariate analysis
- Nail Altunay
- Muhammad Farooque Lanjwani
- Mustafa Tuzen
- Grzegorz Boczkaj
A new and simple vortex assisted magnetic deep eutectic solvent dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction procedure (VA-MDES-DLLME) was developed for the determination of vanadium (V) in food and water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). In the extraction medium, a bis(acetylpivalylmethane) ethylenediimine (H2APM2en) was used for the complexation of V(V) in sample solution at pH 6. The VA-MDES-DLLME was optimized by different operation parameters, pH level of solution, MDESs volume, vortex time, concentration of complexing agent and samples volume. The accuracy of VA-MDES-DLLME was confirmed by analysis of certified reference materials (CRMs) and standard additional method in respect to real samples. The detection limit, quantification limit and enhancement factor were found 0.3, 1.0 ng mL−1 and 120, respectively. The linearity was confirmed for wide concentration range from 1 to 600 ng mL−1 and relative standard deviation (RSD) is 2.8 %. The multivariate statistical analysis was used for factorial design to explore the effects of extraction parameters on recovery of V(V) and also significant level of variables.
-
Investigation on Swelling of Agar-Based Antibacterial Hydrogels for Hard-To-Heal Wound Dressings
- Paweł Szarlej
- Edyta Piłat
- Przemysław Gnatowski
- Hubert Cieśliński
- Maciej Sienkiewicz
- Justyna Kucińska-Lipka
Despite a wide range of available wound treatments, hard-to-heal wounds still pose a challenge. Hydrogels are often used as dressings for these wounds, because they sustain moisture in the wound environment, supporting the natural healing process. However, it is still not fully understood how physicochemical properties of hydrogel matrix affect the drug release process. Thus, detailed swelling kinetics examination coupled with modeling is needed together with studies on drug release. In this regard, several hydrogels based on plant-derived agar and modified with amikacin were investigated. The main properties of hydrogels were examined focusing on detailed swelling kinetics. Drug release was studied as microbiological activity against E. coli and S. Epidermidis strains. The obtained hydrogels were characterized by high swelling, reaching values in range from 465 to 1300%, fitting the second order kinetics mode and exhibiting the quasi-Fickian diffusion properties. Furthermore, there was no correlation found between swelling properties and antibacterial activity against tested strains. The results confirmed that presented hydrogel materials have desirable properties for application as dressings for hard-to-heal wounds. The suggested compositions are a promising base for modification with other active substances (e.g., regenerative, anti-inflammatory) and studying the broader correlation between swelling and drug release.
-
Investigations of Energy Conversion and Surface Effect for Laser-Illuminated Gold Nanorod Platforms
- Piotr Radomski
- Paweł Ziółkowski
- Aimad Koulali
- Dariusz Mikielewicz
- Federica Zaccagnini
- Francesca Petronella
- Luciano de Sio
Achieving a quick temperature increase is a burning issue for biophysical applications, like germ inactivation and tumor ablation, and for energy performances, like solar collectors and steam generators. Based on the plasmon resonance phenomenon, noble metallic nanoparticles have emerged as promising weapons due to their very high biocompatibility, optical properties, and high surface-to-volume ratio, increasing energy conversion and allowing the maximum temperature to be reached faster. This work examines the energy conversion in sandwiched glassy platforms with gold nanorods. The platforms are kept vertically in the air and illuminated by a 0.5 W near-infrared laser (808 nm). To describe this aspect theoretically, the size and conversion efficiency of the electromagnetic properties are compromised between the proposed model and the stability of the nanorods. As a research approach, our model of cross-sections and polarizability for the surface effect is proposed, coupled with classical CFD numerical calculations. The results of the proposed model, validated by a thermal camera and spectroscopy measurements, indicate that as long as the energy conversion is visible with relatively low-power lasers (ΔT = 18.5 °C), the platforms do not offer fast heat dissipation. The results indicate that, despite the flow forcing by the air inflow, the entropy generation due to heat conduction is more than three orders higher than the dynamic entropy production. Flow forcing corresponds to the value of the velocity for classical convective motions. Therefore, the delivered heat flux must be distributed via convective transport or the associated high-conductive materials.
-
Inwentaryzacja dendrologiczna analiza drzewostanu zagrażającego bezpieczeństwu ludzi i mienia
- Maura Zaworska
Inwentaryzacja dendrologiczna analiza drzewostanu zagrażającego bezpieczeństwu ludzi i mienia w świetle ustawy o ochronie przyrody, możliwości wycinki drzew niebezpiecnych.
-
IoT Based Intelligent Pest Management System for Precision Agriculture
- Salman Ahmed
- Safdar Nawaz Khan Marwat
- Ghassen Ben Brahim
- Waseem Ullah Khan
- Shahid Khan
- Ala Al-Fuqaha
- Sławomir Kozieł
Despite seemingly inexorable imminent risks of food insecurity that hang over the world, especially in developing countries like Pakistan where traditional agricultural methods are being followed, there still are opportunities created by technology that can help us steer clear of food crisis threats in upcoming years. At present, the agricultural sector worldwide is rapidly pacing towards technology-driven Precision Agriculture (PA) approaches for enhancing crop protection and boosting productivity. PA combines techniques from emerging disciplines i.e., artificial intelligence, and the Internet-of-Things to increase the productivity of agricultural land. From the literature, it is evident that traditional approaches hold limitations such as chances of human error in recognizing and counting pests, and require trained labor. Against such a backdrop, this paper proposes a smart IoT-based pest detection platform for integrated pest management, and monitoring crop field conditions that are of crucial help to farmers in real field environments. The proposed system comprises a physical prototype of a smart insect trap equipped with embedded computing to detect and classify pests. The developed system can classify a fruit fly in real field conditions using a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier based on the following features: (1) Haralick features (2) Histogram of oriented gradients (3) Hu moments and (4) Color histogram. A recall value of 86.2% has been achieved for real test images with mAP of 97.3%. Moreover, the proposed model has been compared with numerous machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) based models to verify the efficacy of the proposed model. The comparative results indicated that the best performance was achieved by the proposed model with an accuracy of 97.5%.
-
iPP/HDPE blends compatibilized by a polyester: An unconventional concept to valuable products
- Lidia Jasińska-Walc
- Jakub Kruszyński
- Weronika Nowicka
- Rob Duchateau
- Miloud Bouyahyi
- Lanti Yang
- Artur Różański
- Liu Yingxin
- Daniele Parisi
- Ahmad Farhan
Polyolefins are the most widely used plastics accounting for a large fraction of the polymer waste stream. Although reusing polyolefins seems to be a logical choice, their recycling level remains disappointingly low. This is mainly due to the lack of large-scale availability of efficient and inexpensive compatibilizers for mixed polyolefin waste, typically consisting of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) that, despite their similar chemical hydrocarbon structure, are immiscible. Here, we describe an unconventional approach of using polypentadecalactone, a straightforward and simple-to-produce aliphatic polyester, as a compatibilizer for iPP/HDPE blends, especially the brittle iPP-rich ones. The unexpectedly effective compatibilizer transforms brittle iPP/HDPE blends into unexpectedly tough materials that even outperform the reference HDPE and iPP materials. This simple approach creates opportunities for upcycling polymer waste into valuable products.
-
Iron (Magnetite) Nanoparticle-Assisted Dark Fermentation Process for Continuous Hydrogen Production from Rice Straw Hydrolysate
- Jacobo Pérez-Barragán
- Cristina Martínez-Fraile
- Raúl Muñoz
- Laura Vargas-Estrada
- Rafael Maya-Yescas
- Elizabeth León-Becerril
- Roberto Castro Munoz
- Octavio García-Depraect
The use of metal nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance hydrogen production in dark fermentation (DF) has become a pioneering field of interest. In particular, iron-based nanoparticles (FeNPs) play a pivotal role in enhancing the activity of metalloenzymes and optimizing feedstock utilization, resulting in improved hydrogen production. This study investigated the effect of FeNPs (magnetite) supplementation at three different concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 ppm in a continuous dark fermenter for the production of hydrogen from rice straw acid hydrolysate. The highest hydrogen production rate of 2.6 ± 0.3 NL H2/L-d was achieved with the addition of 100 ppm of nanoparticles, representing a 53% increase compared to the condition without FeNPs addition. This improvement was driven by a microbial community in which Clostridium was the major dominant genus. In addition, increasing the nanoparticle concentration to 100 ppm resulted in an increase in butyrate concentration to 2.0 ± 0.1 g/L, which is 43% higher than the butyrate concentration without FeNPs. However, when the NP concentration was increased to 200 ppm, the hydrogen production rate decreased to 1.6 ± 0.2 NL H2/L-d. This study can serve as a guideline for future research aimed at evaluating the effects of FeNPs in continuous dark fermentation systems. This work highlights the potential benefits and challenges associated with the use of FeNPs, paving the way for future studies to optimize their application and improve the efficiency of dark fermentation processes.
-
Iron status determined changes in health measures induced by nordic walking with time-restricted eating in older adults– a randomised trial
- Jakub Antoni Kortas
- Joanna Reczkowicz
- Ulana Juhas
- Ewa Ziemann
- Aleksandra Świątczak
- Katarzyna Prusik
- Szczepan Olszewski
- Nakisa Soltani
- Ewa Rodziewicz-Flis
- Damian Flis
- Małgorzata Żychowska
- Grażyna Gałęzowska
- Jędrzej Antosiewicz
Background and aims This study evaluated whether stored iron determines the adaptive response induced by Nordic walking (NW) training combined with 10 hours’ time-restricted eating (TRE) in older adults. Trial design and methods Twenty-four participants underwent 12-week NW training supported by 10 h of TRE. The group was divided due to baseline ferritin concentration low < 75 ng/ml (LF) and high level ≥ 75 ng/ml (HF). Body composition, physical fitness and blood collection were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Results NW + TRE induced a statistically significant decrease in ferritin levels in all participants (p = 0.01). Additionally, statistically significant intergroup differences in the LF vs. HF in the reduction of serum ferritin levels (p = 0.04) were observed. The procedure NW + TRE diminished HbA1c levels (p < 0.01) and glucose in all participants (p = 0.05). The range of HbA1c drop was more pronounced among those participants who experienced a greater decrease in the stored iron (p = 0.04, =0.17, F=4.59). Greater changes in body weight and percent of body fat were recorded in the HF group (for both p<0.01). Conclusion Body iron stores determine the effects of a 12-week NW + TRE intervention on serum ferritin. The changes in HbA1c are more pronounced in subjects with a higher decrease in serum ferritin.
-
IS SMALLER BETTER? THE VALUATION OF SOCIAL IMPACTS OF DIFFERENTLY SIZED SPORTING EVENTS. THE CASE OF GDAŃSK
- Krystian Zawadzki
Introduction. There is a discourse in the international literature regarding the impact of large sporting events on the place where they are held. In the last few years, particular emphasis has been laid on intangible effects, including social impacts that may occur not only in the case of mega sporting events but also in smaller sporting events. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to estimate the monetary value of intangible social benefits of differently sized sporting events held in two sporting arenas in Gdańsk, Poland, using the contingent valuation method. Material and methods. The research concerns four sporting events of various sizes organised in Gdańsk in 2012-2023. In each case, a hypothetical event scenario was used to determine the willingness to pay among the surveyed inhabitants of Gdańsk. A tobit model was used to determine the statistical relationship between the proposed monetary offers and social impacts. Results. It was found that sporting events, regardless of their size, determine the occurrence of social impacts among host city residents. Even though aggregated values are lower in the case of smaller events, when added together, they constitute a higher percentage of actual public expenditure incurred on the construction of sports facilities. Conclusions. By valuing intangible effects, it is possible, at least partially, to justify the spending of public funds for the organisation of sporting events. At the same time, smaller sporting events have more significant potential for host city residents than mega sporting events.
-
Is the Concept of Zero Waste Possible to Implement in Construction?
- Bogumiła Kapica
- Wojciech Targowski
- Andrzej Kulowski
The scientifically treated problem of reusing building materials appeared in the literature more than 50 years ago. This paper includes an analysis of the characteristics of recycled building materials, which is a prerequisite for rational recycling. The analysis and simulation of building stocks at different scales has led to the conclusion that the most important link in the transformation of the construction industry towards the widespread use of reused materials is the unification of the demolition, storage, and redistribution systems. System solutions based on policy studies for each of the first three phases of a building’s life cycle assessment (LCA), i.e., design, legislation, and construction, were proposed. It was also recognised that the socially widespread habit of reusing building materials requires a properly conducted educational process and legalisation at the state level. This article presents proposals for educational activities along with the definition of the in-dividual stages of the process of recycling building materials. The expected results are the decar-bonisation of the building industry and communities, the growth of sustainable systems, and low-ering the environmental impacts of buildings.
-
ISO/IEC 27001-Based Estimation of Cybersecurity Costs with Caspea
- Rafał Leszczyna
In the contemporary, knowledge-based economy, enterprises are forced to bear the costs related to cybersecurity. While breaches negatively affect companies' budgets, accurate decisions on security investments result in visible savings. At the same time, cybersecurity cost assessment methods that support these decisions are lacking. Caspea addresses the gap by enabling the estimation of costs related to personnel activities involved in cybersecurity management. In this paper, new advancements in the research related to the construction of an ISO/IEC 27001-based costing model are described. This includes revising cost centres based on the ISO27k RASCI matrix, minimising input and output data, or implementing a new calculation spreadsheet that contains substantial changes compared to its previous editions. A comparative analysis with the earlier version of Caspea has been performed. The application of the new model to a woodworking company is illustrated. The results show gradual extension and the broader scope of the Caspea framework.
-
Isolation of Human Progenitor Epidermal Cells on Collagen Type IV and Analysis of Their Markers with Flow Cytometry and PCR Methods
- Milena Deptula
- Małgorzata Zawrzykraj
- Paulina Słonimska
- Michał Pikuła
Epidermal stem cells, located in the skin, together with keratinocytes are transplanted in regenerative therapies, e.g., for the treatment of burns or other wounds. Here, we describe the protocol of their enzymatic isolation from human skin. It includes separation of the epidermis form the dermis by incubation with dispase followed by cell isolation for epidermis by digestion with trypsin. Cell isolated with this method can be seeded on collagen IV-coated dishes. The methods of analysis of epidermal stem cells markers (e.g., CD71, CD29) with flow cytometry and RT-PCR are also included.
-
Isothermal turbines − New challenges. Numerical and experimental investigations into isothermal expansion in turbine power plants
- Krzysztof Kosowski
- Marian Piwowarski
- Marcin Richert
- Robert Stępień
- Wojciech Włodarski
The efficiency of power plants with steam or gas turbines depends on the efficiencies of a thermodynamic cycle and devices implementing this cycle. In the case of high power outputs, we cannot expect a significant increase in the efficiency of individual devices. Therefore, what remains is to increase the efficiency of the implemented thermodynamic cycle - the complex Rankine cycle in the case of steam turbines or the extended Brayton cycle in gas turbine units. The efficiencies of these cycles depend on the hot reservoir temperatures, limited by the materials used. The solution seems to be the thermodynamic cycles with the highest efficiency within given temperature limits, the „generalized Carnot cycles”. About gas turbines, such a cycle is the Ericsson cycle. The most difficult element of this cycle is carrying out high-temperature expansion. So far, there is no literature data on a technical device implementing this process. In this article, we present a method for designing turbine nozzles for isothermal expansion and the results of experimental tests of the first isothermal turbine. In the case of gas microturbines with a regenerator, isothermal expansion can increase efficiency from 24%-28% up to 36%. An increase in efficiency of several to a dozen percentage points is expected for organic rankine cycle (ORC) turbines. Due to such significant increases in energy generation efficiency, an isothermal turbine may become a future solution for energy systems.
-
Italy, an Extraordinary Commonplace? Stereotypes and Imaginaries of Italianness in Online Communication by Fashion Brands
- Flavia Piancazzo
- Alice Noris
- Nadzeya Sabatini
- Lorenzo Cantoni
The paper explores the use of country-related stereotypes associated with Italian identity in the social media communication of 21 Italian fashion brands on Instagram. Focusing on the concept of “made in Italy”, the research employs image content analysis to identify how the selected sample of brands communicates Italian identity globally. The theoretical framework emphasizes the importance of the Country of Origin (COO) concept, indicating that “made in Italy” extends beyond a manufacturing label to encompass cultural, historical, and esthetic dimensions. The analysis reveals Italian fashion brands’ deliberate use of stereotypes, iconic objects, and cultural references to shape and reinforce Italian identity in their digital communication. It highlights the intertwining of these elements, contributing to a multifaceted narrative that extends beyond product promotion. Moreover, it underscores the role of social media, particularly Instagram, in enabling brands to project their Italian identity globally, perpetuating esthetics associated with the concept of “dolce vita”. The study emphasizes the importance of holistic brand communication and the powerful role of Instagram in shaping and reinforcing the global image of “made in Italy”. It also offers insights on utilizing stereotypes and cultural symbols to enhance brand identity, aligning with perceptions associated with Italian culture.
-
Iterative‐recursive estimation of parameters of regression models with resistance to outliers on practical examples
- Janusz Kozłowski
- Zdzisław Kowalczuk
Here, identification of processes and systems in the sense of the least sum of absolute values is taken into consideration. The respective absolute value estimators are recognised as exceptionally insensitive to large measurement faults or other defects in the processed data, whereas the classical least squares procedure appears to be completely impractical for processing the data contaminated with such parasitic distortions. Since the absolute value quality index cannot be minimised analytically, an iterative solution is used to find optimal estimates of the parameters of the underlying regression model. In addition, an approximate recursive estimator is proposed and implemented for on-line evaluation of system parameters. The convergence (basic property) of the iterative estimator is show to be proven and some aspects related to the absolute value criterion are explained. This allows for the formulation of practical conclusions and indication of directions for further research. In addition, the effectiveness of the described iterative-recursive estimation procedures is practically verified by appropriate numerical experiments.
-
Jak przystąpić do wdrażania inteligentnych rozwiązań w mieście?
- Aleksander Orłowski
- Szymon Ciupa
- Piotr Hołubowicz
Nowa kadencja władz lokalnych to wyjątkowa okazja do wprowadzenia zmian, które mogą przekształcić miasta w inteligentne, zrównoważone i przyjazne do życia. Wdrażanie idei smart city nie tylko poprawia jakość życia, ale również sprzyja rozwojowi gospodarczemu i ochronie środowiska. W artykule przedstawiamy kluczowe rekomendacje dla nowych władz, które pomogą w skutecznej transformacji miast w smart cities.
-
Jak trudno jest dobierać i weryfikować źródła informacji na przykładzie historii tramwaju elektrycznego
- Agnieszka Leszczewicz
Artykuł skupia się na przeglądzie literatury dotyczącej wynalazku tramwaju elektrycznego, z naciskiem na różne perspektywy dotyczące tożsamości wynalazcy. Wskazuje na znaczenie geopolityki w historii nauki i konsekwencje różnic w interpretacjach dla badaczy i entuzjastów tematu. Pierwsza część artykułu omawia technologiczny postęp, który doprowadził do wynalezienia tramwaju elektrycznego, z uwzględnieniem kluczowych odkryć, takich jak wydajne generatory prądu stałego i zasada odwracalności dynama, przesyłu prądu. Następnie przedstawia opis pierwszej kolejki elektrycznej. Autorka przechodzi do analizy różnych publikacji, które przed 1949 roku wskazywały na Siemensa jako wynalazcę tramwaju elektrycznego. Od lat 50-tych pojawiają się jednak dwie równoległe historie powstania tramwaju elektrycznego, z rosnącym naciskiem na rolę Fiodora Pirockiego, co prawdopodobnie jest wynikiem radzieckiej propagandy. Artykuł kończy się refleksją na temat wyzwań związanych z selekcją informacji w Internecie, zwłaszcza dla młodych ludzi, uczniów i studentów. Podkreśla znaczenie korzystania z wiarygodnych źródeł i narzędzi, takich jak Google Scholar, BazTech a także baz danych subskrybowanych przez biblioteki. Artykuł zaleca również konsultacje z nauczycielami, ekspertami i bibliotekarzami w celu uzyskania rzetelnych informacji.