2024 - Repozytorium publikacji - Politechnika Gdańska

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Absorbing Boundary Conditions Derived Based on Pauli Matrices Algebra
- Tomasz Stefański
- Jacek Gulgowski
- Kosmas L. Tsakmakidis
2024 IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
In this letter, we demonstrate that a set of absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) for numerical simulations of waves, proposed originally by Engquist and Majda and later generalized by Trefethen and Halpern, can alternatively be derived with the use of Pauli matrices algebra. Hence a novel approach to the derivation of one-way wave equations in electromagnetics is proposed. That is, the classical wave equation can be factorized into two two-dimensional wave equations with first-order time derivatives. Then, using suitable approximations, not only Engquist and Majda ABCs can be obtained, but also generalized ABCs proposed by Trefethen and Halpern, which are applicable to simulations of radiation problems.
Accelerated remyelination and immune modulation by the EBI2 agonist 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol analogue in the cuprizone model
- Klaudia Konieczna-Wolska
- Fionä Caratis
- Mikołaj Opiełka
- Karol Biernacki
- Krzysztof Urbanowicz
- Joanna Klimaszewska
- Piotr Pobiarzyn
- Oliwier Krajewski
- Sebastian Demkowicz
- Ryszard T. Smoleński
- Bartosz Karaszewski
- Klaus Seuwen
- Aleksandra Rutkowska
2024 BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY
Research indicates a role for EBI2 receptor in remyelination, demonstrating that its deficiency or antagonism inhibits this process. However, activation of EBI2 with its endogenous ligand, oxysterol 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25OHC), does not enhance remyelination beyond the levels observed in spontaneously remyelinating tissue. We hypothesized that the short half-life of the natural ligand might explain this lack of beneficial effects and tested a synthetic analogue, CF3-7α,25OHC, in the cuprizone model. The data showed that extending the bioavailability of 7α,25OHC is sufficient to accelerate remyelination in vivo. Moreover, the analogue, in contrast to the endogenous ligand, upregulated brain expression of Ebi2 and the synthesis of 15 lipids in the mouse corpus callosum. Mechanistically, the increased concentration of oxysterol likely disrupted its gradient in demyelinated areas of the brain, leading to the dispersion of infiltrating EBI2-expressing immune cells rather than their accumulation in demyelinated regions. Remarkably, the analogue CF3-7α,25OHC markedly decreased the lymphocyte and monocyte counts mimicking the key mechanism of action of some of the most effective disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, the Cd4+ transcripts in the cerebellum and CD4+ cell number in the corpus callosum were reduced compared to vehicle-treated mice. These findings suggest a mechanism by which EBI2/7α,25OHC signalling modulates the immune response and accelerates remyelination in vivo.
Accessibility to urban green spaces: A critical review of WHO recommendations in the light of tree-covered areas assessment
- Patrycja Przewoźna
- Adam Inglot
- Marcin Mielewczyk
- Krzysztof Mączka
- Piotr Matczak
2024 ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS
Easy accessibility of Urban Green Spaces (UGSs) is essential to the quality of life in urban areas. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations focus on spatial access to UGSs, define as accessible those larger than 0.5 ha situated up to 300 m of residential areas, and disregard the social significance of smaller green spaces. This paper assesses the extent to which the WHO recommendations permit the identification of locations for tree-covered UGSs that serve urban residents. The study uses geo-questionnaire to collect data on residents’ perception of the ecosystem services (ESs) provided by trees in both small-sized (<0.5 ha) and larger (≥0.5 ha) UGSs in two Polish cities, Poznań and Gdańsk. Three factors impacting the social perception of UGS accessibility were controlled: (a) distance to trees (influencing reaching it by walk), (b) age, (c) the ESs provided by trees in both sizes of UGSs. The minority, i.e. 26 % of respondents valued trees in the larger UGSs. Regulating ecosystem services appeared significant there (mainly impact on health and well-being) and cultural ecosystem services, such as recreation. Most of the treecovered areas residents’ identified as significant were small-sized UGSs within the median distance of 150 m and were related to trees in residential areas and along the roadsides. Cultural ecosystem service − a sense of intimacy, separating from the neighbors, was specifically valued there. Age does not appear to be a major determinant of social perspectives on trees in UGSs. The results suggest that smallsized tree-covered UGSs are essential to residents and should be included in policies on urban greenery. In addition, the research findings indicate that identifying UGSs that are valuable from residents’ perspectives requires a comprehensive methodological approach. Limiting the assessment of the accessibility of such sites only to analyses based on the criterion of area and distance can offer narrow policy guidelines.
Accuracy of marine gravimetric measurements in terms of geodetic coordinates of land reference benchmark
- Krzysztof Pyrchla
- Kamil Łapiński
- Jakub Szulwic
- Wojciech Jurczak
- Marek Przyborski
- Jerzy Pyrchla
2024 Pełny tekst Eksploatacja i Niezawodność - Maintenance and Reliability
The article presents how the values of (3D) coordinates of land reference points affect the results of gravimetric measurements made from the ship in sea areas. These measurements are the basis for 3D maritime inertial navigation, improving ships' operational safety. The campaign verifying the network absolute point coordinates used as a reference point for relative marine gravity measurements was described. The obtained values were compared with catalogue values. In verification of network points 3D position the satellite data Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS) and ground supporting systems (GBAS) was used. In this example, the height difference of the land reference point was 0.32 m. As a consequence, the offset budget of the marine campaign was affected in the range of up to 0.35 mGal. The influence on gravity free-air anomaly was not constant over the entire area covered by the campaign.
Accurate Post-processing of Spatially-Separated Antenna Measurements Realized in Non-Anechoic Environments
- Adrian Bekasiewicz
- Vorya Waladi
- Tom Dhaene
- Bartosz Czaplewski
2024
Antenna far-field performance is normally evaluated in expensive laboratories that maintain strict control over the propagation environment. Alternatively, the responses can be measured in non-anechoic conditions and then refined to extract the information on the structure field-related behavior. Here, a framework for correction of antenna measurements performed in non-anechoic test site has been proposed. The method involves automatic synchronization (in time-domain) of spatially separated measurements followed by their combination so as to augment the fraction of the signal that represents the antenna performance while suppressing the interferences. The method has been demonstrated based on six experiments performed in an office room. The performance improvement due to proposed post-processing amounts to 9.4 dB, which is represents up to over 5 dB improvement compared to the state-of-the-art methods.
Active Diagnostic Experimentation on Wind Turbine Blades with Vibration Measurements and Analysis
- Zbigniew Korczewski
- Jacek Rudnicki
2024 Pełny tekst Polish Maritime Research
Paper deals with the key operational problems of wind turbosets, especially offshore, where vibrations are generated by rotor blades, as a consequence of erosive wear or icing. The primary causes of the imbalance of wind turbine rotors have been characterised, the observable symptoms of which include various forms of vibrations, transmitted from the turbine wheel to the bearing nodes of the power train components. Their identification was the result of an active diagnostic experiment, which actually entered the aerodynamic-mass imbalance of a turbine rotor into a wind power train, built as a small scale model. The recording of the observed monitoring parameters (vibration, aerodynamic, mechanical and electrical) made it possible to determine a set of symptoms (syndrome) of the deteriorated (entered) dynamic state of the entire wind turboset. This provides the basis for positive verification of the assumed concept and methodology of diagnostic testing, the constructed laboratory station and the measuring equipment used. For this reason, testing continued, taking into account the known and recognisable faults that most often occur during the operation of offshore wind turbosets. Transferring the results of this type of model research to full-size, real objects makes it possible to detect secondary (fatigue) damage to the elements transmitting torque from the wind turbine rotor to the generator early, especially the thrust bearings or gear wheel teeth.
Active Kriging-based conjugate first-order reliability method for highly efficient structural reliability analysis using resample strategy
- Changqi Luo
- Shun-Peng Zhu
- Behrooz Keshtegar
- Wojciech Macek
- Ricardo Branco
- Debiao Meng
2024 COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING
Efficient structural reliability analysis method is crucial to solving reliability analysis of complex structural problems. High-computational cost and low-failure probability problems greatly limit the efficiency in structural reliability analysis problems, causing the safety and reliability of the structure to be questioned. In this work, a highly efficient structural reliability analysis method coupling active Kriging algorithm with conjugate first order reliability method (AK-CFORM) is proposed. Specifically, the resample strategy is considered to reduce the number of samples evaluated in each active learning process; the uniform sampling is used to better balance global and local optimal problems; the conjugate map is used to improve the robustness of analytical first order reliability method; and the approximate numerical differential formula is proposed to solve the problems of non-convergence when solving the gradient of the Kriging surrogate model. Finally, three numerical cases and four engineering cases are used to illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed AK-CFORM has greater advantages in the number of calling system response and surrogate model with robust and accurate performance.
Active Learning on Ensemble Machine-Learning Model to Retrofit Buildings Under Seismic Mainshock-Aftershock Sequence
- Neda Asgarkhani
- Farzin Kazemi
- Robert Jankowski
2024
This research presents an efficient computational method for retrofitting of buildings by employing an active learning-based ensemble machine learning (AL-Ensemble ML) approach developed in OpenSees, Python and MATLAB. The results of the study shows that the AL-Ensemble ML model provides the most accurate estimations of interstory drift (ID) and residual interstory drift (RID) for steel structures using a dataset of 2-, to 9-story steel structures considering four soil type effects. To prepare the dataset, 3584 incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) were performed on 64 structures. The research employs 6-, and 8-story structures to validate the AL-Ensemble ML model's effectiveness, showing it achieves the highest accuracy among conventional ML models, with an R2 of 98.4%. Specifically, it accurately predicts the RID of floor levels in a 6-story structure with an accuracy exceeding 96.6%. Additionally, the programming code identifies the specific damaged floor level in a building, facilitating targeted local retrofitting instead of retrofitting the entire structure promising a reduction in retrofitting costs while enhancing prediction accuracy.
Activity-based payments: alternative (anonymous) online payment model
- Rafał Leszczyna
2024 International Journal of Information Security
Electronic payments are the cornerstone of web-based commerce. A steady decrease in cash usage has been observed, while various digital payment technologies are taking over. They process sensitive personal information raising concerns about its potentially illicit usage. Several payment models that confront this challenge have been proposed. They offer varying levels of anonymity and readiness for adoption. The aim of this study was to broaden the portfolio with a solution that assures the highest level of anonymity and is well applicable. An empirical design research study with prototyping and conceptual research with a proposed construct were employed for this purpose. As a result, the Activity-Based Payment (ABP) model was proposed. It introduces a different mode of completing a payment transaction based on performing specific activities on a web location indicated by the payee. The anonymity properties of the solution, as well as its performance and applicability have been evaluated showing its particular suitability to micropayment and small payment scenarios.
Actual and reference evapotranspiration for a natural, temperate zone fen wetland – Upper Biebrza case study
- Malgorzata Kleniewska
- Tomasz Berezowski
- Dorota Mitrowska
- Sylwia Szporak-Wasilewska
- Wojciech Ciezkowski
2024 Pełny tekst Journal of Water and Land Development
Evapotranspiration is the key and predominant component of the water balance in wetlands. Direct evapotranspiration measurements are challenging in wetlands due to their remoteness and high surface water level. This article describes the actual (ETa and reference evapotranspiration (ET0) from a cultivated wet meadow located in the Biebrza National Park – the largest national park in north-east Poland, Central Europe. The data were sourced from a micrometeorological station equipped with an eddy covariance system to measure heat and vapour fluxes and such meteorological elements as radiation balance components, air temperature and humidity. The values of directly measured ETa were presented daily in the context of available energy and ET0. Daily sums of ETa ranged from below 0.2 mm in winter to 6.5 mm in summer. The share of daily sums of ETa in the ET0 usually ranged from 50 to 60%, with extreme values from 10 to 170%. Aside from giving more insight into Biebrza wetlands’ functioning, the actual data produced in this study may be used instead of indirect methods, which were used the most in modelling wetlands areas.
Adapt Your Teacher: Improving Knowledge Distillation for Exemplar-free Continual Learning
- Filip Szatkowski
- Mateusz Pyła
- Marcin Przewięźlikowski
- Sebastian Cygert
- Bartłomiej Twardowski
- Tomasz Trzciński
2024
In this work, we investigate exemplar-free class incremental learning (CIL) with knowledge distillation (KD) as a regularization strategy, aiming to prevent forgetting. KDbased methods are successfully used in CIL, but they often struggle to regularize the model without access to exemplars of the training data from previous tasks. Our analysis reveals that this issue originates from substantial representation shifts in the teacher network when dealing with outof-distribution data. This causes large errors in the KD loss component, leading to performance degradation in CIL models. Inspired by recent test-time adaptation methods, we introduce Teacher Adaptation (TA), a method that concurrently updates the teacher and the main models during incremental training. Our method seamlessly integrates with KD-based CIL approaches and allows for consistent enhancement of their performance across multiple exemplar-free CIL benchmarks. The source code for our method is available at https://github.com/fszatkowski/cl-teacher-adaptation.
Adaptable management for cooling cyclic air in ship power plants by heat conversion – Part 1: Downsizing strategy for cogeneration plants
- Roman Radchenko
- Andrii Radchenko
- Dariusz Mikielewicz
- Mykola Radchenko
- Anatoliy Pavlenko
- Andrii Andreev
2024 ENERGY
The ship power plants (SPP) are generally based on Diesel engines. Their fuel efficiency is gradually sensible to cyclic air temperatures and drops with their rise. A sustainable performance of ship engines with high fuel efficiency is possible by cooling intake and charge air as two objects in waste heat conversion chillers. The peculiarities of marine engine application are associated with constrained space of machine room. Whereas, the chiller’s downsizing leads to inevitable lack of their cooling capacity and incomplete cooling air which results in reduction of fuel saving. The research objective is to develop the heat conversion management adaptable to balanced downsizing and fuel saving strategies due to flexible heat distribution between the chillers of different efficiencies (COP) in response to current thermal loads on engine cyclic air cooling system along the ship routes which enables to foresee a sustainable thermally stabilized and fuel saving operation of SPP. For the first time, such conflicting challenges are satisfied by flexible heat distribution between different chillers in response to intake and charge air cooling needs. The unique of such approach lies in unloading the high efficient but cumbersome chiller (absorption with COP about 0.7 as example) to boost the less efficient but easy to place in machine room ejector chiller (COP of about 0.2). The method of flexible heat distribution to minimize chiller sizes as constraints is realized in methodology based on step-by-step comparing the gap between heat demand and production to minimize shortage in fuel reduction simultaneously. It has been proved that cooling engine air by compact but less efficient ejector chiller (ECh) and high effective but cumbersome lithium bromide absorption chiller (ACh) of reduced capacity and sizes by about 30% accordingly provides a specific fuel consumption reduced by about 3%. The loss of route fuel saving by about 10% is considered as the "cost" for downsizing. These findings have been verified by the calculation results on current and summarized values of the cooling capacities lack, caused by the chiller’s downsizing, and fuel saving along the ship route. The novel strategy of heat conversion by combined chillers is especially useful for upgrading the existing engine air cooling system to implement it into the ship machine room.
Adaptacyjny system oświetlania dróg oraz inteligentnych miast
- Tomasz Śmiałkowski
2024 Pełny tekst
Przedmiotem rozprawy jest zbadanie praktycznej możliwości wykrywania w czasie rzeczywistym anomalii w systemie oświetlenia drogowego w oparciu o analizę danych ze inteligentnych liczników energii. Zastosowanie inteligentnych liczników energii elektrycznej (Smart Meter) w systemach oświetlenia drogowego stwarza nowe możliwości w zakresie automatycznej diagnostyki takich niepożądanych zjawisk jak awarie lamp, odstępstwa od harmonogramu czy tez kradzieże energii z sieci zasilającej. Rozwiązanie takie wpisuje się w koncepcję inteligentnych miast (Smart City) gdzie zastosowanie adaptacyjnego systemu oświetlenia stwarza nowe wyzwania dla funkcji monitorowania. Zbadano metody uczenia maszynowego oparte o modele regresyjne oraz rekurencyjne sieci neuronowe. Zaproponowano praktyczne podejście oparte na zastosowaniu algorytmów czasu rzeczywistego, nienadzorowanych oraz używających ograniczonych zasobów obliczeniowych możliwych do implementacji w urządzeniach przemysłowych. Algorytmy przetestowano na rzeczywistych danych pochodzących z instalacji systemu oświetlenia i wykazano, że obie metody umożliwiają stworzenie samouczących algorytmów detekcji anomalii, działających w czasie rzeczywistym i że jest możliwa ich implementacja na urządzeniach warstwy Edge Computing. W rozprawie przedstawiono również architekturę uniwersalnej platformy sterowania elementami infrastruktury oświetleniowej opracowanej przy udziale autora, jako głównego konstruktora, w ramach projektu rozwojowego „INFOLIGHT - Chmurowa platforma oświetleniowa dla inteligentnych miast”.
Adaptacyjny system sterowania ruchem drogowym
- Andrzej Sroczyński
2024 Pełny tekst
Adaptacyjny system sterowania ruchem drogowym to rodzaj systemu sterowania, który dynamicznie, w czasie rzeczywistym, dostosowuje swoje parametry w oparciu o bieżące warunki ruchu drogowego. Celem niniejszej rozprawy jest sprawdzenie wpływu wybranych cech systemu, zbudowanego w oparciu o zaprojektowane i zbudowane z udziałem autora inteligentne znaki drogowe, na wybrane parametry mające wpływ na bezpieczeństwo i płynność ruchu. W pierwszej kolejności zbadany został, na podstawie eksperymentu symulacyjnego, wpływ metody stopniowania redukcji prędkości na płynność ruchu. Drugim przedmiotem badań był wpływ odległości pomiędzy kolejnymi znakami ograniczenia prędkości na wariancję prędkości pojazdów. Ostatnim badanym aspektem była weryfikacja możliwości testowania modeli uczenia maszynowego, wytrenowanych na danych rzeczywistych, za pomocą danych syntetycznych, uzyskanych w drodze symulacji. Wyniki badań posłużyły do udowodnienia trzech tez badawczych, sformułowanych w niniejszej pracy. Praca zawiera ponadto rozdział w całości poświęcony opisowi praktycznej realizacji demonstratora adaptacyjnego systemu sterowania ruchem drogowym. Przedstawione zostały instalacje eksperymentalne oraz niektóre rezultaty badań terenowych, zaś dodatkiem do rozprawy jest przegląd konstrukcji opracowanych demonstratorów inteligentnych znaków drogowych.
Adaptive Hounsfield Scale Windowing in Computed Tomography Liver Segmentation
- Jan Cychnerski
- Maciej Zakrzewski
- Dominik Kwiatkowski
2024
In computed tomography (CT) imaging, the Hounsfield Unit (HU) scale quantifies radiodensity, but its nonlinear nature across organs and lesions complicates machine learning analysis. This paper introduces an automated method for adaptive HU scale windowing in deep learning-based CT liver segmentation. We propose a new neural network layer that optimizes HU scale window parameters during training. Experiments on the Liver Tumor Segmentation Benchmark show that the learned window parameters often converge to a range encompassing clinically used windows but wider, suggesting that adjacent data may contain useful information for machine learning. This layer may enhance model efficiency with just 2 additional parameters.
Adaptive Hyperparameter Tuning within Neural Network-based Efficient Global Optimization
- Taeho Jeong
- Leifur Leifsson
- Sławomir Kozieł
- Anna Pietrenko-Dąbrowska
2024
In this paper, adaptive hyperparameter optimization (HPO) strategies within the efficient global optimization (EGO) with neural network (NN)-based prediction and uncertainty (EGONN) algorithm are proposed. These strategies utilize Bayesian optimization and multiarmed bandit optimization to tune HPs during the sequential sampling process either every iteration (HPO-1itr) or every five iterations (HPO-5itr). Through experiments using the three-dimensional Hartmann function and evaluating both full and partial sets of HPs, adaptive HPOs are compared to traditional static HPO (HPO-static) that keep HPs constant. The results reveal that adaptive HPO strategies outperform HPOstatic, and the frequency of tuning and number of tuning HPs impact both the optimization accuracy and computational efficiency. Specifically, adaptive HPOs demonstrate rapid convergence rates (HPO-1itr at 28 iterations, HPO-5itr at 26 for full HPs; HPO-1itr at 13, HPO-5itr at 28 iterations for selected HPs), while HPO-static fails to approximate the minimum within the allocated 45 iterations for both scenarios. Mainly, HPO-5itr is the most balanced approach, found to require 21% of the time taken by HPO-1itr for tuning full HPs and 29% for tuning a subset of HPs. This work demonstrates the importance of adaptive HPO and sets the stage for future research.
Adaptive Optimal Discrete-Time Output-Feedback Using an Internal Model Principle and Adaptive Dynamic Programming
- Zhongyang Wang
- Youqing Wang
- Zdzisław Kowalczuk
2024 IEEE-CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica
In order to address the output feedback issue for linear discrete-time systems, this work suggests a brand-new adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) technique based on the internal model principle (IMP). The proposed method, termed as IMP-ADP, does not require complete state feedback, merely the measurement of input and output data. More specifically, based on the IMP, the output control problem can first be converted into a stabilization problem. We then design an observer to reproduce the full state of the system by measuring the inputs and outputs. Moreover, includes both a policy iteration algorithm and a value iteration algorithm to determine the optimal feedback gain without using a dynamic system model. It is important that in this concept you do not need to solve the regulator equation. Finally, this control method was tested on an inverter system of grid-connected LCLs to demonstrate that the proposed method provides the desired performance in terms of both tracking and disturbance rejection.
Adaptive Sampling for Non-intrusive Reduced Order Models Using Multi-Task Variance
- Abhijnan Dikshit
- Leifur Leifsson
- Sławomir Kozieł
- Anna Pietrenko-Dąbrowska
2024
Non-intrusive reduced order modeling methods (ROMs) have become increasingly popular for science and engineering applications such as predicting the field-based solutions for aerodynamic flows. A large sample size is, however, required to train the models for global accuracy. In this paper, a novel adaptive sampling strategy is introduced for these models that uses field-based uncertainty as a sampling metric. The strategy uses Monte Carlo simulations to propagate the uncertainty in the prediction of the latent space of the ROM obtained using a multitask Gaussian process to the high-dimensional solution of the ROM. The high-dimensional uncertainty is used to discover new sampling locations to improve the global accuracy of the ROM with fewer samples. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated on the environment model function and compared to one-shot sampling strategies. The results indicate that the proposed adaptive sampling strategies can reduce the mean relative error of the ROM to the order of 8 × 10−4 which is a 20% and 27% improvement over the Latin hypercube and Halton sequence sampling strategies, respectively at the same number of samples.
Additive manufacturing of Proton-Conducting Ceramics by robocasting with integrated laser postprocessing
- Joanna Pośpiech
- Małgorzata Nadolska-Dawidowska
- Mateusz Cieślik
- Tomasz Sobczyk
- Marek Chmielewski
- Aleksandra Mielewczyk-Gryń
- Ragnar Strandbakke
- José M Serra
- Sebastian Wachowski
2024 Pełny tekst Applied Materials Today
A hybrid system combining robocasting and NIR laser postprocessing has been designed to fabricate layers of mixed proton-electron conducting Ba0.5La0.5Co1-xFexO3-δ ceramic. The proposed manufacturing technique allows for the control of the geometry and microstructure and shortens the fabrication time to a range of a few minutes. Using 5 W laser power and a scanning speed of 500 mm⋅s− 1, sintering of a round-shaped layer with an 8 mm radius was performed in less than 2 s. The single phase of the final product was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Various ceramic-to-polymer weight ratios were tested, showing that various porosities of microstructures of ~30 - 35 % and ~19 % can be obtained with 2:1 and 4:1 loading respectively.
Addressing challenges of BiVO4 light-harvesting ability through vanadium precursor engineering and sub-nanoclusters deposition for peroxymonosulfate-assisted photocatalytic pharmaceuticals removal
- Marta Kowalkińska
- Alexey Maximenko
- Aleksandra Szkudlarek
- Karol Sikora
- Anna Zielińska-Jurek
2024 Pełny tekst SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
In this study, we present a complex approach for increasing light utilisation and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation in BiVO4-based photocatalyst. This involves two key considerations: the design of the precursor for BiVO4 synthesis and interface engineering through CuOx sub-nanoclusters deposition. The designed precursor of ammonium methavanadate (NH4VO3, NHV) leads to reduction in particle size, better dispersion and improved light harvesting ability, confirmed by the calculations of the local volume rate of photon absorption (LVRPA) using the Six-Flux Radiation Absorption-Scattering model. The morphological changes result in a significant improvement in photocatalytic activity under visible light for the degradation of pharmaceuticals (naproxen and ofloxacin) compared to the commercial NH4VO3. Additionally, CuOx sub-nanoclusters were deposited on designed BiVO4 and characterised using X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). The presence of subnanoclusters enhanced charge carriers separation, resulting in an increase in the apparent rate constants of 1.60 and 3.32-times for photocatalytic NPX and OFL removal, respectively. The application of obtained Vis light active photocatalysts in the presence of 0.1 mM PMS resulted in remarkably more efficient degradation of NPX (100 % within 60 min) and OFL (98.2 % within 120 min). PMS/Vis420/CuOx/BiVO4 system exhibited high stability and reusability in the subsequent cycles of photodegradation. However, high PMS dosage induced Bi leaching which may cause the instability of the photocatalyst. Finally, to address the environmental implications of pharmaceutical removal and adhere to the Guidelines for drinking-water quality, toxicity assessments using Vibrio fischeri bacteria were performed and compared to a quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model.