2024 - Publications Repository - Gdańsk University of Technology

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Publications from the year 2024

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Government in the metaverse: Requirements and suitability for providing digital public services
- Martin Lnenicka
- Nina Rizun
- Charalampos Harris Alexopoulos
- Marijn Janssen
2024 TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE
Digital government comprises all means to enable governments to interact with their constituents digitally. The metaverse provides a virtual reality environment where various activities can be carried out without physically visiting the places of interest, including the public authorities. Yet, how governments can use the metaverse is unknown. This paper aims to extend the understanding of the metaverse architecture requirements and their suitability for digital public services provision. We used the systematic literature review, experts' assessment using the Delphi method, and quantitative analysis to attain this goal. Our research contributes to the literature by eliciting the structure and composition of the functional and non-functional requirements. The contributions include (1) identification and classification of 50 functional and 16 non-functional metaverse-related architecture requirements, (2) determination and relevancy of 15 most important functional and 6 non-functional requirements for digital public services provision, and (3) suitability assessment of the 21 services recommended for provision in the EU's metaverse platform with the highest potential to attract users. These findings show that governments pose unique requirements on the metaverse. Not all types of services are suitable for providing in the metaverse. Those focused on empowering citizens and helping them to develop are most important
Granulometric characterization of Arctic driftwood sawdust from frame sawing process
- Daniel Chuchała
- Tomasz Rogoziński
- Kazimierz Orłowski
- Marta Pędzik
- Luďka Hanincova
- Olafur Eggertsson
2024 Full text INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
Arctic driftwood can be used as an alternative source of wood as construction timber and furniture material, especially in Iceland and Greenland. The use of Arctic driftwood can help in the fight against climate change, by developing land reforestation processes and reducing the volume harvested wood from forests and sustainability of harvesting processes. In this paper the results of an analysis of the effect of long-term residence of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and larch wood (Larix sibirica L.) stay in Arctic ice and seawater on the granulation of wood sawdust and the distribution of fine wood dust particles during the frame sawing process are presented. The distribution of wood chips and dust was analysed using sieve and laser diffraction methods. The results confirmed that Arctic driftwood, compared to normal wood for both analysed species, generate slightly more fine wood dust particles during the frame sawing process, which can be harmful to human health. However, these differences are not significant, indicating that the same dust extraction systems can be used for both sawing processes.
Graphene oxide aerogels for adsorptive separation of aromatic hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes
- Maksymilian Plata Gryl
- Roberto Castro Munoz
- Emilia Gontarek-Castro
- Alan Miralrio
- Grzegorz Boczkaj
2024 Full text CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
Efficient separation of benzene and cyclohexane has critical importance for production of commodity chemicals, and is one of the most challenging separations in the industry. Physisorption by recyclable, porous solids has a significant potential in substituting energy-intensive azeotropic or extractive distillation methods. Reduced graphene oxide aerogels (rGOAs) are emerging materials holding great promise for connecting unique properties of 2D graphene with ordinary 3D materials. The benzene/cyclohexane separation on rGOAs self-assembled by the chemical reduction with l-ascorbic acid, sodium bisulphite and (for the first time) sodium dithionite was studied by dynamic gas adsorption methods, and the adsorption performance was analysed in relation to aerogels physicochemical properties. The aerogel reduced with sodium dithionite (rGOA_DTN) had the highest reduction degree and specific surface area (461.2 m2g-1), with the highest contribution of mesopores. It was also the sample with the uppermost uptake of benzene and cyclohexane. The binary component adsorption on rGOA_DTN resulted in the selectivity of the adsorption of benzene over cyclohexane of 2.1. Adsorption-desorption studies demonstrated the excellent thermal stability of the adsorbent in the long-run operation. Because the adsorption capacity did not correlate with the mesopores but with macropores surface area, the selectivity of the adsorption was attributed to the different physicochemical structure of aerogels surface. The benzene molecule interacted strongly by specific C-H···π interactions, while the cyclohexane molecule was excluded from the surface of aerogels because of its shape/size. Results demonstrated that rGOAs can be a versatile and flexible platform for adsorptive gas-phase hydrocarbons separation.
Graphene-based Silicone rubber Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, and Properties
- P. S. Sarath
2024 Full text
This study aims to understand better the mechanical, thermal, and tribological behavior of silicone rubber nanocomposites. Graphite, exfoliated graphite, reduced graphene oxide, ionic liquid modified graphene oxide, silane-modified graphene oxide, fumed silica, and other fillers were used in this study. Adding graphene-based fillers to the silicone rubber matrix substantially improves the nanocomposite's mechanical, thermal, and tribological properties. The DMA and DSC analyses confirmed the improved polymer filler contact in the composite. When compared to the neat silicone rubber, the inclusion of graphite (20 phr) reduces the friction coefficient (40%) and the specific wear rate of QM significantly (50 percent). The modified Hummers process synthesized graphene oxide, and FT-IR, XRD, Raman, and XPS studies were performed to validate GO reduction. XRD, AFM, SEM, and TEM studies were used to investigate the dispersion and interaction of the filler in the polymer matrix. The tribological tests were conducted utilizing an ASTM G99-05 pin-on-disc tribometer to examine the effect of operating variables such as applied load, sliding velocity, and temperature. A single-layer graphene film functionalizes the polymer composite surface in the microstructure of graphene composites. Nanocomposites have a better filler distribution, according to scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites, such as tensile strength and hardness, as well as the electrical and thermal properties, such as thermal conductivity, thermal degradation, and dielectric properties, are improved when compared to pure silicone rubber, which can be attributed to the improved distribution of the nanofillers. The composite's worn surface morphology exhibits a smooth surface, indicating that the presence of fillers significantly reduced metal contact. The wear mechanism involves the formation of a lubricant film on the counter surface, which prevents the asperities from touching the composite surface. As a result, the friction coefficient and specific wear rate are reduced. In addition to having high permeability and strong temperature resistance, silicone rubber also has outstanding age resistance and electrical insulation. As a result, it is frequently utilised in a variety of industries, including automotive, textiles, electronics, medical field, sealants, hard ware and food storage.
Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets decorated with HAp@Bi2S3 core–shell nanorods: Dual S-scheme 1D/2D heterojunction for environmental and hydrogen production solutions
- Mohammad Chahkandi
- Mahboobeh Zargazi
- Khadijeh Boland Ghiasabadi
- Jin Suk Chung
- Mohsen Khodadadi Yazdi
- Mohammad Saeb
- Mehdi Baghayeri
2024 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
By combining different semiconductors, scientists have developed innovative materials capable of converting solar energy into useful forms of energy or driving chemical reactions that clean up pollutants. These materials offer a promising path to combat global environmental and energy challenges. In this study, HAp@Bi2S3 core–shell structures were synthesized using a facile microemulsion technique, and then loaded onto graphitic carbon nitride via a hydrothermal method to create an advanced HAp@Bi2S3/g-C3N4 dual S-scheme heterojunction. The engineered heterojunction exhibited enhanced hydrogen production and visible light photocatalytic oxidation of metronidazole. The improved photocatalytic efficiency was attributed to the core–shell structure of HAp@Bi2S3 along with the formation of a dual S-scheme heterojunction in HAp@Bi2S3/g-C3N4. As a result, the novel dual S-scheme HAp@Bi2S3/g-C3N4 heterojunction demonstrated a significantly higher hydrogen production rate, ca. 20 times higher than that of hydroxyapatite (HAp), 11 times higher than Bi2S3, and 5 times higher than the HAp@Bi2S3. This research introduces a novel approach to crafting dual S-scheme heterojunctions based on Bi2S3, which enables swift electron transfer across heterojunction interfaces, thereby enlarged possibility windows to sustainable hydrogen production and wastewater remediation technologies.
Graphitic carbon nitride/bismuth-based Z-scheme heterojunctions for the photocatalytic removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products — a review
- Ayesha Javaid
- Muhammad Imran
- Manoj P Rayaroth
- Xun Sun
- Chongqing Wang
- Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Malwina Momotko
2024 Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering
Z-scheme heterojunction in recent years is one of the most promising approaches in photocatalytic materials in solar light region for various environmental applications, including the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Integrating g-C3N4 and Bi-based semiconductors via Z-scheme is highly effective in providing efficient flow of charge carriers along with suitable redox sites. The g-C3N4/Bi-based photocatalysts were synthesized by hydrothermal, co-precipitation, co-calcination, solvothermal polycondensation, or ion exchange/photoreduction. Environmental pollutants, such as tetracycline, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, cefixime, and carbamazepine, were degraded with efficiency exceeding 90%. The major reactive species identified in those Z-schemes were superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and electron-holes pair. Best processes revealed economically feasible with 700–800 kWh/m3 of electric energy per order (EEO). For solar light–driven processes, energy can be named as ‘free’ (sunlight), but EEO allows to compare new developments. In future studies, process economic aspect, effectiveness in case of real effluents, including high-salinity conditions and evaluation of photocatalysts stability, and metals leaching should be addressed.
Graphs with isolation number equal to one third of the order
- Magdalena Lemańska
- Merce Mora
- Maria Jose Souto Salorio
2024 DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
A set D of vertices of a graph G is isolating if the set of vertices not in D and with no neighbor in D is independent. The isolation number of G, denoted by \iota(G) , is the minimum cardinality of an isolating set of G. It is known that \iota(G) \leq n/3 , if G is a connected graph of order n, , distinct from C_5 . The main result of this work is the characterisation of unicyclic and block graphs of order n with isolating number equal to n/3 . Moreover, we provide a family of general graphs attaining this upper bound on the isolation number.
Green adsorbents and solvents in food analysis
- Hameed Haq
- Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
- Muhammad Jahangir Khan
- Muhammad Balal Arain
2024
Green analytical chemistry aims to minimize the negative impact of analytical procedures on the environment and human health. This can be achieved through the use of non-toxic and environmentally friendly reagents. Classical green solvents include water, ethanol, acetone, and supercritical fluids. Water has been used for the extraction of water-soluble compounds (sugars, amino acids). Ethanol and acetone have been used for the extraction of lipids and pigments, flavors and preparation of extracts for chromatographic analysis. Supercritical fluids have been used as a solvent in food analysis for the extraction of lipids, pigments, flavors and caffeine. In this chapter, new types of green solvents and their applications for food analysis have been described in detail. The description is given for new green solvents, for example, deep eutectic solvents (DESs), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), ionic liquids, and supra molecular solvents. The application of these green solvents has been described in detail. The advantages and disadvantages associated with these green solvents have also been described in detail. In this chapter, we have summarized four types of green solvents and adsorbents as listed below molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), deep eutectic solvents (DESs), ionic liquids (ILs) and supramolecular solvents (SMs). Among the selected green solvents, ionic liquids (IL) have been extensively used for food analysis. The properties of IL can be adjusted by changing the composition of IL. Application of ionic liquids for metal analysis in foods has critically discussed. Deep eutectic solvents are a new class of green designer solvents with tunable properties and can be synthesized simply by mixing hydrogen bond donors (HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA). Applications of DESs have been discussed in detail with special emphasis on the analysis of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and polar organic compounds. Molecularly imprinted polymer (IMPs) is an advanced class of greed adsorbent used for food analysis. A new class of green solvents “supramolecular solvents” has been discussed with special emphasis on supramolecular-deep eutectic solvents.
Green and sustainable hydrogels based on quaternized chitosan to enhance wound healing
- Fatemeh Mottaghitalab
- Mohsen Khodadadiyazdi
- Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Tomasz Bączek
- Mehdi Farokhi
2024 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
Hydrogel-based biomaterials applied as wound dressings provide the wound with a moist environment, which facilitates tissue regeneration through granulation and re-epithelialization. The inherent flexibility and adjustable architecture of hydrogels enables incorporation of cells, antimicrobial drugs, growth factors, and bioactive compounds, which leads to expediting wound contraction and enhancing the regeneration process. The utilization of natural polysaccharides, particularly chitosan, as a green and one of the most sustainable biomaterials among renewable resources, has been widely practised in wound healing because of its promising cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, the challenge of limited solubility of chitosan at neutral or basic media (pH ≥ 6.5) has been pinpointed. The exploration of quaternary chitosan hydrogels was a big step to combat its low solubility through the contribution of a quaternary ammonium group that improves the hydrophilicity and additionally brings about antibacterial activity over a wide range of pH. This review summarizes the latest progress in using hydrogel dressings based on quaternized chitosan for wound regeneration, encompassing various aspects such as hemostasis, antibacterial activity, antioxidant properties, and overall wound healing efficacy. Furthermore, the present review addresses the existing challenges and proposes possible solutions to enlarge development avenues in pursue of optimizing wound regeneration performance of quaternized chitosan-based hydrogels in prospect.
Green engineered biomaterials for bone repair and regeneration: Printing technologies and fracture analysis
- Balbina Makurat-Kasprolewicz
- Hossein Ipakchi
- Pouya Rajaee
- Agnieszka Ossowska
- Aleksander Hejna
- Mehdi Farokhi
- Fatemeh Mottaghitalab
- Małgorzata Pawlak
- Navid Rabiee
- Mariusz Belka
- Tomasz Baczek
- Mohammad Reza Saeb
2024 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
Despite the exceptional self-regeneration properties of bone, severe injuries often require additional surgical intervention such as using artificial bone constructs. These structures need to meet a number of criteria regarding their structure, performance, alongside the rate and the mechanism of erosion and fracture when implanted, for stimulating the regeneration of defected bone and, more critically providing support in the interim. Technological development in the fields of imaging and additive manufacturing enables taking a huge step forward toward preparing personalized implants with characteristics matching the requirements of the specific injury. From biomaterials point of view, greener and more sustainable biomaterials from renewable resources are on demand for bone regeneration; moreover, bone repair necessitates engineering properties and performance, e.g. mechanical properties. Currently, potential processing methods are not merely limited to 3D printing, but also include 4D and 5D printing methods, considering time, dimension, and rotational degrees of freedom. A wide varieties of the aforementioned processes and techniques enable the application of metals, their alloys, ceramics, and polymers, providing an extremely wide spectrum of possibilities for implant design. Herein, the critical aspects of green biomaterials applied in bone tissue engineering, their application in bone repair and regeneration are summarized, and novel directions in bone tissue engineering are proposed for future developments. Eventually, the latest advances in the application of green biomaterials in clinics are outlined.
Greening Higher Education in Europe. Institutional Transitions to Sustainable Development
- Magdalena Popowska
2024
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the advances made in European higher education institutions (HEIs) over the last twenty years in response to the challenges of sustainable development. In recent years, there has been a visible shift toward sustainable development, and universities have been addressing their accountability to the public through corporate social responsibility. Greening Higher Education in Europe explores these recent developments, beginning with an introduction to sustainable development and its complexity, followed by a discussion of the regulatory and organizational context of higher education in Europe. This book goes on to examine the key pillars of sustainable development in HEIs, including education, research, and campus development, demonstrating best practices from a range of European universities including the University of Groningen (The Netherlands), Lund University (Sweden), Aalto University (Finland), and The University of Edinburgh (UK), among others. It also explores the role of HEIs in educating future leaders in sustainable development and presents a framework for understanding the values and decision-making processes of HEI leaders. It concludes by highlighting the need for a new paradigm in HEIs that promotes innovation, quality, equity, and respect for the environment.
Greening the Innovation Landscape: Leveraging Open Innovation Channels for Sustainable Technology Adoption
- Marita McPhillips
2024
Open innovation offers a great potential for accelerating sustainable technology adoption. This study presents the diverse interaction channels of open innovation and their role in facilitating the development and integration of sustainable solutions. Through an analysis of collaboration mechanisms associated with various open innovation channels in sustainable technology adoption projects, this paper offers a comprehensive framework for partnerships to strategically execute innovation strategies geared towards furthering sustainability objectives. The findings highlight the transformative potential of different open innovation interaction channels in advancing sustainability agendas. Several collaboration mechanisms support the benefits of employing the open innovation interaction channels. By categorizing and evaluating different interaction channels conducive for sustainable solutions this study explores the interplay between open innovation processes and sustainable innovation, assesses the role of different collaboration mechanisms in driving sustainable open innovation, discusses metrics to measure the effectiveness of open innovation interactions in sustainable initiatives and provides new ideas for managers to improve sustainable innovation performance.
Guided wave propagation in debonding detection in CFRP-reinforced steel plate-like structures
- Beata Zima
- Łukasz Breńkacz
2024 OCEAN ENGINEERING
The present study investigates the guided wave propagation in multilayered steel specimens reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) through theoretical, numerical, and experimental means. The effectiveness of externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) relies heavily on the bonding quality between the CFRP and the substrate. Premature debonding, a prevalent and hazardous defect, can arise from suboptimal manufacturing processes, excessive loads, and unfavorable environmental conditions. This defect remains hidden and poses challenges for detection through conventional visual inspections. Therefore, this research analyzes the impact of debonding development on wave propagation signals. The paper specifically focuses on examining different transducer localizations and their influence on the monitoring process efficiency. The theoretical rationale for various transducer configurations is presented, highlighting the undeniable influence of the chosen configuration on monitoring effectiveness. Multiple transducer and damage configurations are described, and their disparities are investigated through experimental and numerical studies. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that assumptions valid for damages with regular shapes cannot be easily extended and applied to diagnostic procedures in more complex scenarios, such as debonding that develops across the entire specimen but within a limited width.
Halucynacje chatbotów a prawda: główne nurty debaty i ich interpretacje
- Jan Kreft
- Monika Boguszewicz-kreft
- Barbara Cyrek
2024 Full text Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
Generatywne systemy sztucznej inteligencji (SI) są w stanie tworzyć treści medialne poprzez zastosowanie uczenia maszynowego do dużych ilości danych szkoleniowych. Te nowe dane mogą obejmować tekst (np. Bard firmy Google, LLaMa firmy Meta lub ChatGPT firmy OpenAI) oraz elementy wizualne (np. Stable Diffusion lub DALL-E OpenAI) i dźwięk (np. VALL-E firmy Micro- soft). Stopień zaawansowania tych treści może czynić je nieodróżnialnymi od twórczości człowieka. Chatboty cechują się jednak tzw. halucynacjami, które w istotnej części są nowym rodzajem dezinformacji. Celem podjętych badań jest identyfikacja głównych nurtów debaty poświęconej skutkom wykorzystania sztucznej inteligencji ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem dezinformacji z udziałem chatbotów w środowisku mediów. W badaniu przyjęto metodę badawczą systematycznego przeglądu literatury ograniczającą m.in. błąd selekcji. Interpretacja głównych nurtów debaty skłania do wniosku, że dezinformacja chatbotów w postaci ich halucynacji jest znacząca pod względem skali, jest optymalizowana i personalizowana oraz ma istotny potencjał erodowania zaufania społecznego.
Handlowo-techniczne bilansowanie energii w obszarach sieci dystrybucyjnej
- Paweł Bućko
2024 Full text Przegląd Elektrotechniczny
W artykule omówiono problemy wywołane przez rosnący udział generacji rozproszonej we współczesnych systemach elektroenergetycznych. Przedstawiono nową koncepcję rozwiązywania zagadnienia bilansowania mocy czynnej w obszarach sieci dystrybucyjnych, opartą o wykorzystanie nowych struktur organizacyjnych takich jak: klastry energii, wydzielone systemy dystrybucyjne, spółdzielnie energetyczne, wirtualne elektrownie i grupy bilansujące.
Hazards of a flooding event in the city of Gdansk and possible forms of preventing the phenomenon – case study
- Roman Cieśliński
- Michał Szydłowski
- Izabela Chlost
- Patrycja Mikos-Studnicka
2024 Urban Water Journal
The main objective is to examine the urban flood hazard in the city of Gdansk and to determine the possibilities of preventing this phenomenon. Hydrological and hydraulic modeling was used for the case study analysis of urban flood in Strzyża basin, applying the HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS systems. The result of modeling with the assumption of torrential rainfall with a duration of t = 1 h (from 35 to 58 mm) is the probability of pluvial flood occurrence divided into low probability (p = 10%), high probability (p = 1%) and catastrophic probability (p = 0.2%). The normal flow of the Strzyża stream at the mouth is 0.175 m3·s−1, while the modeling results indicate an increase in the flow depending on the assumed flood flow probability from about 41.8 m3·s−1 to 54.7 m3·s−1. In addition, the article presents the basic elements of the policy of the city of Gdańsk in the field of reducing the hazards of urban flooding.
Heat Dissipation from the Power Cable in the Casing Pipe
- Romuald Masnicki
- Janusz Mindykowski
- Beata Pałczyńska
2024 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS
The current carrying capacity of a power cable determines its ability to carry a specific current and is related to the efficiency of dissipation of heat generated in the cable laid in a specific environment. The studies were conducted in order to determine how the characteristics of the medium around the cable affected its temperature, and thus the ability of the cable to transmit electricity. The experimentation in the lab and real measurements of the temperature values at various locations in the casing pipe constitute the article's uniqueness. The article presents an innovative concept of a laboratory stand, designed to measure the dissipation of heat emitted by a cable in separated casing pipes with various filling materials. The assessment of heat removal is made based on the recorded distribution of temperatures and related voltage drops in individual casing pipes. It has been demonstrated for the instance under investigation that using the right fillers around the cable may reduce cable temperature, boost the cable's current carrying capability, and provide more efficient heat dissipation. Extended tests include measuring the temperature distribution in casing pipes: (i) filled partially with a heat-dissipating substance, (ii) with substances a year earlier and newly introduced into casing pipes, (iii) for extended values of the current flowing through the cable, as well as (iv) with additional measurements of voltage drops on the cable in individual segments of casing pipes. The obtained results can be used in diagnostics procedures to locate sections of the casing pipe not completely filled with the material that removes heat from the cable.
Heterogeneity of national accounting systems, world-class universities and financial resources: What are the links?
- Alessandro Avenali
- Cinzia Daraio
- Simone Di Leo
- Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz
2024 Full text Journal of Informetrics
This study investigates the relationship between university financial resources, applied accounting systems, and the place of a university in the Shanghai Ranking. We find a strong relationship between the financial resources under the control of a world-class university and the position of that university in the highest tier of the global ranking. We propose a model (available online) to predict a university’s tier in the ranking through the financial resources it employs. A critical condition for making a university a world-class university could be to provide it with a sufficiently high level of financial resources, and its efficiency could play an important leverage role. In view of the results, policymakers are challenged with a drastic choice: to increase international competition among universities, it is necessary to concentrate a huge amount of resources on a few universities that are already in the ranking. In contrast, the policy of the proportional distribution of resources does not affect international competition and may be inefficient. Furthermore, financial data are not easy to gather homogeneously for universities across countries, due to the existence of different national accounting systems. Finally, we discuss several critical issues associated with the measurement of specific accounting data of universities.
Hey student, are you sharing your knowledge? A cluster typology of knowledge sharing behaviours among students
- Małgorzata Zięba
- Susanne Durst
- Samuel Foli
- Martyna Gonsiorowska
2024 International Journal of Management Education
Knowledge Sharing (KS) is crucial for all organisations to better face current and future challenges. It is justifiable to assume that after graduation, students will have to face the coming challenges at societal and business levels, and that they will need the adequate KS skills to do so. Though the importance of KS is established, the understanding of how students pass on their knowledge is still fragmented and underdeveloped. Therefore, a deeper understanding of students’ KS behaviour is crucial to identify and promote better actions. As different patterns of behaviour are very probable among students, this study aims to identify patterns that can be used to group students according to their KS behaviour. Drawing from a dataset of 124 Business and Management students, this paper empirically conceptualises a typology of KS behaviours among this group. The typology consists of three different types of student groups that emerged from a cluster analysis: new entrants with neutral KS behaviour, undergraduate students with strong KS behaviour facilitated by social ties, and mature students who share knowledge based on the perceived self-concept. By acknowledging the heterogeneity found among Business and Management students, this paper departs from viewing students as a homogeneous group.
Hidden Tensor Structures
- Marek Czachor
2024 Full text ENTROPY
Any single system whose space of states is given by a separable Hilbert space is automatically equipped with infinitely many hidden tensor-like structures. This includes all quantum mechanical systems as well as classical field theories and classical signal analysis. Accordingly, systems as simple as a single one-dimensional harmonic oscillator, an infinite potential well, or a classical finite-amplitude signal of finite duration can be decomposed into an arbitrary number of subsystems. The resulting structure is rich enough to enable quantum computation, violation of Bell’s inequalities, and formulation of universal quantum gates. Less standard quantum applications involve a distinction between position and hidden position. The hidden position can be accompanied by a hidden spin, even if the particle is spinless. Hidden degrees of freedom are, in many respects, analogous to modular variables. Moreover, it is shown that these hidden structures are at the roots of some well-known theoretical constructions, such as the Brandt–Greenberg multi-boson representation of creation–annihilation operators, intensively investigated in the context of higher-order or fractional-order squeezing. In the context of classical signal analysis, the discussed structures explain why it is possible to emulate a quantum computer by classical analog circuit devices