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Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2024

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  • Powering the Future by Iron Sulfide Type Material (FexSy) Based Electrochemical Materials for Water Splitting and Energy Storage Applications: A Review
    • Ahmad Farhan
    • Wajeeha Qayyum
    • Urooj Fatima
    • Shahid Nawaz
    • Aldona Balčiūnaitė
    • Tak H. Kim
    • Varsha Srivastava
    • John Vakros
    • Zacharias Frontistis
    • Grzegorz Boczkaj
    2024 Full text SMALL

    Water electrolysis is among the recent alternatives for generating clean fuels (hydrogen). It is an efficient way to produce pure hydrogen at a rapid pace with no unwanted by-products. Effective and cheap water-splitting electrocatalysts with enhanced activity, specificity, and stability are currently widely studied. In this regard, noble metal-free transition metal-based catalysts are of high interest. Iron sulfide (FeS) is one of the essential electrocatalysts for water splitting because of its unique structural and electrochemical features. This article discusses the significance of FeS and its nanocomposites as efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and overall water splitting. FeS and its nanocomposites have been studied also for energy storage in the form of electrode materials in supercapacitors and lithium- (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The structural and electrochemical characteristics of FeS and its nanocomposites, as well as the synthesis processes, are discussed in this work. This discussion correlates these features with the requirements for electrocatalysts in overall water splitting and its associated reactions. As a result, this study provides a road map for researchers seeking economically viable, environmentally friendly, and efficient electrochemical materials in the fields of green energy production and storage.

  • Powłoki na osnowie pierwiastkowego węgla przeznaczone na implanty tytanowe
    • Dorota Rogala-Wielgus
    2024 Full text

    Rozprawa miała na celu modyfikację podłoża z tytanu II oraz stopu Ti13Nb13Zr poprzez osadzenie elektroforetyczne (EPD) powłok na bazie wielościennych nanorurek węglowych (MWCNTs) z dodatkami wielkości nanometrycznej, przeznaczonych na pokrycia trzpieni endoprotez stawu biodrowego. Przygotowano trzy rodzaje powłok MWCNTs: z dodatkiem nanomiedzi (MWCNTs/Cu), nanosrebra (MWCNTs/Ag) oraz tlenku tytanu (MWCNTs/TiO2), osadzone w procesie dwuetapowym, składającym się z I. EPD powłoki MWCNTs oraz II. EPD powłoki z dodatku. Zarówno MWCNTs, jak i zastosowane dodatki, charakteryzują się działaniem antybakteryjnym na bakterie najczęściej będące sprawcą zakażeń w obrębie endoprotez. Wytworzenie kompozytowej powłoki, składającej się z elastycznej matrycy w postaci nanorurek węglowych, o unikalnych właściwościach oraz wzmocnienia z twardych cząstek tlenku tytanu, miało nie tylko zapewniać właściwości antybakteryjne, ale również modyfikować właściwości podłoża, w kierunku zbliżenia do właściwości ludzkiej kości korowej. Aby ocenić właściwości otrzymanych powłok na bazie MWCNTs dla każdej wykonano SEM, EDS, AFM, spektroskopię Raman’a (na podłożu Ti13Nb13Zr), badanie nanoindentacji, test nanozarysowania (z ang. nano-scratch test), badanie zwilżalności (na podłożu Ti13Nb13Zr) oraz przeprowadzono testy korozyjne (na podłożu Ti13Nb13Zr). W przypadku powłoki MWCNTs/TiO2 osadzonej na podłożu ze stopu Ti13Nb13Zr dodatkowo dokonano oceny cytotoksyczności w teście MTT dla komórek ludzkich fibroblastów (HDF) oraz mysich prekursorów osteoblastów (MC3T3), które potwierdzono w teście dehydrogenazy mleczanowej (LDH).

  • Prace remontowe betonowych posadzek przemysłowych. Część I
    • Sylwia Świątek-Żołyńska
    • Maciej Niedostatkiewicz
    2024 Przegląd Budowlany

    Posadzki betonowe należą do elementów w obiektach budowlanych, których projektowanie wymaga doświadczenia inżynierskiego, wykonawstwo – zachowania reżimu technologicznego, natomiast podczas ich eksploatacji niezbędne jest prowadzenie remontów okresowych. Najczęściej wykorzystywane są jako przestrzeń robocza i komunikacyjna w obiektach przemysłowych. Niezależnie od miejsca wbudowania posadzki betonowe wymagają prowadzenia okresowych prac zabezpieczających, których zakres każdorazowo powinien być indywidualnie dostosowany do aktualnego bądź też planowanego do zmiany sposobu użytkowania obiektu. Niewłaściwy dobór technologii prac konserwacyjnych oraz niepoprawne stosowanie rozwiązań technologicznych związanych z renowacją posadzek mogą spowodować pogorszenie ich stanu technicznego, co może doprowadzić do konieczności ich wyłączenia z użytkowania, a to z kolei może skutkować koniecznością przerwy w użytkowaniu obiektu budowlanego, w tym obiektów produkcyjnych obiektów przemysłowych. W pracy przedstawiono zbiór praktycznych informacji związanych z prowadzeniem prac naprawczych betonowych posadzek przemysłowych. Artykuł ma charakter studium przypadku i odnosi się do konkretnych sytuacji związanych z utratą sprawności technicznej przez betonowe posadzki przemysłowe

  • Practical Trial for Low-Energy Effective Jamming on Private Networks With 5G-NR and NB-IoT Radio Interfaces
    • Paweł Skokowski
    • Krzysztof Malon
    • Michał Kryk
    • Krzysztof Maślanka
    • Jan M. Kelner
    • Piotr Rajchowski
    • Jarosław Magiera
    2024 IEEE Access

    Fourth-generation (4G) mobile networks are successively replaced by fifth-generation (5G) ones, based on the new releases of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard. 5G generation is dedicated to civilian users and the conducted analytical work shows that it has numerous technological gaps that prevent its direct implementation in military communications systems. However, the recent armed world conflicts showed that closed or public mobile networks are willingly used by soldiers for both private and business communications, and to conduct defensive and offensive operations as well. From the military operation viewpoint, jamming both civil and military systems is one of the essential elements of electronic warfare. This paper focuses on the practical trial of low-energy and smart jamming on a 5G private network using narrowband signals, which facilitates the reduction of the available throughput, e.g. in the time division duplex - uplink (TDD-UL) by 99%, or by 82% in the frequency division duplex - downlink (FDD-DL). This type of jamming also allows for reaching up to 25 dB of energy gain comparing to barrage jamming. The authors moreover investigated jamming the Narrowband IoT radio interface using synchronized, selective jamming. The goal was to propose energy efficient methods that will allow the jammers to work longer and be mounted on a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that can operate near the gNB. The generation of low-power jamming signals in the gNB vicinity successfully hinders detecting the jammer by the enemy’s electronic reconnaissance systems. The proposed solutions are compared with the test results for other types of jamming methods.

  • Praktyka wykonywania pomiarów instalacji fotowoltaicznych prowadząca do określenia rzeczywistego stanu technicznego
    • Leszek Litzbarski
    • Marek Olesz
    • Konrad Seklecki
    2024 Full text Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

    Praca przedstawia zasady wykonywania pomiarów instalacji fotowoltaicznych wg normy PN-EN 62446-1. Proponowany w normie zakres podstawowy pozwala tylko na ocenę bezpieczeństwa pracy instalacji. Dopiero zakres dodatkowy umożliwia uzyskanie informacji o referencyjnych mocach zainstalowanej elektrowni, jej sprawności, a nawet jednorodności poszczególnych ogniw fotowoltaicznych. Załączone przykłady pomiarów czystych i zabrudzonych paneli wskazują na korzyści monitorowania stanu technicznego instalacji podczas ich eksploatacji.

  • Prediction of the fatigue lifetime of PUR structural elements using a combined experimental-numerical approach
    • Grzegorz Lesiuk
    • Krzysztof Junik
    • Szymon Duda
    • Tomasz Socha
    • Krzysztof Kula
    • Arkadiusz Denisiewicz
    • Daniel Medyński
    • Wojciech Macek
    • José A.F.O. Correia
    2024 Full text Structures

    This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life of polyurethane elastomeric components. A rubber replacement - polyurethane of hardness 80ShA commonly used in vibration damping systems, for example, in motor vehicle suspensions, was used for the study. A metal-rubber bushing component was selected for analysis, and numerical analysis was carried out along with a fatigue model proposal based on a modification of the WangBrown model. The results obtained indicate that the description of the durability process using the proposed relationship is also possible. A constitutive model based on Ogden’s hyperelastic model was identified and verified. The proposed methodology can be used in any part analysis based on the numerical model and fatigue data. The paper also evaluates the effectiveness of other models against the proposed relationship.

  • Preeclampsia Risk Prediction Using Machine Learning Methods Trained on Synthetic Data
    • Magdalena Mazur-Milecka
    • Natalia Kowalczyk
    • Kinga Jaguszewska
    • Dorota Zamkowska
    • Dariusz Wójcik
    • Krzysztof Preis
    • Henriette Skov
    • Stefan Rahr Wagner
    • Puk Sandager
    • Milena Sobotka
    • Jacek Rumiński
    2024

    This paper describes a research study that investigates the use of machine learning algorithms on synthetic data to classify the risk of developing preeclampsia by pregnant women. Synthetic datasets were generated based on parameter distributions from three real patient studies. Four models were compared: XGBoost, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, and Explainable Boosting Machines (EBM). The study found that the XGBoost and EBM consistently outperform the other models. An analysis of patient subsets based on their pregnancy history was also conducted, revealing that the group of patients in their first pregnancy achieved the highest prediction accuracy. Additionally, the study explored the efficacy of risk prediction based on various parameters and found that the results vary depending on the models used and the degree of class balance in the database. Finally, an additional test was performed on the dataset annotated by physicians.

  • PRE-FAILURE CONDITION AND THE METHOD OF REPAIRING GLUED TIMBER ROOF BEARS
    • Maciej Niedostatkiewicz
    • Tomasz Majewski
    2024

    Design documentation of glued-laminated timber roof girders is in many cases very general, does not contain details and design solutions, and the contractors do not have experience in the implementation of this type of structure. Design and execution errors, including those related to glued laminated timber roof girders, not only affect the safety and durability of the structure of the facility in which they were built in, but also affect the safety of its use. The aim of the article is to present the impact of the design and execution errors which cumulated after a short period of operation of the sports hall led to its exclusion from use. The article also presents the implemented method of strengthening the roof girders in question.

  • Pre-oxidation of porous ferritic Fe22Cr alloys for lifespan extension at high-temperature
    • Damian Koszelow
    • Małgorzata Makowska
    • F. Marone
    • Grzegorz Cempura
    • Matthieu Tomas
    • Jan Froitzheim
    • Sebastian Molin
    2024 Full text CORROSION SCIENCE

    Pre-oxidation of porous ferritic Fe22Cr alloys was extensively studied in this paper. Weight gain measurements and SEM analysis revealed that pre-oxidation performed at 900◦C for 40 min increased the lifespan of the alloy. A Cr evaporation study did not disclose any significant influence of the pre-oxidation process on the Cr content in the alloy. For a more detailed assessment, TEM imaging and X-ray tomography measurements of pre-oxidized samples were performed. These analyses showed that alteration in the grain and grain boundary diffusion fluxes might be the key for explaining the corrosion prevention role of pre-oxidation.

  • Preparation and characterization of bis‐phosphonated polycarbohydrates
    • Kamila Sadowska
    • Marta Prześniak-Welenc
    • Marcin Łapiński
    2024 BIOPOLYMERS

    A simple, cost-effective, one-pot method was proposed to introduce bis-phosphonic groups onto alginic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). New derivatives were characterized by means of nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These analyses confirmed the successful transformation of carboxylic groups present in alginic acid and CMC into bis-phosphonic groups. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with differential scanning calorimetry was employed to investigate the thermal properties of the bis-phosphonic derivatives of alginate and CMC. The results clearly demonstrate the char-forming ability of both studied bis-phosphonated polycarbohydrates, suggesting their potential as intumescent materials.

  • Preparation and properties of composite coatings, based on carbon nanotubes, for medical applications
    • Dorota Rogala-Wielgus
    • Andrzej Zieliński
    2024 Carbon Letters

    The coatings based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are increasingly developed for their applications, among others, in medicine, in particular for implants in implantology, cardiology, and neurology. The present review paper aims at a detailed demonstration of diferent preparation methods for such coatings, their performance, and relationships between deposition parameters and microstructure and material, mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological properties. The thermal and electrostatic spraying, electrophoretic and electrocathodic deposition, and laser methods are presented. Characterization of microstructure of coatings, topography, morphology, adhesion of CNTs to a substrate, mechanical behavior, corrosion resistance, wettability, cytotoxicity, bioactivity, and antibacterial protection are reviewed for diferent deposition methods and parameters. The state-of-the-art in the feld of carbon nanotubes shows a considerable number of research performed on CNTs coatings. The diferent forms of CNTs, deposition methods, parameters, and substrates were applied as process variables. The microstructures and surface homogeneity, chemical and phase compositions, mechanical properties at the micro- and nanoscale such as coating Young`s modulus and hardness, interface adhesion strength and delaminating force, open corrosion potential and corrosion current density, contact angle in wettability assessment, and bioactivity, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial efciency among biological properties were determined. The summary of so far achievements, strengths and weaknesses, and important future research necessary for clarifcation of some weak points, development of non-toxic, mechanically and chemically resistant, bioactive, and antibacterial multicomponent coatings based on functionalized CNTs are proposed.

  • Preparation of MnCo2O4 and Mn1.7CuFe0.3O4 single-layer, and novel MnCo2O4/ Mn1.7CuFe0.3O4 dual-layer spinel protective coatings on complex-shaped metallic interconnects by EPD method
    • Omid Ekhlasiosgouei
    • Maciej Bik
    • Sebastian Molin
    2024 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY

    Ceramic protective coatings applied to metallic interconnects play a vital role in solid oxide cells (SOCs) preventing interconnect degradation. In this study, uniform, dense, and crack-free single-layer coatings of MnCo2O4, Mn1.7CuFe0.3O4, and dual-layer coatings of MnCo2O4/ Mn1.7CuFe0.3O4 spinel are deposited onto complex-shaped metallic interconnect using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method. The porosity of sintered MnCo2O4 and Mn1.7CuFe0.3O4 coatings in reduction treatment (1000°C for 2h in H2), followed by subsequent oxidation treatment (900°C for 2h in air) is approximately 50% less than that of these coatings sintered in oxidation treatment (900°C for 4h in air). The results indicate that the thickness of the sintered MnCo2O4, Mn1.7CuFe0.3O4 single-layer, and MnCo2O4/ Mn1.7CuFe0.3O4 dual-layer coatings in reduction + oxidation treatments is 46.2%, 28.2%, and 23.1% denser, respectively, compared to sintered in oxidation treatment. Raman spectroscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed that in sintered dual-layer coatings subjected to reduction treatment followed by a subsequent oxidation treatment, exhibit a much more efficient interdiffusion processes throughout the thickness of the coating yielding the formation of a mixed (Mn, Cu, Fe, Co)3O4 spinel, comparing to dual-layer coatings undergoing only oxidation treatment. The dual-layer spinel coatings of MnCo2O4/ Mn1.7CuFe0.3O4 present promising candidate for protective coatings on metallic interconnects.

  • Pre-treatment of bio fraction waste prior to fermentation processes
    • Karolina Kucharska
    • Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska
    • Edyta Słupek
    • Jacek Gębicki
    2024 Full text Chemical and Process Engineering : New Frontiers

    Current efforts are taken to increase resource efficiency, close material loops, and improve sustainable waste and by-products management. Thus, networking agro-food by-products and converting them into valuable products completely exhausting the potential of the raw material becomes significant. Model lignocellulosic and starch based biomass were subjected to pre-treatment with the application of acidic compounds, i.e. sulphuric (SA) and acetic (AA) acids. The response, i.e. total sugar content and derivative content was investigated depending on variables changed during hydrolysis: concentration of acid, process duration, temperature and the size of biomass particles. After saccharification, the hydrolysates were analysed via HPLC. Total reducing sugar concentration was in the range of 0.1–15.53 g/L. Among the substances present in the hydrolysates, protein, peptides, hydroxybenzyl acid (HA), 5-HMF, furfural (FF), vanillin (V), vanillic acid (VA), formic acid (FA) and levulinic acid (LA) were found in the range of 0.44–9.05 g/L and determined as total derivative concentration. The aim of the study was to evaluate the measurable effects of the research and deliver information about the statistically important parameters for the process course and relations between the variables

  • Price bubbles and Co-bubbles in the green economy market
    • Marcin Potrykus
    • Imran Ramzan
    • Muhammad Mazhar
    • Elie Bouri
    2024 JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

    In light of growing concerns about climate change and environmental issues, investor interest has surged in the new green economy market. However, the existing literature is limited regarding potential price bubble and co-bubble within this new domain. This study examines price bubble and co-bubble in the new green economy market, covering 31 indexes classified into three groups: the green economy market and its components, geographical regions, and sectors. Using daily data from August 31, 2005, to May 31, 2024, a test procedure is first applied to detect periods of price bubble in the various indexes, then logistic regressions are employed to examine price co-bubble behaviours. The results show evidence of price bubble in the green economy market, particularly in solar and wind indexes, with peaks during the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia-Ukraine conflict, whereas the water index is the least prone to price bubble. Regarding geographical region, the USA market exhibits a higher tendency for price bubble than the Asian or European markets. Several sectors are resistant to price bubble. The co-bubble analysis reveals a strong reliance of wind index on price bubble in the solar and water indexes. Price bubble in Asia significantly influences price bubble in Europe and the USA. These findings have implications for investment portfolio management and risk management strategies in the new green economy market.

  • Prioritising national healthcare service issues from free text feedback – A computational text analysis & predictive modelling approach
    • Adegboyega Ojo
    • Nina Rizun
    • Grace Walsh
    • Mona Isazad Mashinchi
    • Maria Venosa
    • Manohar Narayana Rao
    2024 Full text DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

    Patient experience surveys have become a key source of evidence for supporting decision-making and continuous quality improvement within healthcare services. To harness free-text feedback collected as part of these surveys for additional insights, text analytics methods are increasingly employed when the data collected is not amenable to traditional qualitative analysis due to volume. However, while text analytics techniques offer good predictive capabilities, they have limited explanatory features often required in formal decision-making contexts, such as programme monitoring or evaluation. To overcome these limitations, this study integrates computational text and predictive modelling as part of a Computational Grounded Theory method to determine the effect of quality gaps in care dimensions and their prioritisation from free-text feedback. The feedback was collected as part of a national survey to support decisions on continuous improvement in Maternity Services in Ireland. Our approach enables (1) operationalising the service quality lexicon in the context of maternity care to explain the effect of quality gaps in care dimensions on overall satisfaction from free-text comments; and (2) extending the service quality lexicon with two organisational and political decision-making concepts: “Salience” and “Valence”, for prioritising perceived quality gaps. These methodological affordances enable the extension of service quality theory to explicitly support the prioritisation of improvement decisions which before now required additional decision frameworks. Results show that tangibles-, process-, and reliability-related care issues have the highest importance in our study context. We also find that hospital contexts partly determine the relative importance of gaps in care dimensions.

  • Proaktywne podejście geotechniczne do zachowania dziedzictwa kulturowego i naturalnego: przypadek San Leo we Włoszech Proactive Geotechnical Approach to Preserve Cultural and Natural Heritage: The Case of the Town of San Leo in Italy
    • Jarosław Przewłócki
    • Lesław Zabuski
    2024 Full text Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

    Artykuł dotyczy miasta San Leo, znanego z atrakcyjnych zabytków historycznych, zwłaszcza twierdzy Rocca Fortezza stanowiącej architektoniczne arcydzieło. Jest ona położona na wysokiej skale, której zbocza od setek lat ulegały procesom osuwiskowym. Najpoważniejsze osuwisko miało miejsce w 2014. Aby uniknąć potencjalnej katastrofy i zapewnić bezpieczeństwo miastu, w pracy przeprowadzono analizę proaktywną, polegającą na przewidywaniu problemu i podejmowaniu działań w celu zminimalizowania możliwych trudności związanych ze statecznością obiektów. Parametry geomechaniczne określono metodą analizy wstecznej dla przekroju, w którym wystąpiło ostatnie rozległe osuwisko. Obliczenia numeryczne wykonano przy użyciu metody elementów oddzielnych (DEM). Dla wyznaczonych parametrów przeprowadzono analizę stateczności i deformacji w przekroju potencjalnie niekorzystnym. Ponadto przeanalizowano przekrój klifu znajdujący się bezpośrednio pod twierdzą, dla którego zaproponowano środki stabilizujące.

  • Probing Luminescence in the Collisions of Furan Molecules with Dihydrogen Cations Using Collision-Induced Emission Spectroscopy
    • Tomasz Wąsowicz
    2024 Full text Romanian Journal of Physics

    Optical spectroscopic studies of furan molecules (C4H4O) impinged by dihydrogen cations (H2 +) were for the first time performed employing collision induced emission spectroscopy at ions incident energy range of 25–1000 eV corresponding to the velocities from 49 to 311 km/s. The recorded spectra reveal strong luminescence of atomic hydrogen Balmer lines whose intensities weaken with rising principal quantum number n. The spectra also display emission bands of CH radicals excited to the first A2Δ and second B2Σ− electronic states. The emission yield curves of these excited products were additionally measured by recording resultant intensities at different projectile energies. Impact processes are unveiled based on these results.

  • Problematyka mycia elementów obrabianych po operacjach docierania jednotarczowego powierzchni płaskich
    • Adam Barylski
    2024 Dozór Techniczny

    W artykule omówiono wybrane zagadnienia mycia elementów po wykończeniowej obróbce ściernej luźnym ścierniwem. Przedstawiono technikę pooperacyjnego mycia ultradźwiękowego, czasochłonność oczyszczania drobnych elementów z ceramiki technicznej oraz skuteczność mycia ręcznego i ultradźwiękowego żeliwa sferoidalnego po docieraniu.

  • Problems of Measuring Gas Content in Oil in a Two-Phase Flow: A Review
    • Cezary Edling
    • Paweł Śliwiński
    2024 ENERGIES

    In view of the necessity of measuring the air content in oil in two-phase flows in the context of general industry, a review of the most popular methods of measuring the air content in oil was carried out. This review includes an assessment of their advantages and disadvantages and of whether they meet criteria such as the degree of filling, the size and number of bubbles, verification, the absence of additional pressure drops, simplicity, and repeatability. In the review, the following methods were examined: the classic trapping method, a modified trapping method, a trapping method using hydrostatic pressure loss, the pressure loss due to frictional flow resistance, the pressure loss with a rapid increase in diameter, the pressure drop in a Venturi tube, the pressure drop in an orifice, a method using the Coriolis effect, the electrical resistance method, the electrical conductivity method, the electromagnetic method, the electrical capacitance method, the thermal anemometry method, the liquid–solid contact electrification method, the photographic method, holography, light scattering, sound dispersion, the ultrasonic transit-time method, X-ray radiation, gamma radiation, neutron radiation, and fiber-optic methods.

  • Procedury diagnostyczne badania izolacji maszyn elektrycznych
    • Marek Olesz
    • Marcin Gulczyński
    • Marek Adamowicz
    2024 Full text Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

    Artykuł opisuje stosowane w praktyce procedury diagnostyki off-line dla silników elektrycznych niskiego i średniego napięcia. Poza pomiarem rezystancji izolacji do eksploatacji wprowadza się metody impulsowe z dodatkową rejestracją impulsów wyładowań niezupełnych. Analiza odpowiedzi izolacji na oscylacyjne przebiegi napięcia zasadniczo poprawia możliwość wykrywania wewnętrznych uszkodzeń - w tym między zwojowych – w układzie izolacyjnym, co przedstawiono dla omówionego przypadku silnika elektrycznego średniego napięcia.