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Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2024

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  • Tailoring Defects in B, N-Codoped Carbon Nanowalls for Direct Electrochemical Oxidation of Glyphosate and its Metabolites
    • Mattia Pierpaoli
    • Paweł Jakóbczyk
    • Mateusz Ficek
    • Bartłomiej Dec
    • Jacek Ryl
    • Bogdan Rutkowski
    • Aneta Lewkowicz
    • Robert Bogdanowicz
    2024 Full text ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

    Tailoring the defects in graphene and its related carbon allotropes has great potential to exploit their enhanced electrochemical properties for energy applications, environmental remediation, and sensing. Vertical graphene, also known as carbon nanowalls (CNWs), exhibits a large surface area, enhanced charge transfer capability, and high defect density, making it suitable for a wide range of emerging applications. However, precise control and tuning of the defect size, position, and density remain challenging; moreover, due to their characteristic labyrinthine morphology, conventional characterization techniques and widely accepted quality indicators fail or need to be reformulated. This study primarily focuses on examining the impact of boron heterodoping and argon plasma treatment on CNW structures, uncovering complex interplays between specific defect-induced three-dimensional nanostructures and electrochemical performance. Moreover, the study introduces the use of defect-rich CNWs as a label-free electrode for directly oxidizing glyphosate (GLY), a common herbicide, and its metabolites (sarcosine and aminomethylphosphonic acid) for the first time. Crucially, we discovered that the presence of specific boron bonds (BC and BN), coupled with the absence of Lewis-base functional groups such as pyridinic-N, is essential for the oxidation of these analytes. Notably, the D+D* second-order combinational Raman modes at ≈2570 cm–1 emerged as a reliable indicator of the analytes’ affinity. Contrary to expectations, the electrochemically active surface area and the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups played a secondary role. Argon-plasma post-treatment was found to adversely affect both the morphology and surface chemistry of CNWs, leading to an increase in sp3-hybridized carbon, the introduction of oxygen, and alterations in the types of nitrogen functional groups. Simulations support that certain defects are functional for GLY rather than AMPA. Sarcosine oxidation is the least affected by defect type.

  • Tailor-Made Polysaccharides for Biomedical Applications
    • Mohsen Khodadadiyazdi
    • Farzad Seidi
    • Aleksander Hejna
    • Payam Zarrintaj
    • Navid Rabiee
    • Justyna Kucińska-Lipka
    • Mohammad Saeb
    • Sidi A. Bencherif
    2024 ACS Applied Bio Materials

    Polysaccharides (PSAs) are carbohydrate-based macromolecules widely used in the biomedical field, either in their pure form or in blends/nanocomposites with other materials. The relationship between structure, properties, and functions has inspired scientists to design multifunctional PSAs for various biomedical applications by incorporating unique molecular structures and targeted bulk properties. Multiple strategies, such as conjugation, grafting, cross-linking, and functionalization, have been explored to control their mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, hydrophilicity, degradability, rheological features, and stimuli-responsiveness. For instance, custom-made PSAs are known for their worldwide biomedical applications in tissue engineering, drug/gene delivery, and regenerative medicine. Furthermore, the remarkable advancements in supramolecular engineering and chemistry have paved the way for mission-oriented biomaterial synthesis and the fabrication of customized biomaterials. These materials can synergistically combine the benefits of biology and chemistry to tackle important biomedical questions. Herein, we categorize and summarize PSAs based on their synthesis methods, and explore the main strategies used to customize their chemical structures. We then highlight various properties of PSAs using practical examples. Lastly, we thoroughly describe the biomedical applications of tailor-made PSAs, along with their current existing challenges and potential future directions.

  • Targeting shelterin proteins for cancer therapy.
    • Wioletta Brankiewicz-Kopcinska
    • Anoop Kallingal
    • Radosław Krzemieniecki
    • Maciej Bagiński
    2024 DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY

    As a global health challenge, cancer prompts continuous exploration for innovative therapies that are also based on new targets. One promising avenue is targeting the shelterin protein complex, a safeguard for telomeres crucial in preventing DNA damage. The role of shelterin in modulating ataxia- telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinases, key players in the DNA damage response (DDR), establishes its significance in cancer cells. Disrupting these defence mechanisms of shelterins, especially in cancer cells, renders telomeres vulnerable, potentially leading to genomic instability and hindering cancer cell survival. In this review, we outline recent approaches exploring shelterins as potential anticancer targets, highlighting the prospect of developing selective molecules to exploit telomere vulnerabilities toward new innovative cancer treatments.

  • Targeting yeast topoisomerase II by imidazo and triazoloacridinone derivatives resulting in their antifungal activity
    • Kamila Rząd
    • Iwona Gabriel
    • Ewa Paluszkiewicz
    • Aleksandra Kuplińska
    • Mateusz Olszewski
    • Agnieszka Chylewska
    • Aleksandra M. Dąbrowska
    • Katarzyna Kozłowska-Tylingo
    2024 Full text Scientific Reports

    Fungal pathogens are considered as serious factors for deadly diseases and are a case of medical concern. Invasive fungal infections also complicate the clinical course of COVID-19, leading to a significant increase in mortality. Furthermore, fungal strains' multidrug resistance has increased the demand for antifungals with a different mechanism of action. The present study aimed to identify antifungal compounds targeting yeast topoisomerase II (yTOPOII) derived from well-known human topoisomerase II (hTOPOII) poisons C-1305 and C-1311. Two sets of derivatives: triazoloacridinones (IKE1-8) and imidazoacridinones (IKE9-14) were synthetized and evaluated with a specific emphasis on the molecular mechanism of action. Our results indicated that their effectiveness as enzyme inhibitors was not solely due to intercalation ability but also as a result of influence on catalytic activity by the formation of covalent complexes between plasmid DNA and yTOPOII. Lysine conjunction increased the strength of the compound's interaction with DNA and improved penetration into the fungal cells. Triazoloacridinone derivatives in contrast to starting compound C-1305 exhibited moderate antifungal activity and at least twice lower cytotoxicity. Importantly, compounds (IKE5-8) were not substrates for multidrug ABC transporters whereas a derivative conjugated with lysine (IKE7), showed the ability to overcome C. glabrata fluconazole-resistance (MIC 32–64 µg mL−1).

  • Teaching of Robot Arm Programming - Tasks with Increasing Difficulty
    • Marek Chodnicki
    • Alina Guzik
    • Marek Galewski
    • Wiktor Sieklicki
    • Michał Mazur
    2024

    The article describes education techniques using robotics. For example, educational exercises on programming the Nachi MZ04 robotic arm are presented. The exercises use a wooden railroad toy model and elements printed in additive manufacturing technology. The exercises have increasing difficulty and can be used to educate young people in high school and specialized higher engineering studies (both bachelor's and master's).

  • Technological solutions to landfill management: Towards recovery of biomethane and carbon neutrality
    • Hussein Al-Hazmi
    • Gamal K. Hassan
    • Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan
    • Bogna Śniatała
    • Tomy M. Joseph
    • Joanna Majtacz
    • Grzegorz Piechota
    • Xiang Li
    • Fatma A. El-Gohary
    • Mohammad Saeb
    • Jacek Mąkinia
    2024 JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

    Inadequate landfill management poses risks to the environment and human health, necessitating action. Poorly designed and operated landfills release harmful gases, contaminate water, and deplete resources. Aligning landfill management with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reveals its crucial role in achieving various targets. Urgent transformation of landfill practices is necessary to address challenges like climate change, carbon neutrality, food security, and resource recovery. The scientific community recognizes landfill management's impact on climate change, evidenced by in over 191 published articles (1998–2023). This article presents emerging solutions for sustainable landfill management, including physico-chemical, oxidation, and biological treatments. Each technology is evaluated for practical applications. The article emphasizes landfill management's global significance in pursuing carbon neutrality, prioritizing resource recovery over end-of-pipe treatments. It is important to note that minimizing water, chemical, and energy inputs in nutrient recovery is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Water reuse, energy recovery, and material selection during manufacturing are vital. The potential of water technologies for recovering macro-nutrients from landfill leachate is explored, considering feasibility factors. Integrated waste management approaches, such as recycling and composting, reduce waste and minimize environmental impact. It is conclusively evident that the water technologies not only facilitate the purification of leachate but also enable the recovery of valuable substances such as ammonium, heavy metals, nutrients, and salts. This recovery process holds economic benefits, while the conversion of CH4 and hydrogen into bioenergy and power generation through microbial fuel cells further enhances its potential. Future research should focus on sustainable and cost-effective treatment technologies for landfill leachate. Improving landfill management can mitigate the adverse environmental and health effects of inadequate waste disposal.

  • Temperature Measurements at Tyre Tread Rubber on Sandpaper Oscillatory Sliding Contacts Using Acicular Grindable Thermocouples
    • Oleksii Nosko
    • Yurii Tsybrii
    • Pablo Guillermo Torrelio Arias
    • Adolfo Senatore
    2024 Full text TRIBOLOGY LETTERS

    The tribological performance of tyre–road contacts depends crucially on the contact temperature. This study investigates the reliability and accuracy of acicular grindable thermocouples possessing an original needle-shaped wearable part as applied to measuring temperature at the oscillatory sliding contact between a rubber tyre tread sample and a sandpaper. A linear oscillatory tribometer is used to imitate the sliding phase of tyre–road contact under mild friction conditions. It is shown that the acicular grindable thermocouple measurements are generally test–retest repeatable. Moreover, the thermocouple signal becomes more stable with increasing contact pressure. Compared to the conventional thermocouple technique, the acicular grindable thermocouple overestimates temperature at the rubber friction surface by about 23% due to involvements of its wearable part in friction with the sandpaper. The findings suggest an expansion of the acicular grindable thermocouple technique to full-scale experiments with tyres on the road.

  • Teoria grafów wczoraj i dziś
    • Marek Kubale
    2024

    W pracy naszkicowano kamienie milowe teorii grafów poczynając od pierwszego artykułu Eulera na temat mostów w Królewcu z połowy 18. wieku. Następnie opisano słynny problem 4 barw i jego wariacje. Pracę kończy charakterystyka najnowszych wyzwań teorii grafów.

  • The Application of a Mobile Unmanned Device for Monitoring Water and Sediment Pollution in the Port of Gdynia
    • Aleksandra Bojke
    • Katarzyna Galer-Tatarowicz
    • Agnieszka Flasińska
    • Andrzej Chybicki
    • Zbigniew Łubniewski
    • Jadwiga Kargol
    • Dominika Ostrowska
    • Agnieszka Cichowska
    2024 Full text Water

    Pollution in the Port of Gdynia can encompass various types of substances and contaminants that affect the quality of water and sediment in this region. Ships entering and leaving the port can release pollutants such as oil, fuel, waste, and chemicals into the water. Controlling and monitoring these pollutants is a crucial part of environmental stewardship. In recent years, uncrewed units have been increasingly in use for in situ water and sediment sampling. Boat-based water sampling crews face significant safety risks at sea. Eliminating the need for a boat-based sampling crew, uncrewed units allow sampling from locations that are difficult to access by traditional sampling methods. To validate the HydroDron-1 method, water samples and bottom sediments were collected from five basins in the Port of Gdynia using the HydroDron-1 method and accredited sampling methods. The values of measured parameters were similar for both methods. Using the HydroDron-1 method at the Port of Gdynia has the potential to improve safety while reducing sampling costs and increasing data collection. The project was implemented as part of the POLNOR 2019 Call program, announced by the National Center for Research and Development (NCRD): “Marine port surveillance and observation system using mobile unmanned research units” NOR/POLNOR/MPSS/0037/2019.

  • The Application of Fluidic Sealing in Shrouded Gas Turbine Blades
    • Filip Wasilczuk
    • Paweł Flaszyński
    • Piotr Doerffer
    • Krzysztof Marugi
    • Tomasz Borzęcki
    2024 JOURNAL OF TURBOMACHINERY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME

    This paper presents a study conducted on a new gas turbine designed to limit leakage in the labyrinth seal. The slots in the fin are used to generate a bypass flow, which obstructs the flow in the gap above the fin. The method was tested numerically and experimentally beforehand using a simplified model without rotation or blade passages. In this paper, the validation of the method using a model of a turbine stage is shown. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations using two turbulence models—Spalart–Allmaras (SA) and k-ω EARSM—were conducted. Comparisons of leakage flow and stage efficiency for reference and fluidic sealing configurations are presented. Fluidic sealing configuration is effective and reduces the leakage flow by 13–18.5% (depending on the turbulence model). The analysis of the flow structure in the seal region revealed that the use of fluidic sealing resulted in significant circumferential flow anisotropy.

  • The “autumn effect” in the gold market—does it contradict the Adaptive Market Hypothesis?
    • Marcin Potrykus
    • Urszula Augustynowicz
    2024 Full text International Journal of Management and Economics

    The present study aims to verify the autumn effect in the gold market, first presented 10 years ago by Dirk Baur in the paper “The autumn effect of gold” and to investigate the calendar effects occurring for other precious metals. This empirical research is presented in a way to place the results obtained in the context of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) and the more current Adaptive Market Hypothesis (AMH). The study was conducted as an extended reproduction of the Baur study. The main conclusion is that, the autumn effect on the gold market has been reversed and replaced by the winter effect, which is linked to the AMH. An equally interesting calendar effect was observed for silver. Platinum and palladium saw an increase in prices in January, but given the patterns in the gold market, it is very likely that this phenomenon will also change over time.

  • The Belt and Road Initiative and export variety: 1996–2019
    • Yuxin Lu
    • Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz
    2024 Asian-Pacific Economic Literature

    This study examines the association between the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and export variety (EV). We propose three hypotheses on how BRI may foster export markets (destinations) or export product lines. The estimates are based on a dataset constructed specifically for this analysis, covering 183 countries and linked with trade data from 1996 to 2019. We apply the instrumental variable (IV) approach in regressions for covering the endogeneity. The results indicate that participation in BRI is negatively related to EV. Specifically, we find evidence that, on average, BRI participants have less EV (by product and by destination) and greater export concentration. As regards participation in the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and BRI meanwhile (AIIB_BRI and AIIB_MOU), the results show a more negative effect. And there are heterogeneous effects of BRI across different economies and sectors

  • The bile salt/phospholipid ratio determines the extent of in vitro intestinal lipolysis of triglycerides: Interfacial and emulsion studies
    • Katarzyna Kłosowska
    • Teresa Del Castillo Santaella
    • Julia Maldonado-Valderrama
    • Adam Macierzanka
    2024 FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL

    This study focused on the protein-stabilised triglyceride (TG)/water interfaces and oil-in-water emulsions, and explored the influence of varying molar ratios of bile salts (BSs) and phospholipids (PLs) on the intestinal lipolysis of TGs. The presence of these two major groups of biosurfactants delivered with human bile to the physiological environment of intestinal digestion was replicated in our experiments by using mixtures of individual BSs and PLs under in vitro small intestinal lipolysis conditions. Conducted initially, retrospective analysis of available scientific literature revealed that an average molar ratio of 9:4 for BSs to PLs (BS/PL) can be considered physiological in the postprandial adult human small intestine. Our experimental data showed that combining BSs and PLs synergistically enhanced interfacial activity, substantially reducing oil-water interfacial tension (IFT) during interfacial lipolysis experiments with pancreatic lipase, especially at the BS/PL–9:4 ratio. Other BS/PL molar proportions (BS/PL–6.5:6.5 and BS/PL–4:9) and an equimolar amount of BSs (BS–13) followed in IFT reduction efficiency, while using PLs alone as biosurfactants was the least efficient. In the following emulsion lipolysis experiments, BS/PL–9:4 outperformed other BS/PL mixtures in terms of enhancing the TG digestion extent. The degree of TG conversion and the desorption efficiency of interfacial material post-lipolysis correlated directly with the BS/PL ratio, decreasing as the PL proportion increased. In conclusion, this study highlights the crucial role of biliary PLs, alongside BSs, in replicating the physiological function of bile in intestinal lipolysis of emulsified TGs. Our results showed different contributions of PLs and BSs to lipolysis, strongly suggesting that any future in vitro studies aiming to simulate the human digestion conditions should take into account the impact of biliary PLs – not just BSs – to accurately mimic the physiological role of bile in intestinal lipolysis. This is particularly crucial given the fact that existing in vitro digestion protocols typically focus solely on applying specific concentrations and/or compositions of BSs to simulate the action of human bile during intestinal digestion, while overlooking the presence and concentration of biliary PLs under physiological gut conditions.

  • The biological role of prolyl oligopeptidase and the procognitive potential of its peptidic inhibitors from food proteins
    • Antoni Taraszkiewicz
    • Izabela Sinkiewicz
    • Agata Sommer
    • Hanna Staroszczyk
    2024 Full text CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION

    Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is a conserved serine protease belonging to proline-specific peptidases. It has both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity and is involved in numerous biological processes in the human body, playing a role in e.g., cellular growth and differentiation, inflammation, as well as the development of some neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. This article describes the physiological and pathological aspects of POP activity and the state-of-art of its peptidic inhibitors originating from food proteins, with a particular focus on their potential as cognition-enhancing agents. Although some milk, meat, fish, and plant protein-derived peptides have the potential to be applied as natural, procognitive nutraceuticals, their effectiveness requires further evaluation, especially in clinical trials. We demonstrated that the important features of the most promising POP-inhibiting peptides are very short sequence, high content of hydrophobic amino acids, and usually the presence of proline residue.

  • The chemistry, properties and performance of flame-retardant rubber composites: Collecting, analyzing, categorizing, machine learning modeling, and visualizing
    • Paulina Wiśniewska
    • Elnaz Movahedifar
    • Krzysztof Formela
    • Mohammad Naser-moghadasi
    • Henri Vahabi
    • Mohammad Saeb
    2024 COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

    Rubbers combine the flexibility with mechanical strength, supporting myriad applications, but suffer from inherent flammability. Formulation and production of flame-retardant rubber composites (FRRCs) have intensively been practiced over years, but not comprehensively reviewed. This necessity has outlined collecting, analyzing, screening, classifying, and interpreting the literature with the aim of classifying the FRRCs. We quantified and visualized the flame retardancy of natural and synthetic FRRCs by grouping FRRCs based on their flame retardants (FRs) among green, mineral, phosphorus-based, nitrogen-based, carbonaceous, and hybrids of two or more types. Available data on cone calorimetry, limited oxygen index (LOI), and UL-94 of FRRCs were carefully extracted and plotted. Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) was used to specify the Poor, Good, or Excellent classes of flame retardancy in association with the chemistry and concentration of FRs to broaden the future innovation avenues. Machine Learning (ML) modeling enabled visualization of flame retardancy landscapes of natural and synthetic rubbers in terms of the chemistry and concentration of FRs. Overall, a downward trend in mechanical properties of FRRCSs against FRs amount was oxplored. This study proposed a general guideline for recognizing gaps in previous investigations and mechanistic interpretations. In conclusion, we highlight that the future FRRCs should take advantage of hybridizing FRs in order to meet the fire safety requirements, which would be possible by the innovative colorful checkered flame retardancy chart presented in this survey.

  • The clamping selection method to reduce the vibration of large-size workpieces during the face milling process
    • Krzysztof Kaliński
    • Marek Galewski
    • Natalia Stawicka-Morawska
    • Krzysztof Jemielniak
    • Michał Mazur
    2024 Full text Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences-Technical Sciences

    The article introduces a method for selecting the best clamping conditions to obtain vibration reduction during milling of large-size workpiece. It is based on experimental modal analysis performed for a set of assumed, fixing conditions of a considered workpiece to identify Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) for each tightening torque of the mounting screws. Simulated plots of periodically changing nominal cutting forces are then calculated. Subsequently, by multiplying FRF and spectra of cutting forces, a Clamping Selection Function (CSF) is determined and, thanks to this function, vibration Root Mean Square (RMS) is calculated resulting in Clamping Selection Indicator (CSI) that indicates the best clamping of the workpiece. The method's effectiveness was evidenced by assessing the RMS value of the vibration level observed in time domain during the real-time face milling process of an large-sized exemplary item. The proposed approach may be useful for seeking the best conditions for fixing the workpiece on the table.

  • THE CONCEPT AND THE STATE OF RESEARCH ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FAMILY BUSINESSES
    • Ewelina Sokołowska
    • Daniel Boehlich
    • Anna Dziadkiewicz
    2024 Full text Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

    Purpose: This study's primary goal is to present the theoretical concept of family enterprises. Specifically, the results of earlier studies and the issues facing this field of research now will be described. The article also examines the underlying impacts that family control has on business management in order to fill the research gap left by earlier studies on the performance differences between family and non-family enterprises. A thorough analysis of the literature revealed that family firms place equal value on non-financial performance as they do on financial performance. Design/methodology/approach: The study's survey focuses on critical analysis methods used in the literature. Critical theoretical analysis will also be accompanied by comparative, analytical and monographic methods implied to draw conclusions on further research directions in the family business sector. Findings: The current work makes a significant contribution by broadening the theoretical foundation for family business research. Therefore, a sound foundation for the explanation of distinctive strategic management components may be established using the behavior-oriented approach, stakeholder theory, target composition, and balanced scorecard approach. Research limitations/implications: Unconfirmed theories may be examined more closely, particularly in a modified setting. Practical implications: The findings of this theoretical study are not only important for business research but also for business practice. The study is primary addressed to the top management of family and non-family businesses. Moreover, potential investors, banks and consultants could benefit from the results of this study. Originality/value: This study aims to provide a better understanding of the relationship between the variables of family influence, goal setting and selection of key performance indicators and organizational performance and business success. That is how a contribution can be made to the ongoing discussion about the success of family businesses and its underlying factors. Keywords: Family business, Goal setting, Business performance, Small and medium-sized enterprises. Category of the paper: literature review.

  • The Crowd as a Source of Knowledge - From User Feedback to Fulfilling Requirements
    • Anna Baj-Rogowska
    2024

    Crowd-based and data-intensive requirements engineering (RE) strategy is an approach for gathering and analyzing information from the general public or the so-called crowd to derive validated user requirements. This study aims to conceptualize the process of analyzing information from a crowd to achieve the fulfillment of user requirements. The created model is based on the ADO framework (Antecedents-Decisions-Outcomes). In the empirical part, we chose the Instagram mobile app and user feedback on it as a source of data for the validation of our approach. For extracting antecedents from user feedback, we applied the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), and then sentiment analysis was performed for each topic to prioritize the most urgent tasks delegated by the crowd. The main findings of our study reveal that using the wide spectrum of experience and knowledge of users (the wisdom of the crowd) from user opinions helps uncover different aspects that are helpful during software development. The conceptualization based on the ADO framework reflects and captures this process well. Thus, crowdsourcing is an alternative to traditional methods and techniques for requirements engineering.

  • The culture of excellence and its dimensions in higher education
    • Małgorzata Wiśniewska
    • Piotr Grudowski
    2024 The TQM Journal

    Purpose To recognize the existing state of knowledge on a culture of excellence (CoE) in higher education institutions (HEIs) and to define the CoE in HEI and the dimensions that make up that culture. A subsidiary goal is to propose a qualitative tool to measure CoE maturity. Design/methodology/approach The study was based on the qualitative method, the preferred reporting system of systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA). Next, the conceptual work method was used. Findings A research gap in the topic of CoE in HE has been confirmed. The CoE's own definition has been proposed, as well as a set of seven dimensions that comprise it, such as: Clear vision, mission and goals for excellence; Leadership oriented to excellence; Employee engagement; Human resources management; Meeting and exceeding student and staff expectations; Continuous improvement of processes through innovation and excellent practices; and Partnership and teamwork for improvement. Research limitations/implications The study research was limited to open-access articles. Therefore, in the future, the search can be broadened to include monographs or doctoral dissertations, and other peer-reviewed studies. The research implications are related to the originality of our work and the proposals of two concepts – a CoE model and a CoE maturity assessment tool. Practical implications Leaders at universities, e.g. rectors and deans, can take into account the identified dimensions and progressively provide them as conditions conducive to achieving above-average levels. Originality/value This is the first literature review on CoE in HEIs, which can be considered an original contribution to science and practice. The original contribution of the paper is also the proposal of a CoE conceptual model and a CoE maturity assessment tool.

  • The determinants of European universities patenting and co‑patenting with companies
    • Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz
    2024 JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

    This study examines the determinants of European universities patenting and co-patenting with companies. The analysis takes into account more than 400 universities from 17 countries over the period 2011–2018. We test several determinants of the commercial activity of universities, such as: student enrolment (size), age, public or private nature of the institution, students per academic staff, publications per academic staff (research orientation), non-academic staff per academic staff, funding structure (core and third-party budget) and prior patent activity. We estimate two-part models with zero-inflated negative binomial/zero-inflated beta regressions, which estimate separately the impact of the determinant of patenting (count data/proportion of joint company-university patents) and the probability of no patenting. The results indicate that the main determinants of universities patenting and co-patenting with companies are: size, age, research orientation and funding structure. As for patents per se, the determinants of starting patenting are the same as continuing patenting, while for joint company-university patents, most of the determinants differently affect starting joint-patenting than increasing the proportion of co-patents with companies in all patents