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  • A multiparameter simulation-driven analysis of ship response when turning concerning a required number of irregular wave realizations
    • Przemysław Krata
    • Mateusz Gil
    • Tomasz Hinz
    • Paweł Kozioł
    2024 OCEAN ENGINEERING

    The growing implementation of Decision Support Systems on modern ships, digital-twin technology, and the introduction of autonomous vessels cause the marine industry to seek accurate modeling of vessel response. Despite the contemporary 6DOF models can be used to predict ship motions in irregular waves, the impact of their stochastic realization is usually neglected and remains under-investigated. Especially in the case of turning, differences arising from the stochastic representation of the waves may result in excessive ship motions or even stability failure during maneuver execution. Therefore, in this study, statistical distributions of maximum amplitudes of roll, pitch, and lateral acceleration calculated in two representative locations on board a passenger vessel were analyzed concerning stochastic wave realization and existing extremes. The research utilized 6DOF simulation data and numerous realizations of the irregular wave with random phases of its components. Furthermore, the required number of wave realizations allowing for capturing the actual ranges of ship response at an assumed confidence level has been determined and analyzed. Ultimately, the results were compared in the safety-critical cases concerning various wave and operational conditions. The outcome of this study may be found useful by all parties involved in developing maritime autonomous systems and modeling ship motions.

  • A multiparameter simulation-driven analysis of ship turning trajectory concerning a required number of irregular wave realizations
    • Mateusz Gil
    • Przemysław Krata
    • Paweł Kozioł
    • Tomasz Hinz
    2024 OCEAN ENGINEERING

    In times of progressive automation of the marine industry, accurate modeling of ship maneuvers is of utmost importance to all parties involved in maritime transportation. Despite the existence of modern collisionavoidance algorithms using 6DOF motion models to predict ship trajectories in waves, the impact of stochastic realization of irregular waves is usually neglected and remains under-investigated. Therefore, herein, this phenomenon and its impact were investigated in the case study of the passenger ship’s turning. To this end, statistical and spatiotemporal distributions of ship positions and corresponding trajectory parameters were analyzed. This was made using massive 6DOF simulation data with particular attention to the observed extremes. Additionally, the minimum number of wave realizations has been determined using different methods in various simulation scenarios and afterward compared concerning parameters’ impact and existing dependencies. The results indicate that for simulated scenarios, the required number of wave realizations should be at least 20, but in rough seas should be greater than 30. These values satisfy an acceptable and operationally reasonable error limit reaching 15% of the ship’s length overall. The obtained results may be of interest to autonomous ship developers, scholars, and marine industry representatives working on intelligent collision-avoidance solutions and ship maneuvering models.

  • A New Approach of Solidification Analysis in Modular Latent Thermal Energy Storage Unit Based on Image Processing
    • Rafał Andrzejczyk
    • Muhammad Saqib
    • Michał Rogowski
    2024 Pełny tekst APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING

    The solidification process of RT18HC in a cylindrical shell and tube storage unit has been studied using a new methodology based on image processing. The main idea of the algorithm is to label the region of solidification and use statistical functions to calculate the dimensions of the solidification front over time. Said analysis includes two methods. The first method is to measure the solid fraction changes during solidification. The novelty of this method, as compared to other literature findings, is that pre-processing and calculation process occurs automatically via a calculation algorithm. This method is used to calculate the solid fraction of RT18HC which is reported to be a bit fast at the beginning that 40 % of its volume solidified in 1000 s while the rest of the process is completed in almost 6500 s. The second method is used to measure and calculate the thickness of the solid front by using image processing. This method’s error is calculated to be less than 7% throughout the entire process. The second method also acts as an experimental database of front thickness to use in a novel, simplified, semi-theoretical model proposed to calculate the solid front thickness as a function of time in this paper. It is also worth presenting solution extended by a general definition of thermal resistance for a cylindrical partition. The above study will enable the development of an enhanced and optimized model for complex geometries based on image processing techniques in the future. It will also allow the investigation of both processes i.e. solidification and melting alongside other influencing parameters such as the geometry of the storage unit in future.

  • A new strategy for PET depolymerization: Application of bimetallic MOF-74 as a selective catalyst
    • Mateusz Baluk
    • Patrycja Jutrzenka Trzebiatowska
    • Aleksandra Pieczyńska
    • Damian Makowski
    • Malwina Kroczewska
    • Justyna Łuczak
    • Adriana Zaleska-Medynska
    2024 JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

    Large-volume production of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), especially in the form of bottles and food packaging containers, causes problems with polymer waste management. Waste PET could be recycled thermally, mechanically or chemically and the last method allows to obtain individual monomers, but most often it is carried out in the presence of homogeneous catalysts, that are difficult to separate and reuse. In view of this, this work reports for the first time, application of bimetallic MOF-74 – as heterogeneous catalyst - for depolymerization of PET with high monomer bishydroxyethyl terephthalate, BHET) recovery. The effect of type and amount of second metal in the MOF-74 (Mg/M) was systematically investigated. The results showed increased activity of MOF-74 (Mg/M) containing Co2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+ as a second metal, while the opposite correlation was observed for Cu2+ and Ni2+. It was found that the highest catalytic activity was demonstrated by the introduction of Mg–Mn into MOF-74 with ratio molar 1:1, which resulted in complete depolymerization of PET and 91.8% BHET yield within 4 h. Furthermore, the obtained catalyst showed good stability in 5 reaction cycles and allowed to achieve high-purity BHET, which was confirmed by HPLC analysis. The as-prepared MOF-74 (Mg/Mn) was easy to separate from the post-reaction mixture, clean and reuse in the next depolymerization reaction.

  • A note on the Morse homology for a class of functionals in Banach spaces involving the 2p-area functional
    • Luca Asselle
    • Maciej Starostka
    2024 NODEA-NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND APPLICATIONS

    In this paper we show how to construct Morse homology for an explicit class of functionals involving the 2p-area functional. The natural domain of definition of such functionals is the Banach space W_0^{1,2p}(\Omega), where p > n/2 and \Omega \subet R^n is a bounded domain with sufficiently smooth boundary. As W_0^{1,2p}(\Omega) is not isomorphic to its dual space,critical points of such functionals cannot be non-degenerate in the usual sense, and hence in the construction of Morse homology we only require that the second differential at each critical point be injective. Our result upgrades, in the case p > n/2 , the results in Cingolani and Vannella (Ann Inst H Poincaré Anal Non Linéaire 2:271–292, 2003; Ann Mat Pura Appl 186:155–183, 2007), where critical groups for an analogous class of functionals are computed, and provides in this special case a positive answer to Smale’s suggestion that injectivity of the second differential should be enough for Morse theory

  • A Novel [4+2] Cycloaddition Reaction Involving Lawesson’s Reagent. Structure and Specific Fragmentations of a New Cyclic 1,2-Thiaphosphinane-4-one
    • Witold Przychodzeń
    • Barbara Kusznierewicz
    2024 PHOSPHORUS SULFUR AND SILICON AND THE RELATED ELEMENTS

    A crude morpholine enamine of acetone treated with Lawesson’s reagent unexpectedly yielded a six-membered thiaphosphinane-4-one. This compound is the first example of a new class of heterocycles. It has been proven that it is formed from 4-methyl-2-morpholino-1,3-pentadiene which is usually present in crude morpholine enamine batches. A mechanism of this regioselective reaction was postulated and a characteristic chair-like conformation of the product was examined in detail. Additionally, some unusual primary fragmentations of the product with the loss of H2S and isobutylene were observed for positive and negative ESI ionization mode, respectively.

  • A novel approach to enhance high optically active L-lactate production from food waste by landfill leachate
    • Wenjuan Zhang
    • Jiaxin Shi
    • Yue Li
    • Yonghong Ma
    • Aisha Khanzada
    • Hussein Al-Hazmi
    • Xianbao Xu
    • Xiang Li
    • Gamal K. Hassan
    • Gang Xue
    • Jacek Mąkinia
    2024 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

    The recycling of food waste (FW) through anaerobic fermentation into lactic acid (LA), with two isomers L-LA and D-LA, aligns with the principles of a bio-based circular economy. However, FW fermentation is often limited by competing pathways, acidification inhibition, and trace metals deficiency. This study investigates the introduction of landfill leachate, containing buffering agents (ammonia) and trace metals, into FW fermentation. Various dosages of landfill leachate, ranging from 90 (LN-90) to 450 mg/L (LN-450) based on inclusive ammonia calculation, were employed. Results showed that LA production peaked at 43.65 ± 0.57 g COD/L in LN-180 on day 6, with a high optical activity of L-LA at 92.40 ± 1.15 %. Fermentation pathway analysis revealed that landfill leachate amendment enhances hydrolysis (as evidenced by increased activity of amylase, α-glucosidase, and protease) and glycolysis (resulting in enhanced utilization of carbohydrates and glucose). The inclusive ammonia in leachate plays a crucial role as a buffer, maintaining optimal pH conditions (5–7), thereby reducing volatile fatty acid production and thus intensifying LA orientations. The increased activity of L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-LA generation) and decreased NAD-independent lactate dehydrogenase (LA consumption) in properly dosed leachate further explained the high accumulation of L-LA. Dominance of lactic acid bacteria, including Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Bifidobacterium, Bavariicoccus, and Lacticaseibacillus, accounted for 91.08% (LN-90), while inhibitory effects were observed in LN-450 (4.45%). Functional gene analysis further supported the enhanced glycolysis, L-lactate dehydrogenase, and nitrogen assimilation. Finally, a network analysis indicates a beneficial effect on the genus Enterococcus and Klebsiella by landfill leachate addition. This study demonstrates the efficiency of utilizing landfill leachate to enhance LA recycling from FW fermentation, aligning with the concept of circular economy by transforming waste into valuable resources.

  • A Novel Device and System for Fall Detection Under the Shower
    • Adam Bujnowski
    • Bartłomiej Rajzer
    • Aleksey Andrushevich
    • Artur Poliński
    • Mariusz Kaczmarek
    • Jerzy Wtorek
    2024

    In this paper, device construction and preliminary results for shower safety assistance are presented. The device allows monitoring of shower-taking persons without violating privacy and intimacy, while it has the ability to detect a persons entering and leaving the shower and detecting fall conditions. It allows better supervision of elders living independently at their locations.

  • A Novel Iterative Decoding for Iterated Codes Using Classical and Convolutional Neural Networks
    • Marek Blok
    • Bartosz Czaplewski
    2024

    Forward error correction is crucial for communication, enabling error rate or required SNR reduction. Longer codes improve correction ratio. Iterated codes offer a solution for constructing long codeswith a simple coder and decoder. However, a basic iterative code decoder cannot fully exploit the code’s potential, as some error patterns within its correction capacity remain uncorrected.We propose two neural network-assisted decoders: one based on a classical neural network, and the second employing a convolutional neural network. Based on conducted research, we proposed an iterative neural network-based decoder. The resulting decoder demonstrated significantly improved overall performance, exceeding that of the classical decoder, proving the efficient application of neural networks in iterative code decoding.

  • A Numerical Model Study on Grasse River Ice Control Structures
    • Tomasz Kolerski
    • Hung Tao Shen
    2024 Pełny tekst CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

    Ice jams in the Grasse River have caused the erosion of capping material designed to prevent the resurfacing of the bed sediment in the PCB-contaminated area. Two in-stream ice-control structures are proposed to avoid the jam-induced erosion of the capping material. These two ice-control options are a pier-type ice-control structure and a reconstruction of a small hydropower dam upstream of the capping site. A numerical model study using the DynaRICE model is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed design. Flow and ice conditions corresponding to the 100-year return period of ice jam events obtained from analyzing historical breakup ice jam data are used in the evaluation. The results showed that these ice-control structures could reduce the ice discharge downstream and the size of the ice jam at the capping site to prevent the erosion and scour of the PCB-contaminated bed.

  • A palatal prosthesis from archaeological research in the St Francis of Assisi church in Cracow (Poland)
    • Anna E. Spinek
    • Marta Kurek
    • Krzysztof Demidziuk
    • Marcin Nowak
    • Magdalena Śliwka-Kaszyńska
    • Anna Drążkowska
    2024 Journal of Archaeological Science-Reports

    The hard palate is a septum that not only prevents food from entering between the oral and nasal cavity, but also plays an important role during breathing or speech. The presence of cavities within it negatively affects the comfort of life of people with this type of impairment. Hence, in the literature one can find examples of the use of hard palate prostheses to restore the separation between the nasal and oral cavity. During archaeological research conducted in 2017–18 in the church of St Francis of Assisi in Cracow, the remains of a man with a cleft palate, who died at the age of about 50, were found. His burial is dated to the eighteenth century. Within his mouth, the presence of a palatal prosthesis was noted. This is the first case in Poland of finding an individual with an obturator tailored to its needs. The aim of the work is to present the structure and elemental composition of the found prosthesis and comparisons to the other obturators known from written sources. Macroscopic analysis showed the presence of an elliptical-shaped metal diaphragm and a textile “tampon” entering nasal cavity. The metal part of the prosthesis was made of copper alloy, covered with a layer of silver and gold. The comparison of the analysed obturator with examples from the literature indicates its great similarity to those used in the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries.

  • A Planar-Structured Circularly Polarized Single-Layer MIMO Antenna for Wideband Millimetre-Wave Applications
    • Ubaid Ullah
    • Sławomir Kozieł
    • Anna Pietrenko-Dąbrowska
    • Shahanawaz Kamal
    2024 Pełny tekst Engineering Science and Technology-An International Journal-JESTECH

    In this paper, a simple geometry, planar-structured printed multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna utilizing dual circular polarization (CP) is presented. The proposed numerically and experimentally validated design features a fully grounded coplanar waveguide (CPW) and a systematically perturbed feedline radiator. The fringing electric (E) field along the feedline is altered by extruding periodic stubs on each side of the microstrip line extended from a grounded CPW. The different physical size of the stubs on each side, plus a slight offset introduced between the stubs breaks the symmetry of the vector E-fields on both side of the edges. The asymmetric E-field weakens the intensity of the respective magnetic current on the opposite side for a wider spectrum, resulting in a wideband operation. The asymmetric vertical magnetic current along the length of the stubs and the combined current on the horizontal edges yield 90-degree out-of-phase orthogonal field components, radiating circularly polarized waves. The proposed design has the advantage of topological simplicity and ease of polarization sense alteration. Owing to this, the design is implemented in MIMO configuration with each port radiating a different sense of CP. The antenna's simulated and measured -10 dB impedance bandwidth is more than 26.5% ranging from 24.6 GHz to 32.1 GHz frequency. Additionally, the antenna retains an axial ratio (AR) of 3 dB or less from 26 GHz to 31.8 GHz. The peak realized gain (RG) of the antenna is 10.3 dBic with an average value of ~ 9.5 dBic across the bandwidth confirming stable radiation in the broadside direction. At the same time, the envelop correlation coefficient and the diversity gain are about 0.01 and 10 dB, respectively over the operating band.

  • A probabilistic-driven framework for enhanced corrosion estimation of ship structural components
    • Krzysztof Wołoszyk
    • Yordan Garbatov
    2024 Pełny tekst RELIABILITY ENGINEERING & SYSTEM SAFETY

    The work proposes a probabilistic-driven framework for enhanced corrosion estimation of ship structural components using Bayesian inference and limited measurement data. The new approach for modelling measurement uncertainty is proposed based on the results of previous corrosion tests that incorporate the non-uniform character of the corroded surface of structural components. The proposed framework's basic features are outlined, and the detailed algorithm is presented. Further, the proposed framework is validated by comparison with the classical statistical approach and mass measurements, considering previous experimental work results. Notably, the impact of the number of measuring points is investigated, and the accuracy index is proposed to identify the optimum number of measurements. The developed framework has a significant advantage over the classical approach since measuring uncertainty is incorporated. Additionally, the confidence intervals of both mean value corrosion depth and standard deviation could be gathered due to the probabilistic character of the framework. Thus, the presented approach can potentially be used in the structural health monitoring of ship structural components and reliability analysis.

  • A procedure for the identification of effective mechanical parameters of additively manufactured elements using integrated ultrasonic bulk and guided waves
    • Erwin Wojtczak
    • Magdalena Rucka
    • Angela Andrzejewska
    2024 MEASUREMENT

    The subject of the current work was a simple but robust novel two-stage procedure for the non-destructive determination of effective elastic constants using ultrasonic wave propagation. First, ultrasonic bulk wave velocities measured on cubic samples were used to calculate most of the elements of the stiffness matrix. Secondly, the remaining elements were determined using the dispersion curves of elastic guided waves measured on plate samples. Based on the complete stiffness matrix it was possible to calculate the complete set of effective elastic constants. The algorithm was verified for AM elements produced from PLA filament satisfying the conditions of transversely isotropic and orthotropic material models. For the transversely isotropic samples, Young’s moduli (E) varied from 2.6 to 2.9 GPa, shear moduli (G) equalled between 0.9 and 1.2 GPa, whereas Poisson’s ratios (ν) ranged between 0.20 and 0.32. In orthotropic sample the corresponding values were: E = 1.3–2.8 GPa, G = 0.6–1.2 GPa, and ν = 0.07–0.59. The results of the current study have been compared with references from the literature, giving satisfactory agreement.

  • A procedure for the visualization of fingerprint traces on standard and thermal paper using the electron excitation energy of 1,8-diazafluoren-9- one aggregates in a polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer
    • Aneta Lewkowicz
    • Martyna Czarnomska
    • Emilia Gruszczyńska
    • Katarzyna Karpienko
    • Maciej Wróbel
    • Michalina Chabowska
    • Piotr Bojarski
    2024 Pełny tekst Z Zagadnień Nauk Sądowych

    The scope of this study is a new procedure for visualizing dactyloscopic traces on an absorbent surface using a solution based on aggregates of 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) in a polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer (PVP). An absorbent surface is defined as a plain or thermal paper, which is considered to be a difficult surface due to its varying chemical composition. In the case of the thermal paper surface, the procedure can be further improved by the addition of Au/Ag nanoparticles, which cause an enhancement of the fluorescence phenomenon from the surface of the fingerprint. The procedure requires the use of forensic illuminators and filters to reveal traces at the crime scene. Regarding the visualization of fingerprint prints in the forensic laboratory, the use of a stereo fluorescence microscope provides higher-resolution images when analyzing single patterns in the form of minutiae. The presented procedure is competitive with known, highly toxic current methods for revealing dactyloscopic traces using the DFO molecule. It also represents a key contribution to the development of methods for visualizing traces on thermal paper using fluorescent dyes and suitable control of their spectroscopic properties.

  • A prototype information system for managing and pricing e-waste
    • Krystian Jandy
    • Paweł Weichbroth
    2024 Pełny tekst

    There is no doubt that innovation drives development in all areas of human activity, including electrical and electronic equipment. However, the production of new equipment has a significant impact on the natural environment and a relatively high consumption of natural resources. To address these issues, the circular economy has been implemented in recent years by promoting and introducing numerous measures to facilitate the recycling of used goods. However, it has been found that there are many obstacles and difficulties currently faced by decision and policy makers. In this paper, we try to fill the research gap by presenting the prototype of an information system (IS) that could help not only these stakeholders, but also other interested parties, to move towards a circular economy through the efficient management of used electrical and electronic equipment (e-waste). In this context, we present the prototype of the system and elaborate on its two main components, namely functionality and user interface. Furthermore, we discuss the future research directions regarding the development of existing and new system features, followed by a comprehensive usability testing.

  • A random field-based simulational identification of possible levels of material imperfections of adhesive-bonded joints
    • Karol Winkelmann
    • Faizullah Jan
    • Łukasz Smakosz
    • Violetta Konopińska-Zmysłowska
    • Victor Eremeyev
    • Marcin Kujawa
    2024 Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences-Technical Sciences

    Recently, structural adhesives have become significant in the shaping of structural elements, especially in thin-walled structures, where they replace or supplement traditional connection methods. However, adhesive-bonded joints are highly susceptible to internal structural imperfections due to their application technique and the nature of the adhesive. These material inconsistencies impact the strength parameters and the mechanical behavior of the entire connection. This study proposes a simplified method for the probabilistic numerical modeling of structural imperfections in an adhesive layer. The adhesive is modeled as an uncorrelated random field with weakened elements representing structural imperfections randomly scattered throughout its entire volume. The percentage of these imperfections (in relation to the total volume) is adopted a random variable.By conducting experimental tests on dogbone specimens of a selected adhesive and comparing them to adequate numerical tests with varying volumes of weakened elements, the determination of the representative imperfection volume of the investigated adhesive was possible. Based on these tests, the calibration of the probability density function to describe the volume of the imperfections may be performed. Furthermore, the application of the random model for an adhesive-bonded single lap-joint is shown to be viable. Finally, the calculation of a probability-based mechanical response (in this case, the normal force at critical elongation) of the single lap-joint with structural imperfections is performed, and its resultant reliability is assessed and evaluated.

  • A Residential Building Extension Prototype to face Post-Pandemic Needs: Foreseen Challenges and Impacts
    • Anna Stefańska
    • Carlos C. Duarte
    • Katarzyna Zielonko-Jung
    • Nuno D. Cortiços
    • Daniel Mateus
    2024 Green Energy & Environment

    The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of outdoor spaces for maintaining physical and mental well-being. However, many urban residents lack private outdoor areas, which led to harmful health consequences during lockdowns. The research project aims to address and solve this issue by developing a physical/digital prototype called “X-TEND” that extends living space outdoors by attaching it to existing multi-story residential building facades. This prototype intends to promote healthier lifestyles, improving the well-being of individuals and positively impacts the urban surroundings aesthetics. X-TEND prototype uses a light, modular, and prefabricated approach for cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability. It incorporates generative processes for structural and bioclimatic optimisation complemented by green building strategies to reduce environmental impact while maximising thermal and energy performance. Ultimately, X-TEND prototype contributes to a more sustainable built environment, fostering healthier and more liveable cities for current and future generations.

  • A review of explainable fashion compatibility modeling methods
    • Karolina Selwon
    • Julian Szymański
    2024 ACM COMPUTING SURVEYS

    The paper reviews methods used in the fashion compatibility recommendation domain. We select methods based on reproducibility, explainability, and novelty aspects and then organize them chronologically and thematically. We presented general characteristics of publicly available datasets that are related to the fashion compatibility recommendation task. Finally, we analyzed the representation bias of datasets, fashion-based algorithms’ sustainability, and explainable model assessment. The paper describes practical problem explanations, methodologies, and published datasets that may serve as an inspiration for further research. The proposed structure of the survey organizes knowledge in the fashion recommendation domain and will be beneficial for those who want to learn the topic from scratch, expand their knowledge, or find a new field for research. Furthermore, the information included in this paper could contribute to developing an effective and ethical fashion-based recommendation system.

  • A Review of Recent Advances in Human-Motion Energy Harvesting Nanogenerators, Self-Powering Smart Sensors and Self-Charging Electronics
    • Justyna Gołąbek
    • Michał Strankowski
    2024 Pełny tekst SENSORS

    In recent years, portable and wearable personal electronic devices have rapidly developed with increasing mass production and rising energy consumption, creating an energy crisis. Using batteries and supercapacitors with limited lifespans and environmental hazards drives the need to find new, environmentally friendly, and renewable sources. One idea is to harness the energy of human motion and convert it into electrical energy using energy harvesting devices—piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs), triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and hybrids. They are characterized by a wide variety of features, such as lightness, flexibility, low cost, richness of materials, and many more. These devices offer the opportunity to use new technologies such as IoT, AI or HMI and create smart self-powered sensors, actuators, and self-powered implantable/wearable devices. This review focuses on recent examples of PENGs, TENGs and hybrid devices for wearable and implantable self-powered systems. The basic mechanisms of operation, micro/nano-scale material selection and manufacturing processes of selected examples are discussed. Current challenges and the outlook for the future of the nanogenerators are also discussed.