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Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2022

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  • Residual Current Devices: Selection, Operation, and Testing
    • Stanisław Czapp
    2022

    In this book, the idea for residual current protection has been presented. The evolution in construction types of residual current devices, which has taken place over decades, is discussed. Types and functional properties of the contemporary residual current devices are described. The main parameters of these devices, from the point of view of their selection and application, are indicated. Special constructions of the protective devices, among other portable and socket-outlets residual devices, are described. The reliability of residual current devices and main sources of their defects are discussed. The rules of backup protection of residual current devices without integrated overcurrent protection are presented. The application of residual current devices in TN, TT, and IT low-voltage systems is commented upon. Requirements of the standards, regarding the obligatory use of residual current devices, are quoted. The principles of application of residual current devices in protection in case of a fault, additional protection, as well as protection against fire, are explained. As extended information related to the use of residual current devices in protection against fire, arc fault detection devices are described, which can be treated as complementary protective devices especially in the case of dangerous series arcing. The issue of residual current devices’ operation in circuits with nonsinusoidal currents is commented in detail. Residual current devices also make difficulties during an earth fault loop impedance measurement, which is one of the commonly performed measurements to verify the effectiveness of protection against electric shock by automatic disconnection of the supply. The sources of unwanted tripping of the devices, during this type of measurement, are indicated and suitable methods of measurement are shown. Immunity of residual current devices to the impulse leakage currents is discussed. Moreover, coordination of residual current devices with surge protective devices is commented upon. Principles of residual current devices’ verifications, examples of their results, as well as fault diagnosis in circuits with these devices are described. At the end of the book, Appendix A presents examples of residual current devices’ selection. Additionally, Appendix B covers a list of the standards regarding residual current devices’ performance, application, and operation.

  • Resistant to correlated noise and outliers discrete identification of continuous non-linear non-stationary dynamic objects
    • Janusz Kozłowski
    • Zdzisław Kowalczuk
    2022

    In this article, specific methods of parameter estimation were used to identify the coefficients of continuous models represented by linear and nonlinear differential equations. The necessary discrete-time approximation of the base model is achieved by appropriately tuned FIR linear integral filters. The resulting discrete descriptions, which retain the original continuous parameterization, can then be identified using the classical least squares procedure. Since, in the presence of correlated noise, the relevant parameter estimates suffer from an asymptotic systematic error, the instrumental variable method is used here to significantly improve the consistency of the estimates. The finally applied algorithm based on the criterion of the smallest sum of absolute values is used to identify linear and nonlinear models in the presence of sporadic measurement errors. In summary, the effectiveness of the proposed solutions is demonstrated by means of numerical simulations.

  • Resistant to correlated noise and outliers discrete identification of continuous non-linear non-stationary dynamic objects
    • Janusz Kozłowski
    • Zdzisław Kowalczuk
    2022

    In this study, dedicated methods of parameter estimation were used to identify the coefficients of continuous models represented by linear and nonlinear differential equations. The necessary discrete-time approximation of the base model is achieved by appropriately tuned FIR linear integral filters. The resulting discrete descriptions, which retain the original continuous parameterization, can then be identified using the classical least squares procedure. Since, in the presence of correlated noise, the relevant parameter estimates suffer from an asymptotic systematic error, the instrumental variable method is used here to significantly improve the consistency of the estimates. The finally applied algorithm based on the criterion of the smallest sum of absolute values is used to identify linear and nonlinear models in the presence of sporadic measurement errors. In summary, the effectiveness of the proposed solutions is demonstrated by means of numerical tests.

  • Rethinking Sustainable Cities at Night: Paradigm Shifts in Urban Design and City Lighting
    • Karolina Zielińska-Dąbkowska
    • Katarzyna Bobkowska
    2022 Full text Sustainability

    Since the establishment of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015, various perspectives on sustainable cities have been developed and adopted in order to achieve a better and more sustainable future. However, background research has revealed that these goals and targets are limited because they do not take into account the growing body of lighting-related research in diverse fields on the impact of outdoor illumination on humans, flora and fauna. Recently, exterior lighting has been also linked to environmental degradation and as an indirect contributor to the current climate change emergency. Therefore, this study aims, by using online interviews with over 50 experts who work in the field of artificial light at night (ALAN), to assess whether the SDG objectives adequately reflect the latest knowledge about sustainable cities. The Elsevier 2021 SDG mapping matrix was used to find the correlation between the keywords that define each SDG and the keywords used by a group of international experts. This work suggests there are missing targets in current SDGs, especially SDG 11, connected to sustainable cities and communities. It also offers useful guidance on how to rethink the existing approach of cities that aim for sustainability, by applying eight (8) key aspects of urban lighting for healthier and environmentally responsible outdoor illumination, by means of a correct design process, along with a five-step strategic plan of action. The crucial role of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary collaboration with experts has also been outlined, via the inclusion of new actors such as lighting professionals and researchers, who are currently absent in this important discourse

  • Reversible data hiding in encrypted DICOM images using sorted binary sequences of pixels
    • Mariusz Dzwonkowski
    • Bartosz Czaplewski
    2022 SIGNAL PROCESSING

    In this paper, a novel reversible data hiding method for encrypted DICOM images is proposed. The method utilizes binary decomposition of the input data paired with a sorting process of the obtained binary sequences to ensure efficient data embedding in each predefined data block for specific most significant bit (MSB) planes while exploiting the properties of run-length encoding. The proposed scheme is lossless, and based on the receiver's privileges, allows separate or simultaneous recovery of the original and embedded data. The proposed method was originally designed for 16-bit DICOM images of monochrome photometric interpretation, however it can be used with any type of data while providing satisfactory results. A computer-based analysis has been carried out and simulation results for DICOM and non-DICOM images are shown at the end of this paper.

  • Review of cigars and cigar-type products as potential sources of consumer exposure to heavy metals
    • Paweł Hać
    • Bartłomiej Cieślik
    • Piotr Konieczka
    2022 Full text JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART C-ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS

    The popularity of cigars, growing since 1993, has not gone hand in hand with the increased interest of researchers in these products. Although the literature widely describes the harmfulness of tobacco and the content of toxic substances in tobacco products, the topic is often treated selectively as relating primarily to cigarettes and rarely extends to other products of the broadly defined tobacco industry. However, there is no reason to marginalize the harmful effects of other nicotine products, (which include tobacco products such as cigars). The study analyzed the available literature on the con- tent of selected heavy metals in cigar tobacco. Among the heavy metals, the following contents of elements in tobacco were recorded in cigars: Fe (420–2200mg/g), Mn (100–370mg/ g), Zn (14–180 mg/g), Cu (15–140 mg/g), Pb (not detec- ted–32mg/g), Cd (nd–19mg/g), Ni (nd–13mg/g), Cr (nd–10mg/ g), Co (0.65–1.0 mg/g), As (nd–0.66 mg/g), Hg (18–25 ng/g). Importantly, the values often differ between cigars of different origins and types, indicating the need for more extensive research.

  • Revitalisation Living Lab as a Format to Accelerate an Energy Transition in Polish Rural Areas: The Case Studies of Metropolitan Outskirts Gdańsk-Orunia and Lubań
    • Bartosz Pietrzykowski
    • Gabriela Rembarz
    • Adam Cenian
    2022

    The paper deals with the issue of energy transition in the revitalization process dedicated to the rural and semi-rural areas of the Pomerania Region (PR). Two distinct areas, located in sub- and ex-urban zones of the Gdańsk-Gdynia-Sopot Metropolitan Area (OMGGS), in which bottom-up community initiatives have been playing a key role in the transformation, have been focused on. The village of Lubań (Municipality of Nowa Karczma) and the Orunia agrihood suburb of Gdańsk, i.e. two case studies in a planned revitalization program, pose an opportunity for extensive refurbishment of the heat and energy supply. The research approach runs in the Living Lab format, allowing studies based on the activities implemented and planned in the hitherto neglected field of integrated quest for energy efficiency.

  • Rewaloryzacja historycznego zajazdu Adlera w Gdyni Orłowie
    • Robert Hirsch
    • Celina Łozowska
    2022

    Tekst omawia kompleksowe prace konserwatorskie przy zabytkowym zajeździe położonym w Gdyni Orłowie. Budynek powstał w XIX w. w dwóch etapach. Przeprowadzone w latach 2011-2013 prace obejmowały m.in. wzmocnienie fundamentów, wybudowanie niezależnej konstrukcji stalowej, która odciążyła szkielet z belek drewnianych, termomodernizację oraz prace restauratorskie przy elewacjach.

  • Rheology of Variable Viscosity‐Based Mixed Convective Inclined Magnetized Cross Nanofluid with Varying Thermal Conductivity
    • Adil Darvesh
    • Tanveer Sajid
    • Wasim Jamshed
    • Assad Ayub
    • Zahir Shah
    • Mohamed Eid
    • Syed M. Hussain
    • Muhammad Bilal Hafeez
    • Marek Krawczuk
    2022 Full text Applied Sciences-Basel

    Cross nanofluid possesses an extraordinary quality among the various fluidic models to explore the key characteristics of flowing fluid during very low and very high shear rates and its viscosity models depend upon shear rate. The current study establishes the numerical treatment regarding variable viscosity‐based mixed convective inclined magnetized Cross nanofluid with var‐ ying thermal conductivities over the moving permeable surface. Along with variable thermal con‐ ductivities, we considered thermal radiation, thermophoresis, and the Brownian motion effect. An inclined magnetic field was launched for velocity scrutiny and the heat transfer fact was numeri‐ cally seen by mixed convective conditions. Similarity variables were actioned on generated PDEs of the physical model and conversion was performed into ODEs. Numerical results showed that the frictional force and Nusselt quantity considerably influence the skinning heat transfer processes over the geometry of a moving permeable surface. Furthermore, less velocity was noticed for the greater suction parameter and the Brownian motion parameter corresponds to lower mass transport.

  • Ribes nigrum L. Extract-Mediated Green Synthesis and Antibacterial Action Mechanisms of Silver Nanoparticles
    • Zaruhi Hovhannisyan
    • Marina Timotina
    • Jemma Manoyan
    • Lilit Gabrielyan
    • Margarit Petrosyan
    • Barbara Kusznierewicz
    • Agnieszka Bartoszek-Pączkowska
    • Claus Jacob
    • Mikayel Ginovyan
    • Karen Trchounian
    • Naira Sahakyan
    • Muhammad Jawad Nasim
    2022 Full text Antibiotics-Basel

    Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) represent one of the most widely employed metal-based engineered nanomaterials with a broad range of applications in different areas of science. Plant extracts (PEs) serve as green reducing and coating agents and can be exploited for the generation of Ag NPs. In this study, the phytochemical composition of ethanolic extract of black currant (Ribes nigrum) leaves was determined. The main components of extract include quercetin rutinoside, quercetin hexoside, quercetin glucuronide, quercetin malonylglucoside and quercitrin. The extract was subsequently employed for the green synthesis of Ag NPs. Consequently, R. nigrum leaf extract and Ag NPs were evaluated for potential antibacterial activities against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and kanamycin-resistant E. coli pARG-25 strains). Intriguingly, the plant extract did not show any antibacterial effect, whilst Ag NPs demonstrated significant activity against tested bacteria. Biogenic Ag NPs affect the ATPase activity and energy-dependent H+-fluxes in both strains of E. coli, even in the presence of N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). Thus, the antibacterial activity of the investigated Ag NPs can be explained by their impact on the membrane-associated properties of bacteria.

  • Robust and Efficient Machine Learning Algorithms for Visual Recognition
    • Sebastian Cygert
    2022 Full text

    In visual recognition, the task is to identify and localize all objects of interest in the input image. With the ubiquitous presence of visual data in modern days, the role of object recognition algorithms is becoming more significant than ever and ranges from autonomous driving to computer-aided diagnosis in medicine. Current models for visual recognition are dominated by models based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), which achieve impressive performance on many benchmarks. However, when deployed to the real world, the performance of these CNN models can drop drastically, lacking the desired robustness property. This is because of the so-called distributional shift, where the test-time data differ from data observed during training, and it poses one of the most important challenges in modern machine learning. At the same time, modern CNN-based models may be too expensive or too slow for general deployment. As such, the goal of this thesis is to develop robust and efficient models for visual object recognition. In the experimental section, the focus is on autonomous driving because of the datasets' availability, and also because the aforementioned problems are essential for autonomous driving. The next goal was to understand the impact of model compression methods is on model accuracy. Model compression works by removing some neurons or filters during training, which improves the inference time, without hurting overall accuracy. It was hypothesized that one of the reasons for this is data imbalance, a~compressed model (with smaller capacity) will firstly remove neurons responsible for recognition of less-common data. The experimental section found that using data balancing methods helped to improve the accuracy of some classes.

  • Robust Object Detection with Multi-input Multi-output Faster R-CNN
    • Sebastian Cygert
    • Andrzej Czyżewski
    2022

    Recent years have seen impressive progress in visual recognition on many benchmarks, however, generalization to the out-of-distribution setting remains a significant challenge. A state-of-the-art method for robust visual recognition is model ensembling. However, recently it was shown that similarly competitive results could be achieved with a much smaller cost, by using multi-input multi-output architecture (MIMO). In this work, a generalization of the MIMO approach is applied to the task of object detection using the general-purpose Faster R-CNN model. It was shown that using the MIMO framework allows building strong feature representation and obtains very competitive accuracy when using just two input/output pairs. Furthermore, it adds just 0.5% additional model parameters and increases the inference time by 15.9% when compared to the standard Faster R-CNN. It also works comparably to or outperforms the Deep Ensemble approach in terms of model accuracy, robustness to out-of-distribution setting, and uncertainty calibration when the same number of predictions is used. This work opens up avenues for applying the MIMO approach in other high-level tasks such as semantic segmentation and depth estimation.

  • Robust Object Detection with Multi-input Multi-output Faster R-CNN
    • Sebastian Cygert
    • Andrzej Czyżewski
    2022 Full text

    Recent years have seen impressive progress in visual recognition on many benchmarks, however, generalization to the out-of-distribution setting remains a significant challenge. A state-of-the-art method for robust visual recognition is model ensembling. However, recently it was shown that similarly competitive results could be achieved with a much smaller cost, by using multi-input multi-output architecture (MIMO). In this work, a generalization of the MIMO approach is applied to the task of object detection using the general-purpose Faster R-CNN model. It was shown that using the MIMO framework allows building strong feature representation and obtains very competitive accuracy when using just two input/output pairs. Furthermore, it adds just 0.5% additional model parameters and increases the inference time by 15.9% when compared to the standard Faster R-CNN. It also works comparably to or outperforms the Deep Ensemble approach in terms of model accuracy, robustness to out-of-distribution setting, and uncertainty calibration when the same number of predictions is used. This work opens up avenues for applying the MIMO approach in other high-level tasks such as semantic segmentation and depth estimation.

  • Role of the Synergistic Interactions of Environmental Pollutants in the Development of Cancer
    • Francisco Alejandro Lagunas‐Rangel
    • Jenni Viivi Linnea‐Niemi
    • Błażej Kudłak
    • Michael Williams
    • Jörgen Jönsson
    • Helgi B. Schiöth
    2022 Full text GeoHealth

    There is a growing awareness that the large number of environmental pollutants we are exposed to on a daily basis are causing major health problems. Compared to traditional studies that focus on individual pollutants, there are relatively few studies on how pollutants mixtures interact. Several studies have reported a relationship between environmental pollutants and the development of cancer, even when pollutant levels are below toxicity reference values. The possibility of synergistic interactions between different pollutants could explain how even low concentrations can cause major health problems. These intricate that molecular interactions can occur through a wide variety of mechanisms, and our understanding of the physiological effects of mixtures is still limited. The purpose of this paper is to discuss recent reports that address possible synergistic interactions between different types of environmental pollutants that could promote cancer development. Our literature studies suggest that key biological pathways are frequently implicated in such processes.

  • Rotational molding of polylactide (PLA) composites filled with copper slag as a waste filler from metallurgical industry
    • Mateusz Barczewski
    • Aleksander Hejna
    • Joanna Aniśko
    • Jacek Andrzejewski
    • Adam Piasecki
    • Olga Mysiukiewicz
    • Małgorzata Bąk
    • Bartosz Gapiński
    • Zaida Ortega
    2022 Full text POLYMER TESTING

    The research work carried out so far indicates the ever wider possibilities and demand for shaping composite products in the rotational molding technology. This trend was the main reason to use waste-based filler from the metallurgical process as a filler for manufacturing polylactide (PLA)-based remolded composites. Copper slag (CS) was introduced in the single-step processing method to PLA matrix at 5, 10, 20, and 35 wt%. The rotomolded composites with different filler content were subjected to in-depth structural analysis discussed in relationship with mechanical and thermomechanical properties changes. Evaluation of the composite structures by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3D computer tomography (3D CT) analyses showed that incorporating up to 10 wt% of the filler did not cause adverse changes in the filler dispersion in the product volume was homogeneous. Lack of unfavorable structural changes in composites with concentrations of up to 20 wt% was related to the rheological properties of the composition. Except for series with the highest filler content (35 wt%), the produced composites were characterized by increased stiffness and hardness than rotomolded parts made from pure PLA. Despite the deterioration of the tensile strength of composite materials using higher filler concentrations, the mechanical performance of 5 and 10 wt% showed an acceptable level while increasing the stiffness by about 15% compared to neat PLA. Moreover, it was shown that the interfacial adhesion between PLA and CS, despite the lack of surface modification of the filler waste, was advantageous.

  • Rozwój diagnostyki termicznej metodami detekcji podczerwieni i wdrożenie procedur nieinwazyjnej, ilościowej diagnostyki podczerwieni w monitoringu zabiegów kardiochirurgicznych, leczeniu ran oparzeniowych i pooperacyjnych
    • Mariusz Kaczmarek
    • Antoni Nowakowski
    2022 Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne

    Celem naukowym prowadzonych prac był rozwój algorytmów i procedur diagnostyki termicznej drogą bezkontaktowych pomiarów termicznych w podczerwieni, w celu wdrożenia ich do obiektywnej, ilościowej, nieuraźnej i bezstresowej oceny stanu tkanki w wybranych aplikacjach diagnostyki medycznej. Opracowane metody zweryfikowano w następujących aplikacjach medycznych: w ocenie głębokości oparzeń, w ocenie stanu mięśnia sercowego w zabiegach pomostowania tętnic wieńcowych metodami klasycznymi, jak również małoinwazyjnymi oraz w innych zabiegach na otwartym sercu; w ocenie stanu i postępów gojenia się ran pooperacyjnych, w tym po interwencjach kardiochirurgicznych. Prace badawcze wykazały, że metody termiczne (aktywna termografia dynamiczna) mają doskonałe właściwości różnicowania tkanek, porównywalne z jakością referencyjnej metody, jaką są badania histopatologiczne. Metody termiczne są całkowicie nieinwazyjne oraz umożliwiają szybki, obiektywny i rozległy przestrzennie pomiar oraz klasyfikację rany, a także właściwą ilościową dokumentację przebiegu leczenia. Takie badanie można wielokrotnie powtarzać bez szkody dla pacjenta oraz personelu. Metodę zweryfikowano klinicznie w Gdańskim Uniwersytecie Medycznym, w klinikach: Chirurgii Plastycznej, Chirurgii Onkologicznej, Kardiochirurgii i Chirurgii Naczyniowej oraz w Zachodniopomorskim Centrum Leczenia Ciężkich Oparzeń i Chirurgii Plastycznej w Gryficach. Rezultatem prac jest opracowanie, optymalizacja i implementacja prototypowej aparatury i oprogramowania nadającego się do wdrożenia produkcyjnego i aplikacji w warunkach klinicznych.

  • Rozwój podejścia proekologicznego w projektowaniu urbanistycznym i architektonicznym.
    • Katarzyna Zielonko-Jung
    2022

    Rozdział dotyczy rozwoju tendencji w podejściu projektowania z uwzględnieniem kryteriów ekologicznych. Zapoczątkowane w połowie XX wieku wciąż się rozwija, wzrasta liczba kryteriów oraz przesuwają się towarzyszące im akcenty. W artykule wskazano kryteria obecnie uważane za kluczowe. Odniesiono je następnie do elementów projektowych zawartych w prezentowanym w monogrrafii zestawie koncepcji studencki dotyczących nowej dzielnicy Rumi.

  • S09-4 The development of the Physical Activity Environment Policy Index (PA-EPI): a tool for monitoring and benchmarking government policies and actions to improve physical activity
    • Catherine B Woods
    • Liam Kelly
    • Kevin Volf
    • Peter Gelius
    • Sven Messing
    • Sarah Forberger
    • Jeroen Lakerveld
    • Nicole den Braver
    • Joanna Żukowska
    • Enrique García Bengoechea
    2022 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH

    Background Insufficient physical activity (PA) is a global issue for health. A multifaceted response, including government action, is essential to improve population levels of PA. The purpose of this study was to develop the ‘Physical Activity Environment Policy Index’ (PA-EPI) monitoring framework to assess government policies and actions for creating a healthy PA environment. Methods An iterative process was undertaken. This involved a review of policy documents from authoritative organisations, a policy audit of four European countries, and systematic reviews of scientific literature. This was followed by an online consultation with academic experts (N = 101; 20 countries, 72% response rate), and policymakers (N = 40, 4 EU countries). During this process, consensus workshops where quantitative and qualitative data alongside theoretical and pragmatic considerations were used to inform PA-EPI development. Results The PA-EPI is conceptualised as a two-component ‘policy’ and ‘infrastructure support’ framework. The two components comprise eight policy and seven infrastructure support domains. The policy domains are education, transport, urban design, healthcare, public education (including mass media), sport-for-all, workplaces and community. The infrastructure support domains are leadership, governance, monitoring and intelligence, funding and resources, platforms for interaction, workforce development, and health-in-all-policies. Forty-five ‘good practice statements’ (GPS) or indicators of ideal good practice within each domain concludes the PA-EPI. A potential eight-step process for conducting the PA-EPI is described. Conclusions Once pre-tested and piloted in several countries of various sizes and income levels, the PA-EPI GPS will evolve into benchmarks established by governments at the forefront of creating and implementing policies to address inactivity.

  • Scaled agile framework. Dealing with software process‐related challenges of a financial group with the action research approach
    • Michał Kowalczyk
    • Bartosz Marcinkowski
    • Adam Przybyłek
    2022 Full text Journal of Software-Evolution and Process

    This article reports on a domain-specific software development venture at Nordea. We explore organizational constraints, challenges, and corrective actions undertaken when scaling the agile development approach of their Core Banking Platform program. The fit and required customizations of the rather complex and rigid SAFe framework in a policy-heavy financial institution are audited against the organic growth of the program. In a qualitative study with three cycles using the Action Research method, both organizational and technical restrictions were tackled jointly with the company employees. Thirty-four potential solutions were developed—some of which turned out to be dead-ends. Ultimately, the effectiveness of prior recommendations was tested in a highly challenging implementation environment, and the list of guidelines was extended. We discovered several meeting and collaboration schemes that are not fully aligned with previous reports.

  • Scheduling on Uniform and Unrelated Machines with Bipartite Incompatibility Graphs
    • Tytus Pikies
    • Hanna Furmańczyk
    2022

    The problem of scheduling jobs on parallel machines under an incompatibility relation is considered in this paper. In this model, a binary relation between jobs is given and no two jobs that are in the relation can be scheduled on the same machine. We consider job scheduling under the incompatibility relation modeled by a bipartite graph, under the makespan optimality criterion, on uniform and unrelated machines. Unrelated machines are considered first. An FPTAS for R2|G=bipartite|Cmax is provided. We also show that for any ϵ>0,b>0 and m≥3 , there is no polynomial-time algorithm of approximation ratio O(nbp1−ϵmax) for Rm|G = bipartite |Cmax , unless P = NP. Uniform machines are considered as second. For any ϵ>0 , we show that under P = NP assumption there is no polynomial-time O(n1/2−ϵ )-approximation algorithm, even in the case of unit time jobs. We also provide a polynomial-time Σpj−−−√ -approximation algorithm for the case of jobs of arbitrary lengths pj , matching the established bound. To enrich the analysis, bipartite graphs generated randomly according to Gilbert's model Gn,n,p(n) are considered. We show that there exists an algorithm producing a schedule with makespan almost surely at most twice the optimum for a broad class of p(n) functions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of randomly generated graphs in the context of scheduling in the considered model.