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Maritime Communications Network Development Using Virtualised Network Slicing of 5G Network
- Sławomir Gajewski
2020 Pełny tekst Nase More
The paper presents the review on perspectives of maritime systems development at the context of 5G systems implementation and their main properties. Firstly, 5G systems requirements and principles are discussed, which can be important for maritime applications. Secondly, the problems of network softwarisation, virtualisation and slicing, and possible types of services for potential implementation in 5G marine applications are described. Next, the proposed model for network slicing dedicated to maritime systems is discussed, and 5G maritime systems architectures, including both terrestrial and satellite communications, are presented. The goal of the paper is to present the actual state of the art of 5G solutions for maritime applications as well as the analysis of network slicing and virtualisation for marine services implementation. The paper is based on original author contribution for network slicing models dedicated to marine applications which has not been previously published anywhere.
Mark Fisher: między krytyką kultury a libidynalną ekonomią polityczną
- Andrzej Karalus
2020
Artykuł omawia dorobek Marka Fishera, znanego brytyjskiego krytyka kultury i filozofa, autora głośnej książki Capitalist Realism. Autor artykułu krótko rekapituluje główne tezy jego książki oraz omawia samą koncepcję "realizmu kapitalistycznego", porusza również te zagadnienia, które nie doczekały się teoretycznej artykulacji bądź były analizowane w innych książkach i artykułach Fishera. Zagadnienia te to: libidinalna ekonomia polityczna późnego kapitalizmu, anihilacja czasowości i poczucia linearności czasu oraz kwestia uwiądu energii utopijnych we współczesnej kulturze.
Market Structure and Market Power in Selected Sectors of The Polish Economy Based on COICOP Classification
- Paweł Umiński
2020
This paper present new and simple measures of market structure and market power. Based on the classical models of market structures, where a given structure is determined by the number of enterprises, indexes of degree of monopoly have been estimated, representing an average number of entities per branch. Additionally, market power indexes have been determined as an average revenue per an enterprise in a given branch. This approach has been employed to the analysis of market structure and market power in the Polish economy in the period from 2001 to 2013, according to COICOP classification. The obtained results indicate that both market structures and market power of companies are quite diversified. Classes with large number of entities, e.g. Medical Services and low number of entities (Gas) could be indicated. Market power is also diversified – relatively low rates occurred in Medical Services class, while the highest rates were determined for Fuels class. The conclusions from the analysis imply that in many sectors with considerable market power, State Treasury is highly significant. Established measure of market power was compared with the well-known measures – Lerner's index and HHI. Correlation coefficients indicate that the relation is statistically significant but moderate or weak.
Marketing relacji we współczesnym świecie
- Anna Drapińska
2020
Teoria i praktyka marketingu ulegają ciągłej ewolucji, podążając za zmianami gospodarczymi, społecznymi oraz technologicznymi i dostosowując się do nich. Obecne trendy, które napędzają zmiany w globalnym świecie biznesu powodują, że silne relacje z klientami są bardziej niż kiedykolwiek, niezbędne dla strategii firm, które chcą osiągać przewagę konkurencyjną. Nowe warunki działania przedsiębiorstw to również świat, w którym miesza się rzeczywistość online i offline. Przedsiębiorstwa muszą odna¬leźć w tym świecie własną drogę, która pozwoli im na wzmocnienie swojej po¬zycji na rynku. Taką propozycję stanowi marketing relacji, którego istotą jest budowanie długookresowych, korzystnych dla obu stron relacji z klientami i partnerami, opartych na obopólnym zadowoleniu, zaufaniu i współdziałaniu. Celem niniejszej książki jest zebranie najważniejszej dotychczasowej – ciągle aktualnej – wiedzy dotyczącej marketingu relacji, a także jej wzbogacenie, zwłasz¬cza w kontekście nowej, wirtualnej rzeczywistości i rozwijających się działań w ob¬szarze online. Książka składa się z czterech rozdziałów. W pierwszym opisano korzenie i ewolucję marketingu relacji, a także trendy umacniające pozycję tej koncepcji we współczesnym świecie. Odniesiono się także do koncepcji po¬krewnych, jakim są marketing doświadczeń i zarządzanie relacjami z klientami (CRM). Rozdział drugi koncentruje się na dogłębnym wyjaśnieniu pojęcia relacji i lojal¬ności. W rozdziale trzecim opisane zostały wybrane determinanty relacji. Skoncentrowano się tu na budowa¬niu zadowolenia, a także na zaufaniu i zaangażowaniu. Scharakteryzowano również przekaz ustny (word-of-mouth) jako jedną z najistot¬niejszych obecnie form komunikacji oraz jego nową, elektroniczną fomę (eWOM). Ostatni rozdział skupia się na współczesnym kliencie. Opisano tu proces współtworzenia wartości, pokazano nowe ścieżki zakupowe klientów, które co¬raz częściej przeplatają w sobie elementy świata offline i online. Zaprezentowano także genezę i charakterystykę marketingu relacji w świecie cyfrowym. Książka kończy się autorską propozycją koncepcji współczesnego marketingu relacji, któ¬ry powinien odpowiadać na potrzebę partnerskiego traktowania klientów. Zwró¬cenie się ku autentycznym potrzebom, zaspokajanym w uczciwy i rzetelny sposób, pewność, że dana firma jest godna zaufania i wykazuje rzeczywistą troskę o swo¬ich klientów, mogą się stać najważniejszymi atutami prowadzącymi do lojalności klientów i przewagi konkurencyjnej
Material Identification of the Human Abdominal Wall Based On the Isogeometric Shell Model
- Bartosz Borzeszkowski
- Thang X. Duong
- Izabela Lubowiecka
- Roger Sauer
2020
The human abdominal wall is an object of interest to the research community in the context of ventral hernia repair. Computer models require a priori knowledge of constitutive parameters in order to establish its mechanical response. In this work, the Finite Element Model Updating (FEMU) method is used to identify an heterogeneous shear modulus distribution for a human abdominal wall model, which is based on nonlinear isogeometric Kirchhoff-Love shell formulation and the geometry obtained experimentally. Displacements on the boundary are fixed, and an intraperitoneal pressure of 1600 Pa is applied. A hyperelastic Koiter-Gasser-Ogden-Holzapfel shell material model is used. The heterogeneous distribution of the shear modulus is interpolated by 24 nodal values. The inverse solution is obtained by the minimization of the objective function, based on the difference between the deformation obtained from the analysis and the experiment – here an experiment-like FE solution with prescribed reference material distribution, and addition of Gaussian noise. The mean relative error between reference solution and identified parameters is 1.34 %, while stress and bending moments deviations are below 0.01%.
Material Parameters Identification of Historic Lighthouse Based on Operational Modal Analysis
- Agnieszka Tomaszewska
- Milena Drozdowska
- Marek Szafrański
2020 Pełny tekst Materials
In the present paper, the identification of the material parameters of a masonry lighthouse is discussed. A fully non-invasive method was selected, in which the material properties were determined via numerical model validation applied to the first pair of natural frequencies and their related mode shapes, determined experimentally. The exact structural model was built by means of the finite element method. To obtain experimental data for the inverse analysis, operational modal analysis was applied to the structure. Three methods were considered: peak picking (PP), eigensystem realization algorithm (ERA) and natural excitation technique with ERA (NExT-ERA). The acceleration’s responses to environmental excitations, enhanced in some periods of time by sheet piling hammering or by sudden interruptions like wind stroke, were assumed within the analysis input. Different combinations of the input were considered in the PP and NExT-ERA analysis to find the most reasonable modal forms. A number of time periods of a free-decay character were considered in the ERA technique to finally calculate the averaged modal forms. Finally, the elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio and material density of brick, sandstone and granite masonry were determined. The obtained values supplement the state of the art database concerning historic building materials. In addition, the numerical model obtained in the analysis may be used in further cases of structural analysis.
Materiały biologiczne pochodzące od ptaków morskich oraz renifera Svalbardzkiego, jako źródło informacji o zanieczyszczeniu środowiska polarnego
- Aneta Pacyna-Kuchta
2020 Pełny tekst
Wykorzystanie nie-destrukcyjnie pobranych tkanek takich jak sierść oraz pióra umożliwia pobieranie próbek od żywych osobników, nie naruszając struktury populacji oraz kwestii moralnych związanych z odłowem. W związku z tym możliwe jest śledzenie zmian spowodowanych podwyższonym poziomem zanieczyszczeń. W ostatnich latach, wykorzystanie próbek pobranych nie-destrukcyjnie staje się istotną częścią badań środowiskowych. Poziomy zanieczyszczeń różnią się w zależności od rodzaju tkanki i ich zdolności do akumulacji związków, co ma wpływ na wiarygodny monitoring. Przykładowo tkanka skeratynizowana, taka jak pióro stanowi źródło informacji o elementach obecnych we krwi podczas jego wzrostu. Kiedy krew jest dostarczana do pióra, związki o wysokim powinowactwie do grup funkcyjnych keratyny wiążą się z wiązaniami disiarczkowymi zawartymi w strukturze pióra. Kiedy piórko jest w pełni uformowane, naczynie krwionośne zanika, i pióro zostaje odizolowane od dalszego pobierania związków chemicznych. W badaniach będących podstawą rozprawy doktorskiej wykorzystane zostały próbki pobrane nie-destrukcyjnie od kluczowych gatunków polarnego ekosystemu morskiego oraz lądowego. Ekosystem morski jest reprezentowany przez trzy gatunki ptaków morskich: oceannika czarnobrzuchego i żółtopłetwego oraz alczyka. Ptaki morskie odgrywają szczególną role w środowisku, i są jednym z bardziej charakterystycznych części polarnego środowiska morskiego. Gatunki lądowe są rzadziej badaną, jednak szczególnie ważną częścią ekosystemu polarnego. Renifer Svalbardzki jest jedynym dużym ssakiem roślinożernym zamieszkującym obszar Arktyki Europejskiej. Analizy wykonane zostały pod kątem obecności wybranych metali, nie-metali oraz metalloidów (wykonane przy zastosowaniu ICP-MS, ICP-OES, Bezpośredniego Analizatora Rtęci) głównie w tkankach skeratynizowanych (pióra oraz sierść) oraz dodatkowo w odchodach renifera oraz skorupkach powylęgowych alczyka. Próbki sierści dodatkowo przeanalizowano pod kątem obecności polichlorowanych bifenyli, wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych oraz pestycydów chloroorganicznych (przy zastosowaniu GC-MS/MS). Badania są dowodem, iż materiały biologiczne pobrane w sposób nie-destrukcyjny stanowią cenne źródło informacji w badaniach ekotoksykologicznych, i mogą być szczególnie użyteczne w przypadku chronionych gatunków polarnych.
Mathematical modelling and computer simulation of activated sludge systems.Second edition
- Jacek Mąkinia
- Ewa Zaborowska
2020
Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation of Activated Sludge Systems – Second Edition, provides, from the process engineering perspective, a comprehensive and up-to-date overview regarding various aspects of the mechanistic (“white box”) modelling and simulation of advanced activated sludge systems performing biological nutrient removal. In the new edition of the book, a special focus is given to nitrogen removal and an overview of the latest developments in modelling the innovative nitrogen removal processes is provided. Furthermore, a new section on micropollutant removal has been added. The focus of modelling has been shifting in the last years to models that can describe the performance of a whole plant (plant-wide modelling). The expanded part of this new edition introduces models describing the most important processes interrelated with the mainstream activated sludge systems as well as models describing the energy balance, operating costs and environmental impact. The complex process evaluation, including minimization of energy consumption and carbon footprint, is in line with the present and future wastewater treatment goals. By combining a general introduction and a textbook, this book serves both intermediate and more experienced model users, both researchers and practitioners, as a comprehensive guide to modeling and simulation studies. The book can be used as a supplemental material at graduate and post-graduate levels of wastewater engineering/modelling courses.
Mathematical Modelling of Drive System with an Elastic Coupling Based on Formal Analogy between the Transmission Shaft and the Electric Transmission Line
- Andrzej Popenda
- Marek Lis
- Marcjan Nowak
- Krzysztof Blecharz
2020 Pełny tekst ENERGIES
In the paper, the kinematic structure of the transmission shaft between the driving motor and the working mechanism is studied. The analysis is based on electrical and mechanical similarities. The equivalent circuits, typical for electrical systems, are defined for the transmission shaft concerned. Modelling of the transmission shaft based on a formal analogy between the transmission shaft and the electric transmission line is also proposed. The results of a computer simulation and experimental test are presented. The results confirm the high conformity of the proposed mathematical model with the physical object.
Measurement of expenditure efficiency of Polish cities with county rights in the context of quality of life
- Alicja Sekuła
2020 Pełny tekst
The article is devoted to the measurement of efficiency of overall expenditures. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of use of budget resources by local government units in the context of fostering quality of life. The subject of the study is 65 Polish cities with county rights (county status). Calculations were carried out using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The results of analysis confirm the two research hypotheses: the efficiency of budget expenditures is higher in larger cities with county rights (status), and the efficiency of budget expenditures is higher in cities with county rights (status) with lower overall per capita expenditures.
Measurements of Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution for Organic Solutes in the Ionic Liquids N-Ethyl- and N-Octyl-N-methylmorpholinium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. A Useful Tool for Solvent Selection
- Łukasz Marcinkowski
- Joachim Eichenlaub
- Elham Ghasemi
- Żaneta Polkowska
- Adam Kloskowski
2020 Pełny tekst MOLECULES
In recent years, many papers describing ionic liquids (IL) as promising solvents in separation techniques have been published. The conscious choice of appropriate ionic liquid as absorption media in effective extraction of selected types of analytes requires deeper understanding of the analyte−IL interactions. Therefore, intensive research is conducted to determine the values of activity coefficient at infinite dilution, which allows us to characterize the nature of these interactions. Based on the inverse gas chromatography retention data, activity coefficients at infinite dilution γ∞13 of 48 different organic compounds in the ionic liquids N-ethyl-N-methylmorpholinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [C2C1Mor][TFSI] and N-octyl-N-methylmorpholinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [C8C1Mor][TFSI] were determined. The measurements covered a broad range of volatile organic compounds, including n-alkanes, n-alkenes, n-alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aromatic compounds and common polar solvents, representing different types of interactions. Activity coefficients at infinite dilution were measured in the temperature range from 313.15 to 363.15 K. The excess partial molar enthalpies and entropies at infinite dilution were determined. Selectivity at infinite dilution was also calculated for exemplary separation processes in the hexane/benzene system. The obtained results were analyzed and compared with literature data for ionic liquids containing the same anion [TFSI]¯ and different cations. The study results indicate that some potential applications of the investigated ionic liquids in separation problems exist.
Measurements of displacement and acceleration of the railway bridge at km 333-254 of the Vilnius - Klaipeda railway line
- Adam Nadolny
- Łukasz Filar
- Jerzy Kałuża
- Marek Wazowski
- Mikołaj Miśkiewicz
- Jacek Chróścielewski
- Krzysztof Wilde
- Łukasz Pyrzowski
- Paweł Tysiąc
- Bartosz Sobczyk
- Karolina Makowska
2020
The purpose of this work is to perform a report of static and dynamic test realized on the bridge at km 333-254 of the Vilnius - Klaipeda railway line over the Salantas River in Kūlupėnų.
Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Laser Surface-Treated Ti13Nb13Zr Alloy with MWCNTs Coatings
- Beata Majkowska-Marzec
- Patryk Tęczar
- Michał Bartmański
- Bartosz Bartosewicz
- Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz
2020 Pełny tekst Materials
: Titanium and its alloys is the main group of materials used in prosthetics and implantology. Despite their popularity and many advantages associated with their biocompatibility, these materials have a few significant disadvantages. These include low biologic activity—which reduces the growth of fibrous tissue and allows loosening of the prosthesis—the possibility of metallosis and related inflammation or other allergic reactions, as well as abrasion of the material during operation. Searching for the best combinations of material properties for implants in today0 s world is not only associated with research on new alloys, but primarily with the modification of their surface layers. The proposed laser modification of the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy with a carbon nanotube coating is aimed at eliminating most of the problems mentioned above. The carbon coating was carried out by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) onto ground and etched substrates. This form of carbon was used due to the confirmed biocompatibility with the human body and the ability to create titanium carbides after laser treatment. The EPD-deposited carbon nanotube coating was subjected to laser treatment. Due to high power densities applied to the material during laser treatment, non-equilibrium structures were observed while improving mechanical and anti-corrosive properties. An electrophoretically deposited coating of carbon nanotubes further improved the effects of laser processing through greater strengthening, hardness or Young0 s modulus similar to that required, as well as led to an increase in corrosion resistance. The advantage of the presented laser modification of the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy with a carbon coating is the lack of surface cracks, which are difficult to eliminate with traditional laser treatment of Ti alloys. All samples tested showed contact angles between 46◦ and 82◦ and thus, based on the literature reports, they have hydrophilic surfaces suitable for cell adhesion.
Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of TIG Welded Dissimilar Joints between 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel and Incoloy 800HT Nickel Alloy
- Grzegorz Rogalski
- Aleksandra Świerczyńska
- Michał Landowski
- Dariusz Fydrych
2020 Pełny tekst Metals
In this article, the mechanical properties and microstructure of 304L austenitic stainless steel/Incoloy 800HT nickel alloy dissimilar welded joints are investigated. The joints were made of 21.3 mm × 7.47 mm tubes using the TIG process with the use of S Ni 6082 nickel filler metal. No welding imperfections were found and high strength properties of joints were obtained, meeting the assumed acceptance criteria of the product’s standards. The tensile strength of the welded joints was higher than for the joined materials (Incoloy 800HT). Macro- and microscopic metallographic tests revealed the correct morphology of the joints and the appropriate structures in their critical zones. However, differences were found in the morphologies of the zones between the weld and the base materials. In fusion boundary from the side of the Incoloy 800HT alloy, no clear outline of the fusion line was observed (type A fusion boundary), while increased grain size and an epitaxial structure were observed. In turn, in the zone: weld–304L steel, a distinct fusion line was observed with areas with an increased amount of high-temperature δ ferrite (type B fusion boundary). No precipitates were found that could reduce the resistance of the joints to intergranular corrosion. A hardness decrease (approximately 30 HV0.1) in the transition zone: austenitic steel–weld and an increase of hardness (approximately 10 HV0.1) on the opposite side of the welded joint were observed.
Mechanical and radiation shielding properties of concrete reinforced with boron--basalt fibers using Digital Image Correlation and X--ray micro--computed tomography
- Łukasz Skarżyński
2020 Pełny tekst CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
The paper presents experimental investigations of the radiation shielding, mechanical and fracture properties of concrete reinforced with 5 kg/m3 of novel basalt fibers infused with boron oxide (BBF). However, further studies concerning other dosages i.e. 1 kg/m3, 10 kg/m3, 15 kg/m3 and 20 kg/m3 are currently carried out. Experiments with neutron source revealed that addition of BBF as a dispersed concrete reinforcement could improve the neutron radiation shielding of plain concrete by up to 25%. On the basis of mechanical tests, it turned out that compressive strength, tensile splitting strength and flexural of concrete reinforced with BBF were lower by up to 15% than analogous values for plain concrete. Simultaneously, shrinkage strain of BBF concrete was lower by about 10% than of plain concrete. Fracture process zone development on the surface of samples was investigated by Digital Image Correlation (DIC) using camera with the 36 megapixel matrix that allowed to obtain pixel size of 18 µm resulting in the length resolution equal approximately 60 pixel/mm whereas analyses of 3D material micro-structure, air voids, width and curvature of crack were carried out by X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) with 0.2 mm brass filter, voltage and the current equal 130 keV and 61 µA, respectively. The voxel size of the X-ray micro-CT was 39.68 microns. Experiments revealed that basalt fibers infused with boron oxide as a concrete dispersed reinforcement improved the ability of limiting micro-cracking area and bridging macro-cracking by up to 28%.
Mechanical and structural investigations of wings of selected insect species
- Michał Landowski
- Zuzanna Kunicka-kowalska
- Krzysztof Sibilski
2020 Pełny tekst Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics
This paper presents research and measurements leading to obtaining the Young’s modulus of wing bearing structures of selected insect species. A small testing machine intended for three-point bending and equipped with instruments registering low forces was constructed for the needs of the experiment. The machine was used to perform numerous bending tests of wings of three species of insects (obtained from a breeding farm): Attacus atlas, Vespa crabro, Libellula Depressa at various air-humidity conditions. Values of the force and displacement obtained in the course of the tests were used to calculate Young’s modulus. In order to do so, it was also necessary to obtain the moment of inertia of the wing cross-section. These values were measured on the basis of the images obtained with a SEM microscope. Obtained results were averaged and presented with a breakdown by air-humidity conditions. It was observed that Young’s modulus decreased with an increase of humidity, hence the calculations of the percentage decrease of this mechanical parameter were performed. Obtained results were compared with the observed structure which was also presented under light microscope. It transpired that the construction of a wing does not only influence the mechanical values but also it influences their susceptibility to the changes occurring in the environment. Thereby, differences between Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera insects were indicated also within the aspect discussed in this paper.
Mechanical exfoliation and layer number identification of single crystal monoclinic CrCl3
- S Kazim
- M Alì
- S Palleschi
- G D’Olimpio
- D Mastrippolito
- A Politano
- Roberto Gunnella
- Andrea DiCicco
- M Renzelli
- G Moccia
- O A Cacioppo
- R Alfonsetti
- Judyta Strychalska-Nowak
- Tomasz Klimczuk
- R. J. Cava
- Luca Ottaviano
2020 NANOTECHNOLOGY
After the recent finding that CrI3, displays ferromagnetic order down to its monolayer, extensive studies have followed to pursue new two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials. In this article, we report on the growth of single crystal CrCl3 in the layered monoclinic phase. The system after mechanical exfoliation exhibits stability in ambient air (the degradation occurs on a time scale at least four orders of magnitude longer than is observed for CrI3). By means of mechanical cleavage and atomic force microscopy (AFM) combined with optical identification, we demonstrate the systematic isolation of single and few layer flakes onto 270 nm and 285 nm SiO2/Si (100) substrates with lateral size larger than graphene flakes isolated with the same method. The layer number identification has been carried with statistically significant data, quantifying the optical contrast as a function of the number of layers for up to six layers. Layer dependent optical contrast data have been fitted within the Fresnel equation formalism determining the real and imaginary part of the wavelength dependent refractive index of the material. A layer dependent (532 nm) micro-Raman study has been carried out down to two layers with no detectable spectral shifts as a function of the layer number and with respect to the bulk.
Mechanical, Thermal and Rheological Properties of Polyethylene-Based Composites Filled with Micrometric Aluminum Powder
- Olga Mysiukiewicz
- Paulina Kosmela
- Mateusz Barczewski
- Aleksander Hejna
2020 Pełny tekst Materials
Investigations related to polymer/metal composites are often limited to the analysis of the electrical and thermal conductivity of the materials. The presented study aims to analyze the impact of aluminum (Al) filler content (from 1 to 20 wt%) on the rarely investigated properties of composites based on the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix. The crystalline structure, rheological (melt flow index and oscillatory rheometry), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry), as well as static (tensile tests, hardness, rebound resilience) and dynamic (dynamical mechanical analysis) mechanical properties of composites were investigated. The incorporation of 1 and 2 wt% of aluminum filler resulted in small enhancements of mechanical properties, while loadings of 5 and 10 wt% provided materials with a similar performance to neat HDPE. Such results were supported by the lack of disturbances in the rheological behavior of composites. The presented results indicate that a significant content of aluminum filler may be introduced into the HDPE matrix without additional pre-treatment and does not cause the deterioration of composites’ performance, which should be considered beneficial when engineering PE/metal composites.
Mechanical-Level Hardware-In-The-Loop and Simulation in Validation Testing of Prototype Tower Crane Drives
- Michał Michna
- Filip Kutt
- Łukasz Sienkiewicz
- Roland Ryndzionek
- Grzegorz Kostro
- Dariusz Karkosiński
- Bartłomiej Grochowski
2020 Pełny tekst ENERGIES
In this paper, the static and dynamic simulations, and mechanical-level Hardware-In-the-Loop (MHIL) laboratory testing methodology of prototype drive systems with energy-saving permanent-magnet electric motors, intended for use in modern construction cranes is proposed and described. This research was aimed at designing and constructing a new type of tower crane by Krupiński Cranes Company. The described research stage was necessary for validation of the selection of the drive system elements and confirmation of its compliance with applicable standards. The mechanical construction of the crane was not completed and unavailable at the time of testing. A verification of drive system parameters had to be performed in MHIL laboratory testing, in which it would be possible to simulate torque acting on the motor shaft. It was shown that the HIL simulation for a crane may be accurate and an effective approach in the development phase. The experimental tests of selected operating cycles of prototype crane drives were carried out. Experimental research was performed in the LINTE^2 laboratory of the Gdańsk University of Technology (Poland), where the MHIL simulator was developed. The most important component of the system was the dynamometer and its control system. Specialized software to control the dynamometer and to emulate the load subjected to the crane was developed. A series of tests related to electric motor environmental parameters was carried out.
Mechaniczne Metody Badań Materiałów
- Wiktoria Wojnicz
- Edmund Wittbrodt
2020 Pełny tekst
W podręczniku zawarto opis Laboratorium Wytrzymałości Materiałów znajdującego się w Katedrze Mechaniki i Mechatroniki na Wydziale Mechanicznym Politechniki Gdańskiej oraz instrukcje do szesnastu ćwiczeń laboratoryjnych dla studentów wszystkich kierunków studiów oferowanych na Wydziale. Ćwiczenia dotyczą zagadnień związanych ze statycznymi i dynamicznymi próbami niszczącymi, badań materiałów na ściskanie i rozciąganie, badań twardości, udarności, wytrzymałości zmęczeniowej i propagacji pęknięcia zmęczeniowego oraz badań lin stalowych, prób technologicznych i badań niszczących złączy spawanych metali. Są to badania odnoszące się do metali pracujących nie tylko w temperaturze otoczenia, ale także w podwyższonej temperaturze. W opisach poszczególnych ćwiczeń podano cel prowadzonych badań, podstawowe definicje, metody realizacji badań ze szczególnym omówieniem próbek do badań, maszyn i urządzeń wytrzymałościowych niezbędnych do realizacji badań oraz sposobu analizy i opracowywania wyników. Podano również wykaz polskich i europejskich norm, według których prowadzone są badania.