2024 - Repozytorium publikacji - Politechnika Gdańska

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3-D Printable Metal-Dielectric Metasurface for Risley Prism-Based Beam-Steering Antennas
- Md Yeakub Ali
- Ali Lalbakhsh
- Khushboo Singh
- Sławomir Kozieł
- Łukasz Gołuński
2024 Pełny tekst IEEE Access
A 3-D printable, planar, metal-dielectric metasurface-based, 2-D beam-steering system for aperture-type antennas is presented in this paper. This beam steering system, also known as the near-field meta-steering system, comprises two fully passive phase-gradient metasurfaces placed in the antenna’s nearfield region to steer the radiation beam. To address the non-uniform electric field phase of the aperture antenna, phase correction is also incorporated into the bottom metasurface placed on top of the antenna aperture in its near-field to enhance the far-field radiation of the antenna. Near-field phase transformation and phased array antenna theory concepts are applied to design the proposed metasurfaces. Two types of metal-dielectric unit cells are implemented to provide a phase range of 360◦ . The height of each metasurface is only 6.25 mm (0.25λ0), and the height of the whole system is only 1.56 λ0 at 12 GHz. The proposed beam steering system with a resonant cavity antenna can steer the beam to a maximum of ±44◦ in the elevation plane and 360◦ in the azimuth plane with only a 1.4 dB deviation in directivity over the full steering range.
3D-Breast System for Determining the Volume of Tissue Needed for Breast Reconstruction
- Gabriela Małyszko
- Julia Czałpińska
- Andżelika Janicka
- Katarzyna Ostrowska
- Mariusz Kaczmarek
2024
3D imaging systems can be used to effectively determine breast volumes for surgical applications. This article presents methods for surface reconstruction and volume determination based on the point cloud created by 3D imaging. Such a system would be used to accurately estimate breast volume in patients classified for breast reconstruction surgery at plastic surgery centers. To develop such a system, various methods of determining volume, based on images from the Intel D435i camera, were tested. In addition, an application and a measuring station tailored to clinical needs were developed
9,10-Dioxoanthracenyldithiocarbamates effectively inhibit the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer by targeting multiple protein tyrosine kinases
- Mateusz Olszewski
- Maryna Stasevych
- Viktor Zvarych
- Natalia Maciejewska
2024 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
Anthraquinones have attracted considerable interest in the realm of cancer treatment owing to their potent anticancer properties. This study evaluates the potential of a series of new anthraquinone derivatives as anticancer agents for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The compounds were subjected to a range of tests to assess their cytotoxic and apoptotic properties, ability to inhibit colony formation, pro-DNA damage functions, and capacity to inhibit the activity of tyrosine kinase proteins (PTKs). Based on the research findings, it has been discovered that most active derivatives (i84, i87, and i90) possess a substantial capability to impede the viability of NSCLC while having mostly a negligible effect on the human kidney cell line. Moreover, the anthraquinones displayed pro-apoptotic and genotoxic attributes while blocking the phosphorylation of multiple PTKs. Collectively, our findings indicate that these derivatives may demonstrate promising potential as effective anticancer agents for lung cancer treatment.
A 0.5 V Nanowatt Biquadratic Low-Pass Filter with Tunable Quality Factor for Electronic Cochlea Applications
- Jacek Jakusz
- Waldemar Jendernalik
2024 Pełny tekst Electronics
A novel implementation of an analogue low-power, second-order, low-pass filter with tunable quality factor (Q) is presented and discussed. The filter feature is a relatively simple, buffer-based, circuit network consisting of eleven transistors operating in a subthreshold region. Q tuning is accomplished by injecting direct current into a network node, which changes the output resistance of the transistors and, as a result, modifies the filter network’s loss, and thus its Q. Q tuning is independent of a filter cut-off frequency (ω0). The filter, with a nominal ω0 of 1 kHz, was fabricated using a 0.18 μm CMOS technology, and features a Q range of 2–11, power consumption of up to 52 nW, and a 59 dB dynamic range when using a 0.5 V supply. The ω0 can be tuned from 0.5 to 2.5 kHz using a traditional method by changing the transistor transconductances, but this process partially affects the quality factor.
A business simulation method in educating architects
- Michał Kwasek
- Piotr Konwicki
2024 World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education
In this article, the authors analyse the application of the business simulation method as a support tool in educating undergraduate architecture students. While running a fictional architectural practice, students learn about the role of an architect in the investment process and are introduced to economic aspects of running a small practice, including the importance of cash flow. They are also made aware about the importance of employability soft skills. The article is based on a simulation tested for several years in teaching classes during which students learn the practical aspects of managing their own architectural design practice, including cost management. A questionnaire survey has been used to assess both the prior knowledge of business principles among the students, as well as the effectiveness of this business simulation method as a learning tool for undergraduate students. Findings indicate that the applied method has improved the employability skills of graduates, in particular with respect to their actual knowledge of practical business skills, including legal, tax and financial issues.
A Case Study of Electric Vehicles Load Forecasting in Residential Sector Using Machine Learning Techniques
- Sheetal Deshmukh
- Atif Iqbal
- Mousa Marzband
- Mohammad Amir
- Jarosław Guziński
2024
Electric vehicles (EVs) have been widely adopted to prevent global warming in recent years. The higher installation of Level-1 and Level-2 chargers in residential areas soon poses challenges to the distributed network. However, such challenges can be mitigated through the adoption of smart charging or controlled charging schemes. To facilitate the implementation of smart charging, accurate forecasting of EV charging demand in residential sectors is essential. This study focuses on utilizing machine learning (ML) techniques to predict EV charging demand based on charging data from Trondheim, Norway. A key contribution of this research is its systematic approach, providing a step-by-step implementation process of EV load forecasting using ML algorithms. By addressing the pressing issues surrounding the increasing demand for EV charging in residential areas, this paper offers valuable insights into sustainable transportation energy management. The results, obtained through Linear SVM, Wide Neural Network, Naive Bayes, and K-Nearest Neighbors algorithms implemented in MATLAB software, emphasize the effectiveness of ML techniques. This paper serves as an intelligent-based residential EV load forecast approach for researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals seeking effective strategies to mitigate the impact of EV charging on distributed networks.
A case study on the rotomolding behavior of black tea waste and bio-based high-density polyethylene composites: Do active compounds in the filler degrade during processing?
- Mateusz Barczewski
- Zaida Ortega
- Paweł Piaskowski
- Joanna Aniśko
- Paulina Kosmela
- Joanna Szulc
2024 Composites Part C: Open Access
This study verified the possibility of using waste material from the food industry (black tea) as functional filler of rotomolded biobased high-density polyethylene-based composites. As part of the experimental work, the influence of the materials preparation, i.e., dry blending versus twin-screw extrusion, on the effectiveness of the stabilizing antioxidant effect of the black tea was analyzed. The aim of the work was to verify whether, despite the initial degradation of the structure of the lignocellulosic filler, it would be possible to keep its antioxidant capacity and the stabilizing effect on the polyethylene matrix. The research showed that the filler allowed to stabilize the polymeric matrix during the rotomolding process, despite the appearance of numerous defects in the form of pores and a reduction in mechanical properties, more significant for composites prepared by dry blending, obtaining elastic modulus drops of about 50 %. Furthermore, the pre-processing step by melt mixing results in a significant improvement of the composite's thermo-oxidation stability, with increases in the oxidation induction time (OIT), from 25 min for the HDPE to over 70 min for composites with 5 % black tea, and improved rheological behavior, preventing the crosslinking of the matrix, indicative of its thermo-oxidative degradation. The tea brewing process caused the decrease of antioxidant activity of the filler; however, it did not significantly affect the antioxidant behavior, maintaining its influence on the polymeric matrix when the material is prepared via twin-screw compounding, which was proved to provide better stability, increasing OIT by approximately 20 min later when compared to dry blending.
A Closed Bipolar Electrochemical Cell for the Interrogation of BDD Single Particles: Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation
- Anna Dettlaff
- Joshua Tully
- Georgia Wood
- Deep Chauhan
- Ben Breeze
- Lijiang Song
- Julie V. Macpherson
2024 Pełny tekst ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
A closed bipolar electrochemical cell containing two conductive boron-doped diamond (BDD) particles of size  250 – 350 m, produced by high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) synthesis, has been used to demonstrate the applicability of single BDD particles for electrochemical oxidative degradation of the dye, methylene blue (MB). The cell is fabricated using stereolithography 3D printing and the BDD particles are located at either end of a solution excluded central channel. Platinum wire electrodes placed in each of the two outer solution compartments are used to drive electrochemical reactions at the two BDD particles, which, under bipolar conditions do not require direct electrical connection to a potential source. Experiments using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) show that the anodic pole BDD particle is able to electrochemically remove > 99% of the dye (originally present at 1  10-4 M) to undetectable UHPLC-MS products in 600 s. Monitoring of the time dependant change in MB peak area, from the UHPLC chromatograms, enables a pseudo first order rate constant of 0.54 min-1 to be determined for MB removal. Given the large scale at which such particles can be produced (tonnes), such data bodes well for scale up opportunities using HPHT-grown BDD particles, where the particles can be assembled into high surface area electrode formats.
A closer look at how the dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method works. Investigation of the effect of solvent mixture composition on the quality and stability of the cloudy state
- Serhii Zaruba
- Michaela Ovšonková
- Patrycja Makoś-Chełstowska
- Vasil Andruch
2024 Pełny tekst Frontiers in Chemistry
The dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) is one of the most popular miniaturized extraction procedures. In this paper, the degree of dispersion and dispersion stability were studied with the aim to assess the correlations of these parameters with efficiency for the selected analytical application. The dependence between the degree of dispersion (cloudy state quality) and its stability obtained by various emulsification procedures, such as solvent-assisted emulsification (using various dispersive solvents) and mechanical emulsification (using auxiliary energies), is investigated and discussed. It was found out that the degree of dispersion depends on the type of emulsification procedure and decreases in the series: solvent-assisted (SA-) = ultrasound-assisted (UA-) > air-assisted (AA-) > vortex-assisted (VA-) emulsification. The emulsion stability depends on the degree of dispersion and there were 1810 and 2070 s for the most effective emulsification procedures, such us solvent-assisted and ultrasound-assisted emulsification, respectively. A comparison between the sensitivity of the analytical methods (using spectrophotometric determination of the anionic surfactants) and the degree of dispersion have been made. The sensitivity of the methods was ranked as follows: DLLME > UA-LLME > VA-LLME > AA-LLME.
A Compact Circularly Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antenna with MIMO Characterizations for UWB Applications
- Shahid Khan
- Owais Khan
- Syed Ahson Shah
- Bilal Malik
- Neelam Gohar
- Sławomir Kozieł
2024 Pełny tekst Scientific Reports
Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is extensively used in indoor navigation, medical applications, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices due to its low power consumption and resilience against multipath fading and losses. This paper examines a multiple input multiple-output (MIMO), circularly polarized (CP) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) for UWB systems. Compact form factor, high gain, wideband response, improved port isolation, and high data rates are the major design goals. This arrangement consists of two identical DRAs with self-decoupled orthogonal orientations eliminating the need for extra decoupling structures while achieving an impressive maximum isolation of 43 dB. The corner-edge feeding mechanism of the extended feedline generates two orthogonal E-fields, facilitating circular polarization. Additionally, a printed hook-shaped stub integrated with the ground plane enhances CP performance across the two operating bands without altering the DR structure. Fabrication and testing exhibit an impressive 133% impedance bandwidth (2.5-14 GHz) with high port isolation. For a 3 dB axial ratio reference, the single-element design exhibits axial ratio bandwidths (ARBW) of 1.2 GHz (3.6–4.8 GHz) and 0.8 GHz (9.3–10.1 GHz). Remarkably, the MIMO configuration achieves a single ARBW of 0.5 GHz (3.9–4.4 GHz). Detailed investigations of MIMO performance parameters, including diversity gain (DG), envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), channel capacity loss (CCL), and total active reflection coefficient (TARC), underscore the design’s efficacy, making it a good choice for UWB wireless applications.
A comparative analysis of methods and tools for low impact development (LID) site selection
- Khansa Gulshad
- Michał Szydłowski
- Andaleeb Yaseen
- Rana Waqar Aslam
2024 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
The site selection for Low Impact Development (LID) practices is a significant process. It affects the effectiveness of LID in controlling stormwater surface runoff, volume, flow rate, and infiltration. This research paper presents a comprehensive review of various methods used for LID site selection. It starts by introducing different methods and tools. Three main methods: index-based methods, GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), and multi-criteria models and tools, are discussed in detail. A comparative analysis of these methods is then conducted based on ten different criteria. These criteria include the number of variables, data properties, the scale of analysis, benefits maximization approach, multi-attribute decision analysis, user-friendliness, community and stakeholder participation, and the validation methods. This comparison reveals limitations in each method. These include inadequate data availability and quality, lack of evaluation methods, comprehensive assessment criteria and spatial explicitness. These challenges underscore the need for future research to prioritize spatial clarity, broaden criteria, improve data quality through standardization, incorporate field visits and remote sensing for robust results, integrate big data, and develop web-based, open-source tools for enhanced accessibility. These key strategies provide valuable insights for advancing LID site selection methods.
A comparative analysis of numerically simulated and experimentally measured static responses of a floating dock
- Jianan Zhang
- Xueliang Wen
- Aleksander Kniat
- Muk Chen Ong
2024 Ships and Offshore Structures
Two numerical methods, dynamic and static analyses, are proposed to calculate the static responses of a floating dock under different ballast water distributions. Model-scale experimental tests were conducted to compare with these numerical methods. The dynamic analysis includes a 6-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) model, a hydrostatic force model and a hydrodynamic force model to simulate the dock's freely floating processes. The dock's equilibrium position is identified when the difference in the dock’s motions between two successive time steps is below a specified tolerance value. In the static analysis, the static equilibrium equations in draught, heel, and trim are solved using the Newton-Raphson method. Both dynamic and static results of the draughts at the four corners, heel, and trim are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental results, which shows the reliability of the proposed numerical methods. Moreover, the static analysis exhibits quicker convergence, requiring fewer iteration steps than the dynamic analysis.
A Comparative Study of Precision Surface Grinding Using Additively Fabricated Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene (ABS) Wheels with Continuous and Serrated Working Surfaces
- Dawid Zieliński
- Mariusz Deja
- Mateusz Zator
2024 Pełny tekst Materials
Nowadays, high requirements imposed by mechanical components make it necessary to develop modern production methods. Additive technologies have been dynamically developing in recent years, showing many advantages associated with the fabrication of elements with complex ge-ometries and structures. One of the areas where the potential of additive technologies is exploited is the rapid tooling sector, which is based on the rapid production of tools and components used in various manufacturing methods. Currently, apart from industrial additive fabrication using metal and plastic powders, desktop and low-cost devices for additive manufacturing are gaining more and more importance in the production of functional elements. This paper presents the experi-mental results obtained from testing the micro-abrasive acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene ABS tools fabricated by fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology and reinforced with SD 28/20 diamond grains uniformly distributed on the working surface of the tools after they were made. Precision surface grinding operations of 41Cr4 alloy steel were carried out on a portable five-axis CNC milling machine using wheels with continuous and serrated working surfaces. The tool with a serrated working surface enabled a more efficient material removal and produced a better surface finish. In particular, a low wear rate of both FFF-printed tools was confirmed after all experiments. Promising results were obtained, showing the potential for a wider industrial application of the tested tools.
A Comparison of Directional Beamforming Capabilities: High-Order Ambisonic Microphone vs. Shotgun Microphones
- Paweł Perkowski
- Paweł Pławczyk
- Bartłomiej Mróz
- Józef Kotus
- Ewa Kujawska
- Kamil Klonowski
- Radosław Wierzbicki
- Patryk Kosior
2024
This article presents the practical implications of the directional beamforming capability of a higher-order ambisonic microphone compared with popular shotgun microphones. Five different microphones were used in the study: Sennheiser MKH 416, Rode NTG2, Panasonic AG-MC200, Zoom SGH-6, and Zylia ZM-1 (ambisonic microphone). The results highlight the versatility of higher-order ambisonics for non-immersive use, which allows for beamforming in any direction even in post-production, as opposed to typical shotgun recordings. Measurements indicate that shotgun microphones show directional characteristics with apparent frequency-dependent directivity. The Zylia microphone has 5 beamforming modes, among which the S1 and S2 modes exhibit directional characteristics similar to shotgun microphones.
A Comprehensive Approach to Azo Dichlorotriazine Dye Treatment: Assessing the Impact of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Treatment Methods through Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data
- Gamal K. Hassan
- Montaser Y. Ghaly
- Ghada E. Ahmed
- Rehab M. Mohamed
- Heba A. El-Gawad
- Przemysław Kowal
- Hussein Al-Hazmi
- Ahmed A. Afify
2024 Water
This exploration investigates integrated treatment systems combining advanced oxidation processes (Fenton and photo-Fenton) with biological methods for the effective elimination of stubborn organic compounds in simulated textile wastewater composed of azo Dichlorotriazine dye. A comprehensive optimization of key process factors including catalyst dosage, hydrogen peroxide quantity, irradiation duration, etc. was systematically conducted for both Fenton and photo-Fenton processes to realize maximum COD and color removal. Under ideal conditions (0.4 g/L photocatalyst, 1 mL/L H2O2, and 75-Watt UV intensity for 60 min), the photo-Fenton process realized 80% COD elimination and complete decolorization, meeting industrial discharge limits without needing extra biological treatment. Statistical models correlating process parameters to treatment efficiency were developed, giving important design insights. For Fenton, effluent COD exceeded discharge thresholds, so a post-biological treatment using activated sludge was essential to comply with regulations. This integrated Fenton–biological scheme utilizes synergism between chemical and biological processes for enhanced overall treatment. Notable economic benefits were achieved by photo-Fenton over conventional UV-only and UV/H2O2 methods regarding energy consumption and operating costs. Overall, this pioneering work successfully proves integrated advanced oxidation–biological systems as a superior, sustainable alternative to traditional techniques for economically removing obstinate pollutants, such as azo Dichlorotriazine dye, as it is a simulated textile wastewater treatment used to satisfy environmental standards.
A Comprehensive Review: Applications of the Kozeny–Carman Model in Engineering with Permeability Dynamics
- Maryam Rehman
- Muhammad Bilal Hafeez
- Marek Krawczuk
2024 ARCHIVES OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING
In this review article, we investigate the dynamic nature of the Kozeny–Carman Model concerning permeability and its application in engineering contexts. Providing insights into the changing dynamics of permeability within mining, petroleum, and geotechnical engineering, among other engineering applications. While some are complex and require additional modifcations to be applicable, others are simple and still function in specifc situations. Therefore, having a thorough understanding of the most recent permeability evolution model would help engineers and researchers in fnding the right solution for engineering issues for prospects. The permeability evolution model Kozeny–Carman (KC) put forth by previous and current researchers is compiled in this paper, with a focus on its features and drawbacks
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN 3D PRINTING FOR CONSTRUCTION: CURRENT STATE, BENEFITS, LIMITATIONS, AND FUTURE OUTLOOK
- Semahat Merve Top
- Jan Cudzik
2024 Pełny tekst Journal of Green Building
The agenda of Industry 4.0 strongly affects design and construction at all its phases, and three-Dimensional Printing (3DP) is an essential part of it. The emerging technology has the potential to become a more valid and accepted form of construction. This research is based on a literature review regarding the relationships between the concepts of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and energy efficiency for 3DP in construction research to understand the developments. Systematic bibliometric and scientometric analyses are used as data analysis techniques to make a detailed comparison. The comparison allowed for assessing and determining the current state, benefits, limitations, and future outlook. Current research is based on insights examining materials first (80%), followed by walls (15%), buildings (11%), and 3DP technology (6%). The findings highlight that 3DP technology offers significant advantages in terms of time efficiency, reliability, ecological impact, and sustainability within the construction industry. However, several challenges, such as the complexity of material mixture content design, the lack of standardized 3DP materials and codes, and the limited availability of experts in the field, prevent its widespread adoption. Further advancement of 3DP requires the development of standards, policies, training and materials for its full implementation in the construction industry.
A Comprehensive Review of Reactive Flame Retardants for Polyurethane Materials: Current Development and Future Opportunities in an Environmentally Friendly Direction
- Paulina Parcheta-Szwindowska
- Julia Habaj
- Izabela Krzemińska
- Janusz Datta
2024 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Polyurethanes are among the most significant types of polymers in development; thesematerials are used to produce construction products intended for work in various conditions. Nowa-days, it is important to develop methods for fire load reduction by using new kinds of additivesor monomers containing elements responsible for materials’ fire resistance. Currently, additiveantipyrines or reactive flame retardants can be used during polyurethane material processing. Theuse of additives usually leads to the migration or volatilization of the additive to the surface of thematerial, which causes the loss of the resistance and aesthetic values of the product. Reactive flameretardants form compounds containing special functional groups that can be chemically bonded withmonomers during polymerization, which can prevent volatilization or migration to the surface of thematerial. In this study, reactive flame retardants are compared. Their impacts on polyurethane flameretardancy, combustion mechanism, and environment are described.
A Comprehensive Review on DC Fast Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles: Standards, Power Conversion Technologies, Architectures, Energy Management, and Cybersecurity
- Gabriele Arena
- Andrii Chub
- Mykola Lukianov
- Ryszard Strzelecki
- Dmitri Vinnikov
- Giovanni De Carne
2024 Pełny tekst IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics
This paper aims to review the main research points regarding DC fast charging stations. At the beginning, the paper addresses an overview of DC fast charging standards, galvanic isolation, EV powertrain, and some examples of real DC fast chargers. This part highlights that DC fast chargers are usually connected to an AC network or microgrid, whereas DC microgrids would be a better choice to increase the charging efficiency and reduce the costs. However, the lack of standards in terms of protection and metering made their spread limited for the moment. Moreover, the paper describes the power converter topologies typically adopted in DC fast charging stations and emerging solutions to interface EVs with both 400 V and 800 V powertrains. Then, the paper explains the main architectural features of DC fast charging stations connected to DC networks or microgrids because of their potential to become the standard infrastructure in this field. Furthermore, the energy management strategies for DC fast charging stations are discussed, taking into account their relevant goals. Finally, cybersecurity issues of charging stations are covered, also considering their impact on grid and electric vehicle supply equipment, and providing a particular discussion regarding DC fast charging stations.
A comprehensive review on economic, environmental impacts and future challenges for photovoltaic-based electric vehicle charging infrastructures
- Haseeb Rashid
- Liu Ming Hua
- Lyu Guanghua
- Rija Hasan
- Abdulrahman AlKaseem
- Aqsa Ali
- Syed Hadi Hussain Shah
- Shoaib Shaikh
- Arsalan Muhammad Soomar
- Piotr Musznicki
2024 Pełny tekst Frontiers in Energy Research
In this paper, a comprehensive review of the impacts and imminent design challenges concerning such EV charging stations that are based on solar photovoltaic infrastructures is presented, which is based on state-of-the-art frameworks for PV-powered charging stations and the latest case studies. The main factors that are targeted in this review are the management of an EV charging system that is a composite of PV and public grid, as well as a charging system business model that can affect consumer behavior by charging at different rates and the best design infrastructure for a PV electric vehicle charging services. The economic, environmental, and social impacts caused by the installation of PVdriven charging infrastructures are also compared. Moreover, the framework for recently emerging vehicle-to-grid and vehicle-to-home services, as well as the integration of these frameworks, is discussed. Finally, survey results for future EV demand and its public acceptance are presented. Appertaining to these issues, the case studies highlight that EV transportation between parking lots and charging stations is necessary to make the best use of the available charging stations. Statistically, in this study, it was inferred that there are no limitations on the amount of EV battery capacity that can be stored, and users of EVs can charge in both slow and fast modes. Furthermore, V2G systems are not suitable for widespread industrial use. Moreover, finding solutions and overcoming numerous obstacles remain unaddressed issues, and the size of the EV industry must reach a certain level to make profitable sales of V2B, V2H, V2G, and other V2X systems. The collected statistics indicate that although respondents generally have a favorable opinion of the mobility applications powered by photovoltaic cells, it seems unlikely that they will use them anytime soon.