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  • Multitaper-Based Post-processing of Compact Antenna Responses Obtained in Non-anechoic Conditions
    • Mariusz Dzwonkowski
    • Adrian Bekasiewicz
    • Sławomir Kozieł
    2024

    The process of developing antenna structures typically involves prototype measurements. While accurate validation of far-field performance can be performed in dedicated facilities like anechoic chambers, high cost of construction and maintenance might not justify their use for teaching, or low-budget research scenarios. Non-anechoic experiments provide a cost-effective alternative, however the performance metrics obtained in such conditions require appropriate correction. In this paper, we consider a multitaper approach for post-processing antenna far-field characteristics measured in challenging, non-anechoic environments. The discussed algorithm enhances one-shot measurements to enable extraction of line-of-sight responses while attenuating interferences from multi-path propagation and the noise from external sources of electromagnetic radiation. The performance of the considered method has been demonstrated in uncontrolled conditions using a compact spline-based monopole. Furthermore, the approach has been favorably validated against the state-of-the-art techniques from the literature.

  • MXene-based composites for capacitive deionization – The advantages, progress, and their role in desalination - A review
    • Bakhtiar Ali Samejo
    • Kainat Naseer
    • Suraya Samejo
    • Farooque Janjhi
    • Najma Memon
    • Roberto Castro Munoz
    • Grzegorz Boczkaj
    2024 Pełny tekst Water Resources and Industry

    MXenes, a novel large family of 2D transition metal carbides, carbonitrides and nitrides are currently a “hot topic” in science due to their several fascinating physical and chemical properties. It follows from a rich diversity of their elemental compositions and chemical functionalities. MXenes can form composites with many substances, including polymers or metal oxides, which allows to effective “tune” MXene characteristics to a fit-to-the-purpose applications. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is currently widely studied as advanced desalination technique due to the advantages of cost-effectiveness, eco-friendly, and high salt removal capacity. One of key fields for CDI development relates to the ion's intercalation materials as concept taken from the sodium ion batteries, which is used in CDI because of their excellent desalination capacity. These materials provide effective sodium ions removal from the brine based on intercalation mechanism as well as redox reactions. In this review, we timely review an up-to-date accomplishment in the advancement of distinct MXene-based composite materials used as CDI electrodes, along with discussion of fundamental electrochemical energy storage mechanisms. The most relevant outcomes are highlighted together with the phenomena observed when applied in desalination applications. Finally, potential solutions as well as challenges in this field are summarized.

  • Nadmiarowe zgony podczas pandemii COVID-19 w Polsce i ocena skuteczności szczepień
    • Błażej Kochański
    • Jakub Sochacki
    2024 Pełny tekst Wiadomości Statystyczne

    Z powodu pandemii COVID-19 zmarły miliony ludzi na całym świecie. Jak wynika z wielu badań, szczepienia przeciw chorobie wywołanej wirusem SARS-CoV-2 okazały się środ-kiem ograniczającym skalę zachorowań i liczbę zgonów. Celem badania omawianego w artyku-le jest pomiar skali pandemii w Polsce za pomocą liczby nadmiarowych zgonów w podregio-nach według klasyfikacji NUTS 3 i w grupach wieku, a następnie określenie zależności pomiędzy zróżnicowaniem regionalnym względnej nadwyżki zgonów podczas czwartej fali pandemii a stopniem zaszczepienia populacji. Nadmiarowe zgony są rozumiane jako nadwyżka zgonów zarejestrowanych w stosunku do przewidywanego poziomu. Badaniem objęto okres od marca 2020 r. do lutego 2022 r. Korzystano z zasobów Eurostatu i Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego oraz danych pobranych z rządowego portalu Otwarte Dane. Analiza liczby nadmiarowych zgonów w podziale na grupy wieku wskazuje, że niemal 90% to zgony osób starszych (w wieku 60 lat i więcej). Z kolei pomiar w podziale na podregiony pozwala stwierdzić, że korelacja nadmiarowych zgonów i udziału zaszczepionych jest ujemna i dość silna. Przy założeniu występowania prostej regresji liniowej okazuje się, że dodatkowy 1% osób zaszczepionych w starszych grupach wieku przełożyłby się średnio na spadek liczby zgonów podczas czwartej fali pandemii o blisko 2000 w skali kraju. Ten wynik świadczy o tym, że szczepienia przeciw COVID-19 były skuteczne w zapobieganiu zgonom z powodu tej choro-by wśród osób starszych.

  • Nadzór i monitorowanie dostępności ZIntegrowanych Węzłów Przesiadkowych
    • Marcin Budzyński
    • Tomasz Mackun
    • Jacek Szmagliński
    • Romanika Okraszewska
    • Kazimierz Jamroz
    • Lech Michalski
    • Joanna Wachnicka
    2024

    Audyt dostępności dla planowanych, projektowanych i istniejących węzłów przesiadkowych musi być przeprowadzony w kontekście społecznym i prawnym, w którym re- alizowany jest projekt. W Polsce prawa osób z niepełnosprawnościami reguluje m.in. ustawa z dnia 19 sierpnia 1997 r. o rehabilitacji zawodowej i społecznej oraz zatrudnianiu osób niepełnosprawnych oraz ustawa z dnia 27 sierpnia 1997 r. o rehabilitacji społecznej i zawodowej oraz zatrudnianiu osób niepełnosprawnych. Obie ustawy określają prawa osób z niepełnosprawnościami, m.in. w zakresie dostępności do budynków i urządzeń użyteczności publicznej. Ponadto w Polsce obowiązuje ustawa z dnia 19 lipca 2019 r. o zapewnieniu dostępności osobom ze szczególnymi potrzebami. Ustawa ta nakłada na podmioty publiczne i prywatne obowiązek zapewnienia dostępności swoich usług, w tym węzłów przesiadkowych, dla osób o szczególnych potrzebach. W kontekście społecznym należy zwrócić uwagę na fakt, że osoby z niepełnosprawnościami stanowią znaczącą część społeczeństwa. Z danych Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego wynika, że w Polsce mieszka około 4,5 mln osób z niepełnosprawnościami. Dlatego projektowanie węzłów przesiadkowych musi uwzględniać potrzeby tej grupy osób. Warto również zwrócić uwagę na fakt, że projektowanie węzłów przesiadkowych i ich przekształcanie z myślą o dostępności dla osób o szczególnych potrzebach może wpłynąć pozytywnie na poprawę jakości życia całego społeczeństwa. Dostępność do transportu publicznego dla osób z niepełnosprawnościami może przyczynić się do zwiększenia ich aktywności i integracji ze społeczeństwem. W kontekście społecznym i prawnym audyt dostępności dla węzłów przesiadkowych jest nie tylko konieczny, ale również pozytywnie wpłynie na poprawę jakości życia osób z niepełnosprawnościami oraz całego społeczeństwa.

  • Nanofiltration-Assisted Concentration Processes of Phenolic Fractions and Carotenoids from Natural Food Matrices
    • Roberto Castro Munoz
    2024 Pełny tekst Separations

    In new food formulations, carotenoids and phenolic compounds are likely to be the most sought after food ingredients according to their bioactivity, nutraceutical, nutritional value, and compatibility properties once incorporated into food formulations. Such solutes are naturally present in many plant-based sources, and some portions are directly consumed when enriching food products and formulations; however, some portions, which are contained in the parts of the plant sources not considered edible, including the leaves, peel, and seeds, among other by-products, are commonly wasted. Related to this, scientists have found a new window for obtaining these bioactive molecules, but their recovery remains a challenge. To some extent, the final purification and polishing requires highly selective performance to guarantee the desired properties and concentration. In this regard, membrane technologies, such as nanofiltration (NF), represent an alternative, owing to their highly selective properties when separating low-molecular-weight compounds. NF becomes immediately suitable when the pretreated extracts are subjected to further efficient concentration, fractionation, and polishing of phenolic fractions and carotenoids. The separation efficiency (usually higher than 97%) of NF technology is high according to the low pore size of NF membranes, but the low temperature in process separation also contributes to the separation of thermolabile compounds. Therefore, this paper reviews the ongoing cases of studies reporting the successful separation and polishing of phenolic fractions and carotenoids from distinct sources. In particular, we have focused our attention on the main interactions during the separation process and the drawbacks and advantages of using membranes for such a case study.

  • Nanomateriały o właściwościach magnetycznych, fotokatalitycznych, biobójczych
    • Izabela Malinowska
    2024 Pełny tekst

    Tematyka badawcza pracy doktorskiej obejmuje preparatykę i charakterystykę nanomateriałów o właściwościach magnetycznych, fotokatalitycznych, biobójczych. Celem pracy była preparatyka nanomateriałów na bazie TiO2 oraz ZnFe2O4 oraz zastosowanie nanokompozytów w fotokatalizie heterogenicznej do degradacji ksenobiotyków niepodatnych na rozkład biologiczny i otrzymywania funkcjonalnych materiałów budowlanych. Otrzymane nanokompozyty scharakteryzowano za pomocą analizy powierzchni właściwej BET wraz z objętością porów, analizy rentgenograficznej XRD, analizy pętli histerezy magnetycznej oraz analizy mikroskopii elektronowej STEM. Otrzymane nanomateriały charakteryzują się właściwościami magnetycznymi, fotokatalitycznymi, biobójczymi. Taka hybrydowość właściwości pozwala na zastosowanie opisywanych materiałów jako fotokatalizatorów oraz dodatków do powszechnie znanych powłok ochronno-dekoracyjnych w celu nadania im nowych hybrydowych właściwości.

  • Nanoparticle-assisted biohydrogen production from pretreated food industry wastewater sludge: Microbial community shifts in batch and continuous processes
    • Mohamed Saad Hellal
    • Filip Gamoń
    • Grzegorz Cema
    • Gamal K. Hassan
    • Ginedy Mohamed Gehad
    • Aleksandra Ziembińska-Buczyńska
    2024 ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT

    Biohydrogen production from industrial waste has gained a significant attention as a sustainable energy source. In this study, the enrichment of biohydrogen production from pretreated dissolved air flotation (DAF) sludge, generated from food industry wastewater treatment plants, was investigated using SiO2@Cu-Ag dendrites cor- e–shell nanostructure (NS). The effect of NS on the changes of the microbial community and biohydrogen yield was evaluated through batch and continuous tests. In batch mode, various nanomaterial doses were investigated with several concentrations ranging from 20 to 50 mg/L for hydrogen production using glucose as a substrate. The optimum core–shell NS amount was 40 mg/L, achieving a maximum H2 yield of 163 mL/g volatile solids (VS) compared to the control’s 79 mL/g VS. However, 50 mg/L NS inhibited most bacteria in the sludge. The continuous experiment used a continuous stirring tank reactor (CSTR) with 40 mg/L SiO2@Cu-Ag core–shell NS and pretreated industrial sludge as substrate. The H2 yield increased to 115 L/kg VS compared to the control reactor’s 89 L/kg VS. The gas analysis showed compositional proportions of 83 % H2, 7 % CO2, and 4.5 % methane, while the microbial community analysis indicated the development of hydrogen-producing species such as Clostridium. In conclusion, SiO2@Cu-Ag core–shell NS addition enhanced anaerobic degradation of organic matter and its conversion to biohydrogen. The selected nanomaterial can be used for an effective continuous treatment system for industrial sludge while promoting dark fermentation.

  • Napęd z silnikiem indukcyjnym i 4-gałęziowym falownikiem SiC do turbosprężarek powietrza ogniw paliwowych dużej mocy
    • Marek Adamowicz
    • Sebastian Giziewski
    2024 Pełny tekst Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

    Wysoka cena ogniw paliwowych utrudnia ich szerokie zastosowanie w transporcie i przemyśle. Należy szukać możliwości obniżenia ich kosztu również poprzez obniżenie kosztu i zwiększenie wydajności urządzeń pomocniczych ogniwa paliwowego (Balance of the Plant). Autorzy proponują aby w napędzie sprężarki powietrza, zastosować wysokoobrotowy silnik indukcyjny, który jest tańszy od stosowanych obecnie silników PMSM. W referacie zaproponowano napęd z czterogałęziowym falownikiem SiC i wysokoobrotowym silnikiem indukcyjnym o mocy 6,3 kW, prędkości obrotowej 79 800 obr/min i częstotliwości zasilania 2667 Hz, który może być zastosowany do turbosprężarki powietrza ogniwa paliwowego o mocy 100 kW.

  • Natural/bio-based sorbents as greener extractive materials for endocrine disrupting compounds in samples of different matrix composition
    • Justyna Płotka-Wasylka
    • Aneta Chabowska
    • Suwijak Pantanit
    • Opas Bunkoed
    • Michel Y. Fares
    • Muhammad Sajid
    • Dimitra Lambropoulou
    • Aleksandra Kurowska-Susdorf
    • Natalia Jatkowska
    2024 Pełny tekst TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

    Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) are a group of chemicals that interfere with the endocrine system, leading to adverse effects on human health and the environment. Increasing concerns over the EDCs presence in various environmental compartments has driven the search for greener extraction materials. Recently, the use of polymers of natural origin (biopolymers) has been demonstrated to be an effective and promising research direction due to their undeniable advantages over synthetic polymers. In this review, strategies for cellulose, chitin, and chitosan functionalization and their applicability for numerous microextraction techniques have been widely discussed. Following the trend related to the reuse of waste, various agricultural wastes that were employed for the isolation and enrichment of EDCs are described. The benefits and limitations of using natural sorbents have been highlighted.

  • Nauka w świecie cyfrowym okiem młodego inżyniera - mobilne aplikacje cross-platformowe
    • Roman Dykyj
    • Julian German
    • Przemysław Falkowski-Gilski
    2024 Pismo PG

    Istotnym punktem w analizie technologii mobilnych jest poznanie opinii osób z nimi zaznajomionych. W niniejszym artykule przedstawione zostaną wyniki badań dotyczących porównania technologii cross-platformowych (uniwersalnych) i natywnych (dedykowanych), w których uwzględniono opinie i doświadczenia deweloperów pracujących w obszarze technologii mobilnych. Badanie miało na celu zrozumienie preferencji, wyzwań i korzyści związanych z wyborem odpowiedniej technologii w kontekście tworzenia aplikacji mobilnych.

  • Nauka w świecie cyfrowym okiem młodego inżyniera - nawigacja mobilna w miastach
    • Joanna Piotrowska
    • Łukasz Potrykus
    • Jakub Olszewski
    • Daria Cygańska
    • Przemysław Falkowski-Gilski
    2024 Pismo PG

    Dynamiczny rozwój technologii ICT i miniaturyzacja komponentów elektronicznych doprowadziły do sytuacji, w której znaczna część światowego społeczeństwa korzysta z urządzeń mobilnych. Dzięki powszechnemu dostępowi do smartfonów każdy użytkownik może w prosty sposób sprawdzić swoje położenie, niezależnie od tego, gdzie w danej chwili się znajduje. Ponadto sami operatorzy sieci komórkowych oraz dostawcy szeregu serwisów korzystają z informacji opartych na systemach satelitarnych GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), aby monitorować i doskonalić jakość oferowanych usług.

  • Navigating the complexities of altruistic helping in Nonprofit Organizations: An analysis of Benefits, Burdens and managerial challenges
    • Joanna Szulc
    • Fabian Homberg
    2024 Public Management Review

    We investigate how individuals cope with side effects of altruistic behaviour at work, i.e. genuine helping behaviour which is not part of any job description, and what role the organizational context plays in these dynamics. Employing simultaneous dyadic interviews, we show how employees of non-profit organizations cope with undesired effects of altruistic help. Our data provides evidence of unintended outcomes for the individual which manifest in increased perceptions of emotional tension, problems with own work, and exploitation. We shed light on the involved mechanisms by analysing the psycho-emotional coping processes associated with helping behaviour. Implications for non-profit managers are discussed.

  • Navigating the Complexity: Understanding Social Integration in Smart Communities versus Smart Cities
    • Magdalena Ciesielska
    • Gabriela Viale-Pereira
    • Thomas J. Lampoltshammer
    2024

    This study delves into the differentiation between smart community and smart city concepts, employing a comprehensive review of conceptual literature. The aim of this study is to identify and deliberate on the nuanced disparities between these two paradigms. By establishing pivotal distinctions, we aim to scrutinize the integration of social aspects in the development and implementation of smart communities. Our findings will offer insights into the essential factors influencing individual and social behavioral changes, thereby facilitating the development of a conceptual model to guide future empirical investigations.

  • N-doped graphene quantum dot-decorated MOF-derived yolk-shell ZnO/NiO hybrids to boost lithium and sodium ion battery performance
    • Beata Bajorowicz
    • Monika Wilamowska-Zawłocka
    • Wojciech Lisowski
    • Andrzej Żak
    • Tomasz Klimczuk
    2024 APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE

    Surface engineering at the nanoscale to obtain robust interface between metal oxides and quantum dots is essential for improving the performance and stability of battery materials. Herein, we designed and prepared novel N-doped graphene quantum dot-modified ZnO/NiO anode materials with a well-defined yolk-shell structure for lithium and sodium-ion batteries. NG QDs were assembled on the ZnO/NiO microspheres using three different coupling strategies: solvothermal, direct adsorption and annealing under N2 atmosphere. The presence of NG QDs deposited on the ZnO/NiO hybrids promoted enhanced electrical conductivity, lower chargetransfer resistance and provides more active sites. As a result, NG-ZnO/NiO_s anode obtained by solvothermal route exhibited high reversible delithiation capacity of 912 mAh/g at 18.6 mA g 1 and excellent cycling performance with the average delithiation capacity of 525 mAh/g at 372 mA g 1 over 400 cycles. Moreover, application of the NG-ZnO/NiO_s elecrode in Na-ion batteries revealed decent electrochemical behavior with capacity values reaching 235 mAh/g at 18.6 mA g 1. Importantly, surface properties, morphology and electrochemical behavior of obtained NG-ZnO/NiO hybrids were dependent on the combination route of NG QDs with ZnO/NiO microspheres indicating that quality of heterojunction between composite components has significant impact on the electrode performance.

  • Negative CO2 Emission Gas Power Plant As Technology for Utilization of Sewage Sludge, Production of Electrical Energy, and CO2 Capture - Case of Chamber Under Transpiration Cooling
    • Paweł Ziółkowski
    • Kamil Stasiak
    • Mario Ditaranto
    • Samuel Wiseman
    • Maja Kaszuba
    • Dariusz Mikielewicz
    2024

    This work focuses on the concept developed in the nCO2PP project, which aims to demonstrate a technology that allows to achieve negative CO2 emissions through Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) applied to sewage sludge. A feedstock is first gasified, then the resulting syngas is burned in a semi-closed oxy-fuel gas turbine with pure oxygen and water, using the advantages of oxy-combustion, to ease the capture of CO2 in the resulting exhaust gases. High-temperature combustion later takes place in a dedicated wet combustion chamber before expansion in a turbine which produces electricity. Given that in Polish law sewage sludge is treated as biomass, a negative CO2 emission factor is achieved. Works in the project are performed both in experimental and design terms. The concept of transpiration cooling will be considered in terms of different methods. Additionally, previously unpublished computational flow dynamics (CFD) simulations related to transpiration cooling were compared with measurement and design analyses. Experimental efforts include a demonstration of water transpiration through a porous structure.

  • Network-assisted processing of advanced IoT applications: challenges and proof-of-concept application
    • Higinio Mora
    • Francisco A. Pujol
    • Tamai Ramírez
    • Antonio Jimeno-Morenilla
    • Julian Szymański
    2024 Pełny tekst Cluster Computing-The Journal of Networks Software Tools and Applications

    Recent advances in the area of the Internet of Things shows that devices are usually resource-constrained. To enable advanced applications on these devices, it is necessary to enhance their performance by leveraging external computing resources available in the network. This work presents a study of computational platforms to increase the performance of these devices based on the Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) paradigm. The main contribution of this paper is to research the advantages and possibilities of architectures with multiple offloading options. To this end, a review of architectures that use a combination of the computing layers in the available infrastructure to perform this paradigm and outsource processing load is presented. In addition, a proof-of-concept application is introduced to demonstrate its realization along all the network layers. The results of the simulations confirm the high flexibility to offload numerous tasks using different layers and the ability to overcome unfavorable scenarios.

  • Neural network agents trained by declarative programming tutors
    • Jan Dobrosolski
    • Julian Szymański
    • Higinio Mora
    • Karol Draszawka
    2024

    This paper presents an experimental study on the development of a neural network-based agent, trained using data generated using declarative programming. The focus of the study is the application of various agents to solve the classic logic task – The Wumpus World. The paper evaluates the effectiveness of neural-based agents across different map configurations, offering a comparative analysis to underline the strengths and limitations of these approaches. We discuss the quantitative and qualitative aspects of these agents in scenarios that require generalization. For a concise comparison, we present the performance and resource utilization of different agents as follows: The Prolog- based agent showed a base task win rate of 61%, which dropped to 5% in a modified task setting, requiring 13KB of memory. The Q-Learning agent achieved a 2% win rate in the base task, with the modified task performance not applicable, and a memory requirement of 67KB. An agent based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) recorded a 44% win rate on the base task and 32% on the modified task, consuming 134KB of memory. The Deep Q-Network (DQN) agent displayed a 56% win rate in the base task and 46% in the modified task, necessitating a substantial amount of memory, 284MB.

  • New concept of drilling auger for displacement pile installation
    • Adam Krasiński
    2024 Pełny tekst

    In 2020, a new version of the screw displacement auger for pile installation in soil was developed and patented in Poland. It was named DPDT (Displacement Pile Drilling Tool). The general aim of its development was to reduce the soil resistances to the auger during screwing into the ground while maintaning a good load-bearing capacity for the screw displacement piles. The “DPDT-Auger” prototype was tested as a scaled-down model in the laboratory as well as in full-scale in the field. Its efficiency was compared with an ordinary SDP auger in two ways: by assessing soil resistances during screwing into the ground and by assessing the bearing capacity of completed piles. This paper presents the field tests and their results. Over 80 piles were tested in six test sites. Among them, 24 piles were instrumented and subjected to static load tests. The test results were generally positive and showed that the DPDT auger generates less torque than the SDP auger but requires more rotations and a slightly longer pile installation time. When it comes to the bearing capacity of the compression load, both DPDT and SDP piles showed similar characteristics.

  • New heterometallic Co/Zn, Ag/Co, and Ag/Zn imidazolates: structural characterization and catalytic activity in the oxidation of organic compounds
    • Mattia Lopresti
    • Łukasz Kurowski
    • Luca Palin
    • Marco Milanesio
    • Magdalena Siedzielnik
    • Karolina Gutmańska
    • Adrianna Dobrenko
    • Tomasz Klimczuk
    • Ewelina Pawelczyk
    • Anna Dołęga
    2024 DALTON TRANSACTIONS

    Nanocrystalline powders of monometallic and bimetallic imidazolates of Co, Zn, and Ag were produced by a reaction carried out in water. The powders were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and the crystal structures of new compounds Ag2ZnIm4 and Ag2CoIm4 (Im = imidazolate) were solved. Heterometallic Co/Zn imidazolates showed the standard ZIF-8 crystal structure while Ag/Zn and Ag/Co systems were isostructural with the copper analogs. The powders were further characterized by EDX, UV-Vis and FTIR ATR spectroscopy in solid state. The catalytic experiments indicated that out of the studied heterometallic compounds only Ag2Co(Im)4, exhibits some catalytic activity in the reaction of oxidation of 1-phenylethanol by tert-butylhydroperoxide at elevated temperature.

  • New skills for architects: 3D scanning for an immersive experience in architectural education
    • Szymon Kowalski
    • Jacek Lebiedź
    • Sandro Parinello
    • Francesca Picchio
    2024 Pełny tekst Global Journal of Engineering Education

    The authors of this article explore the integration of remote sensing techniques, specifically laser scanning and photogrammetry, as well as immersive visualisation via different methods applied to architectural design processes, and its potential impact on the professional development of future architects. The study demonstrates the value of extending the architectural design process into the interdisciplinary field of geomatics and computer science through mixed research methods, including interviews, hands-on activities, market observations and knowledge of technological advances. The study results suggest a growing demand for certain interdisciplinary skills among students, necessitating an expanded approach to architectural design education to take full advantage of technological advances. The observed new possibility of the emergence of new professional specialisations in architecture, such as digital inventory managers, highlights the need to adapt some educational pathways to meet the demands of the industry, especially in the context of architectural heritage. The implication of this approach is to recommend the integration of remote sensing techniques into architectural curricula to better prepare future architects for today’s ever-evolving practice.