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Upward convergence patterns in chosen environmental-related SDGs
- Marta Kuc-Czarnecka
- Iwona Markowicz
- Agnieszka Sompolska-Rzechuła
2024 Pełny tekst ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS
Sustainable development is a challenge facing humanity. EU countries not only strive to reach their specific objectives, but they also work collaboratively towards shared goals. There is a need to balance synergies and compromises to address these objectives effectively. When discussing countries' development and people's well-being, one often focuses on socio-economic development. However, it is crucial not to overlook the environmental repercussions and the need to care for the planet. Thus, our article pays attention to the sustainable development objectives of the “planets” group. We analysed upward convergence in the scope of the “Planet” goals, i.e. the analysis of improving the results of Member States and, at the same time, reducing the differences between them. Convergence trends were examined individually for each variable and then for all variables combined (Planet). Our article fills a research gap because, to our knowledge, analyses of the trajectories of achieving individual goals in such a context have not been analysed so far. The results of our study indicate a favourable situation in the case of six out of eight examined variables. Areas in which intensification of activities is necessary for some EU countries are an increase in energy productivity and a reduction in net greenhouse gas emissions of land use. The second stage of the study concerned the development paths of individual countries. The most challenging situation concerns the variable sdg_07_20 (final energy consumption in households per capita). In this case, as many as 12 countries belong to the weak group.
Usability of Mobile Applications: A Consolidated Model
- Paweł Weichbroth
2024 Pełny tekst IEEE Access
Mobile devices have become an integral part of the digital ecosystem, connecting people, businesses, and information around the world in ways never before possible. In particular, smartphones, tablets and other handheld devices equipped with mobile applications have changed every aspect of our lives. Today, a user can choose from nearly five million applications available for both Android and iOS operating systems. However, only 0.5 percent of applications succeed in the marketplace. Many factors contribute to their failure, including poor design, lack of value, privacy violations, and usability issues. While usability is often identified as a major concern, there seems to be no agreement between researchers and practitioners on its nature, although many models have been developed. This paper attempts to find a consensus by synthesizing the state of the art literature. More specifically, we aim to develop a consolidated, universal usability model for mobile applications, through the lens of existing human computer interaction theory. In order to achieve this goal, our study uses a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods. Overall, the research methodology consisted of two steps. First, we conducted a systematic literature review to identify, collect, and analyze current research on mobile usability. Second, we used the meta-analysis approach to quantitatively describe the extracted data and summarize the findings. The PACMAD+3 model was developed and discussed in light of the results obtained and the PACMAD model. While our model borrows seven attributes from its ancestor, the remaining three attributes were derived from the synthesis of other studies, along with three external factors adopted from the ISO 9241-11 standard. In addition, we reviewed existing definitions of usability attributes. We expect that this unified approach will lead to a better understanding of mobile usability, including all relevant attributes and factors, thus making a significant contribution to theory. On the other hand, in practice, the PACMAD+3 model can be used to translate abstract attributes into tangible terms, which is particularly useful in empirical research focused on measuring and evaluating the usability of mobile applications.
Usability Testing of Mobile Applications: A Methodological Framework
- Paweł Weichbroth
2024 Pełny tekst Applied Sciences-Basel
Less than five percent of all mobile applications have become successful throughout 2023. The success of a new mobile application depends on a variety of factors ranging from business understanding, customer value, and perceived quality of use. In this sense, the topic of usability testing of mobile applications is relevant from the point of view of user satisfaction and acceptance. However, the current knowledge seems to be fragmented, scattered across many papers and reports, and sometimes poorly documented. This paper attempts to fill this gap by investigating the current state of knowledge by reviewing the previous literature relevant to the research topic and developing a unified view. In particular, the methodological framework is outlined and discussed, including the discourse on settings for laboratory and field studies, data collection techniques, experimental designs for mobile usability testing, and a generic research framework. Therefore, the paper contributes to both the theory and practice of human–computer interaction by providing methodological foundations for usability testing of mobile applications, paving the way for further studies in this area. Moreover, the paper provides a better understanding of the related topics, in particular shedding light on methodological foundations, key concepts, challenges, and issues, equipping readers with a comprehensive knowledge base to navigate and contribute to the advancement of the field of mobile usability.
User experience evaluation study on the quality of 1K, 2K, and 4K H.265/HEVC video content
- Przemysław Falkowski-Gilski
- Tadeus Uhl
- Christian Hoppe
2024 Pełny tekst Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Nowadays, most content creators focus on distributing rich media at the highest possible resolution. Currently, the majority of sold consoles, media players, computer hardware, as well as displays and TVs are advertised as 4K-compatible. The same trend is observed in the case of popular online streaming services and terrestrial TV broadcasts. Generally speaking, it is assumed that higher bitrates provide higher subjective judgements. In this paper, we present the results of a user experience (UX) evaluation study on the quality of video content coded and transmitted in different resolutions in the internet protocol (IP) environment. The image resolutions include 1K (1920×1080 pixels; full-HD), 2K (2560×1440 pixels; wide-QHD), and 4K (3840×2160 pixels; ultra-HD) content that are processed in the H.265/HEVC (high-efficiency video coding) format. A subjective evaluation is carried out in a laboratory consisting of 20 iMacs with a 21.5-inch 4K Retina (4096×2304 pixels) display. The group of viewers included 28 individuals aged between 21‒35 years old, comprising people with and without visual impairments. The obtained UX results are compared with previous experiments, including both objective quality of service (QoS) and subjective quality of experience (QoE), as well as the impact of down-scaling to 1K from 2K and 4K. The outcomes of this study may be of particular interest to any party interested in video content processing and distribution, as well as consumption and storage.
User Orientation Detection in Relation to Antenna Geometry in Ultra-Wideband Wireless Body Area Networks Using Deep Learning
- Sebastian Urwan
- Krzysztof Cwalina
2024 Pełny tekst SENSORS
In this paper, the issue of detecting a user’s position in relation to the antenna geometry in ultra-wideband (UWB) off-body wireless body area network (WBAN) communication using deep learning methods is presented. To measure the impulse response of the channel, a measurement stand consisting of EVB1000 devices and DW1000 radio modules was developed and indoor static measurement scenarios were performed. It was proven that for the binary classification of user orientation, neural networks achieved accuracy that was more than 9% higher than that for the well-known threshold method. In addition, the classification of user position angles relative to the reference node was analyzed. It was proven that, using the proposed deep learning approach and the channel impulse response, it was possible to estimate the angle of the user’s position in relation to the antenna geometry. Absolute user orientation angle errors of about 4–7◦ for convolutional neural networks and of about 14–15◦ for multilayer perceptrons were achieved in approximately 85% of the cases in both tested scenarios.
User-oriented GIS tools in higher education of urban design and planning
- Weronika Mazurkiewicz
- Anna Kaczorowska
- Anna Rubczak
- Justyna Wieczerzak
- Dorota Kamrowska-Załuska
2024 Pełny tekst World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education
Geographic information systems (GIS) have emerged as indispensable tools for decision-making, planning and problem-solving tasks across various domains in today’s evolving world. However, there exists a pressing need to augment the utilisation of GIS tools in higher education of urban design and planning to foster a user-oriented approach. This article explores the imperative of integrating GIS tools more comprehensively into higher education curricula to empower students with the skills necessary to leverage geographic information effectively. Selected cases from the Programmes of Architecture and Spatial Development at Gdańsk University of Technology (Gdańsk Tech), Poland, and Physical Planning at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, demonstrate students’ experience with user-oriented GIS tools. Results reveal there is a growing demand in higher education to integrate GIS tools into service design approaches and participatory practice. Enhancing access to GIS technologies for students and stakeholders will encourage collaboration between education and practice, facilitating real-time adjustments and crossdisciplinary efforts.
Utilizing Morphological and Physiological Parameters of Lemna minor for Assessing Tetracyclines’ Removal
- Łukasz Sikorski
- Agnieszka Bęś
- Kazimierz Warmiński
- Wojciech Truszkowski
- Przemysław Kowal
2024 MOLECULES
Antibiotics with significant environmental toxicity, e.g., tetracyclines (TCs), are often used in large quantities worldwide, with 50–80% of the applied dose ending up in the environment. This study aimed to investigate the effects of exposure to tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) and minocycline hydrochloride (MIN) on L. minor. Our research evaluated the phytotoxicity of the TCs by analyzing plant growth and biomass and evaluating assimilation pigment levels and fluorescence. The research was extended with the ability potential of duckweed as a tool for removing TCs from water/wastewater. The results demonstrated that both TCs influenced Ir, Iy, biomass, and photosynthetic efficiency. The uptake of TC and MIN by duckweed was proportional to the concentration in the growth medium. The TC was absorbed more readily, reaching up to 8.09 mg × g−1 of dry weight (DW) at the highest concentration (19.2 mg × L−1), while MIN reached 6.01 mg × g−1 of DW. As indicated, the consequences of the influence of TC on plants were slightly smaller, in comparison to MIN, while the plants could biosorb this drug, even at the lowest tested concentration. This study has shown that using plants for drug biosorption can be an effective standalone or complementary method for water and wastewater treatment.
Vaccinium Species—Unexplored Sources of Active Constituents for Cosmeceuticals
- Wirginia Kukuła-Koch
- Natalia Dycha
- Paulina Lechwar
- Magdalena Lasota
- Estera Okoń
- Paweł Szczeblewski
- Anna Wawruszak
- Dominik Tarabasz
- Jane Hubert
- Piotr Wilkołek
- Maria Halabalaki
- Katarzyna Gaweł-Bęben
2024 Biomolecules
The genus Vaccinium is represented by shrubs growing in a temperate climate that have been used for ages as traditional remedies in the treatment of digestive problems, in diabetes, renal stones or as antiseptics due to the presence of polyphenols (anthocyanins, flavonoids and tannins) in their fruits and leaves. Recent studies confirm their marked potential in the treatment of skin disorders and as skin care cosmetics. The aim of this review is to present the role of Vaccinium spp. as cosmetic products, highlight their potential and prove the biological properties exerted by the extracts from different species that can be useful for the preparation of innovative cosmetics. In the manuscript both skin care and therapeutic applications of the representatives of this gender will be discussed that include the antioxidant, skin lightening, UV-protective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive properties to shed new light on these underestimated plants.
Validation of dynamic electrochemical impedance spectrograms using autocorrelation function
- Kazimierz Darowicki
- Szymon Wysmułek
- Anna Karólkowska
- Łukasz Gaweł
2024 JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Validation of impedance data is essential for checking the reliability of experimental data. Kramers – Kronig transformation is used to verify data obtained from classical Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Data obtained from Dynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (DEIS) could be validated in the same way, but in this case, there is no information about internal consistency between every single spectrum in the whole spectrogram. To address these challenges, the authors proposed an approach using the autocorrelation function ACF to validate DEIS time series. The reasoning conducted showed that ACF function is appropriate tool for validating DEIS spectrograms.
Value co‐creation (VCC) and value co‐destruction (VCD) via open government data (OGD): Empirical case of Tanzania
- Fredrick Ishengoma
- Deo Shao
- Raphael Gouvea da Silva
- Guillherme Costa Wiedenhoft
- Charalampos Harris Alexopoulos
- Nina Rizun
- Stuti Saxena
2024 Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries
Having emphasized upon the potential benefits of Open Government Data (OGD) initiatives via value derivation and innovation pursuits of the stakeholders, it falls in place to complement this line of OGD research in the specific case of Tanzania, a developing country, to support the inferences. Specifically, it is important to understand the manner in which OGD VCC-one of the hinges of OGD initiatives- and OGD VCD-a possible fall out of OGD initiatives- happens to pass. Thus, a content analysis of the interviews of 15 public officials and managers was conducted to arrive at its conclusions. Thus, the interviewees aver that OGD Value Co-creation (VCC) may be facilitated on top-priority bases by consistent marketing efforts by the government as also the partnerships with the key stakeholders of the OGD ecosystem, and, among the prominent Value Co-Destruction (VCD) factors may be counted the issues linked with data privacy and resource restriction. Literature on OGD VCC is at a nascent stage and the one on OGD VCD is evolving. As an atypical empirical validation case vis-a-vis the emerging OGD VCC-VCD research, the study is an additional contribution to the extant literature with specific reference to the developing country's experiences where the OGD initiatives are at an evolving stage
Variable Data Structures and Customized Deep Learning Surrogates for Computationally Efficient and Reliable Characterization of Buried Objects
- Reyhan Yurt
- Hamid Torpi
- Ahmet Kizilay
- Sławomir Kozieł
- Peyman Mahouti
2024 Pełny tekst Scientific Reports
In this study, in order to characterize the buried object via deep-learning-based surrogate modeling approach, 3-D full-wave electromagnetic simulations of a GPR model has been used. The task is to predict simultaneously and independent of each characteristic parameters of a buried object of several radii at different positions (depth and lateral position) in various dispersive subsurface media. This study has analyzed variable data structures (raw B-scans, extracted features, consecutive A-scans) with respect to computational cost and accuracy of surrogates. The usage of raw B-scan data and the applications for processing steps on B-scan profiles in the context of object characterization incur high computational cost so it can be a challenging issue. The proposed surrogate model referred to as the deep regression network (DRN) is utilized for time frequency spectrogram (TFS) of consecutive A-scans. DRN is developed with the main aim being computationally efficient (about 13 times acceleration) compared to conventional network models using B-scan images (2D data). DRN with TFS is favorably benchmarked to the state-of-the-art regression techniques. The experimental results obtained for the proposed model and second-best model, CNN-1D show mean absolute and relative error rates of 3.6mm, 11.8mm and 4.7%, 11.6% respectively. For the sake of supplementary verification under realistic scenarios, it is also applied for scenarios involving noisy data. Furthermore, the proposed surrogate modeling approach is validated using measurement data, which is indicative of suitability of the approach to handle physical measurements as data sources.
Virtual tour as an innovative tool for architectural education - from understanding heritage to creativity stimulation
- Karolina Życzkowska
- Doria Elisabetta
- Justyna Borucka
2024 Global Journal of Engineering Education
The article presents the potential of the virtual tour in architectural education as an innovative tool to better understand heritage and stimulate creativity. A methodology for creating a virtual tour based on a point cloud obtained from a survey based on 360° camera images is presented. Two different purposes for the use of point clouds are presented from reliable indicators of heritage documentation useful for digital twin modelling and architectural analysis, to the creation of thematic virtual tours enabling the testing of different scenarios. The article focuses on the case of virtual tours that were created as part of the 2023 Gdańsk Summer School associated with the H2020 PROMETHEUS project, in collaboration between Gdańsk University of Technology (Gdańsk Tech), Poland, and the University of Pavia, Italy. A virtual tour was created for a significant part of the Royal Way in Gdańsk. A comparison of the different types of virtual tours is presented in relation to their objectives (educational, tourist, entertainment), the characteristics of the scenarios (place, time, story, characters) and the experience environment (virtual, augmented or immersive space).
Voltage and Current Unbalance Reduction in Power Networks with Distributed Generation and Electric Vehicles
- Krzysztof Dobrzyński
- Stanisław Czapp
2024 Pełny tekst ENERGIES
The current development of prosumer microsources and the expected spread of electric vehicles may cause the appearance of significant current and voltage unbalance in low-voltage (LV) networks. This unbalance, which is an unfavorable phenomenon, may occur when using single-phase photovoltaic (PV) microsources and single-phase home chargers for electric vehicles. This paper presents a proposal for the symmetrization of the LV network using devices for the reconfiguration of phases in the power supply. Both the different locations of these devices and the different objective functions for device implementation are analyzed. The research was carried out on an example LV network, taking into account several variants of the development of PV microsources and home chargers for electric vehicles. The analysis indicates that the appropriate location of phase reconfiguration devices and the use of an appropriate objective function leads to a significant reduction in unfavorable unbalancing in the LV network.
Voltage Control of a Stand-Alone Multiphase Doubly Fed Induction Generator
- Krzysztof Blecharz
- Marcin Morawiec
- Roland Ryndzionek
- Michał Michna
2024 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
This article presents a multiphase doubly fed induction generator (MDFIG) with a dedicated and unique control algorithm in a stand-alone wind energy conversion system. The algorithm has been developed and elaborated in the case of different emergency modes. Compared with the traditional double-fed induction generator, the MDFIG has increased reliability, reduced current level per phase, and low rotor harmonic currents. The control system is based on a classical mathematical model and the stator field-oriented control method. However, especially for the wind turbine system, the control system has been extended for dedicated five-phase operation and additional scenarios have been added. First, the dynamic states of the generator operation under normal operating conditions with voltage variation and load were simulated and compared with laboratory tests. Second, the fault-tolerance results of rotor phase failures with different states and loads were presented. This performance is validated in the laboratory with a 4 kW prototype MDFIG. The method presented in this article is simple, robust, and cost effective with MDFIG and has significantly improved the reliability of the power generation system.
Walther H. Nernst - noblista z Wąbrzeźna
- Adam Barylski
2024 Przegląd Techniczny
Przedstawiono życiorys i osiągnięcia naukowe prof. Walthera Hermanna Nernsta, urodzonego 25 czerwca 1864 r. w Wąbrzeźnie, laureata Nagrody Nobla z dziedziny chemii z roku 1921. W. Nernst jest autorem m.in. III zasady termodynamiki oraz konstruktorem tzw. lampy Nernsta. Była to jedna z pierwszych lamp elektrycznych, oświetlająca wieżę Eiffla i pawilon niemiecki na Światowej Wystawie w Paryżu w 1890 r. W roku 1914 zostaje honorowym doktorem politechniki w Gdańsku. W roku 1991 na domu w którym się urodził w Wąbrzeźnie umieszczono tablicę pamiątkową, podobnie jak w roku 2021 na murach szkoły w Grudziądzu, do której uczęszczał. W 120-lecie Politechniki Gdańskiej z uznaniem warto wspomnieć postać profesora, mniej nam znanego niż jego osiągnięcia naukowe.
Warstwowa ocena epidemiologiczna architektury zakładów opiekuńczo-leczniczych i zakładów gieriatycznych = Layer based epidemiological quality assessment of architecture of care security and geriatric wards
- Wacław Szarejko
- Rafał Janowicz
2024 MEDYCYNA PRACY
W artykule opisano możliwość wykorzystania autorskiej metody warstwowej oceny epidemiologicznej (WOE) do oceny potencjalnego ryzyka zakażeń w obiektach przeznaczonych dla osób starszych. Materiał i metody: W celu weryfikacji możliwości użycia metody WOE do oceny zagrożeń w zakresie bezpieczeństwa epidemiologicznego środowiska zbudowanego poddano analizie dostępne źródła literatury związane z obowiązującymi w Polsce wymaganiami prawnymi w zakresie oceny ergonomii obiektów medycznych pod względem transmisji zakażeń. W artykule odniesiono się również do wytycznych Komisji Europejskiej w zakresie Nowego Europejskiego Bauhausu i systemu oceny jakości Davos Baukultur Quality System jako standaryzowanej metody oceny jakości przestrzeni zbudowanej. W pracy przedstawiono podstawowe założenie autorskiej metody WOE pozwalającej na ocenę ryzyka transmisji zakażeń oddzielnie dla poszczególnych grup elementów, z których składa się budynek. Skuteczność metody wykazano poprzez wykorzystanie jej do oceny ryzyka zakażeń na przykładzie pokoju oddziału geriatrycznego. Wyniki: W artykule pokazano możliwość zastosowania narzędzia warstwowej oceny struktury budynku jako skutecznej metody wspomagającej działania ograniczające ryzyko epidemiczne. Wykorzystanie WOE umożliwia czytelne rozróżnienie potencjalnych dróg zakażeń w obrębie analizowanych obiektów i przyporządkowanie ich poszczególnym elementom składowym budynków. Dodatkowo przedstawiona metoda umożliwia zdefiniowanie koniecznych do wykonania procedur i opracowanie schematu działań minimalizujących ryzyko rozprzestrzenienia zakażeń w obrębie analizowanych nieruchomości. Wnioski: Zastosowanie WOE do oceny rozwiązań architektonicznych obiektów przeznaczonych do pobytu osób starszych wiąże się z wieloma korzyściami. Metoda ta może stanowić narzędzie eksperckie pozwalające na szybką i precyzyjną ocenę potencjalnych zagrożeń epidemiologicznych. Ważną zaletą jest także możliwość wykorzystania jej, w sposób odrębny, w przypadku różnorodnych typów zagrożeń epidemiologicznych cechujących się różnymi drogami transmisji zakażeń
Water retention curves of sandy soils obtained from direct measurements, particle size distribution, and infiltration experiments
- Umar Farooq
- Wioletta Gorczewska-Langner
- Adam Szymkiewicz
2024 VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL
Accurate information about soil water retention curves (SWRCs) of sands is essential for evaluating groundwater recharge and vulnerability to contamination in many shallow sandy aquifers which are widespread on post glacial areas in Northern Europe and North America. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) allow to estimate SWRC from basic physical characteristics of soils, such as textural composition. However, in the case of clean sands which are dominated by a single textural fraction, PTFs should be based on more detailed information given by the particle size distribution. In this study we evaluated three parametric PTFs, which estimate parameters of the van Genuchten SWRC based on empirical correlations to the parameters of soil particle size distribution, and five semi-physical PTFs, which derive the pore size distribution from particle size distribution. PTFs were compared to SWRCs fitted to the results of drainage experiments on sandy soil samples from six locations in Gdańsk region (northern Poland). Although in all samples the content of silt and clay fractions was low (<3.5%), the differences in actual content of fines strongly influenced the shape of SWRC. In contrast, the amount of gravel fraction (varying from 1% to 35%) did not have significant effect on SWRC. Semi-physical PTFs were found to be more accurate than parametric PTFs. The best overall performance was shown by the semi-physical Chang and Cheng PTF. Among the parametric PTFs the best accuracy was obtained with the Schaap and Bouten method. However, all considered functions showed limited accuracy in higher suction range. Additionally, infiltration experiments were performed on four sites. SWRCs were obtained from ring infiltrometer tests using the Beerkan estimation of soil transfer parameters (BEST) method and from the tension infiltrometer (TI) tests using numerical solution of the inverse problem based on the Richards equation. In almost all cases the wetting SWRCs were characterized by higher values of the pressure scaling parameter α compared to SWRCs measured in drainage experiments, which is consistent with the well-known phenomenon of hysteresis in soils. However, the BEST method resulted in significantly higher α and hydraulic conductivity Ks than TI, probably due to activation of the largest soil pores during ponded infiltration.
Weakly Hydrated Solute of Mixed Hydrophobic–Hydrophilic Nature
- Aneta Panuszko
- Maciej Śmiechowski
- Maciej Pieloszczyk
- Adrian Malinowski
- Janusz Stangret
2024 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a commonly used and invaluable tool in studies of solvation phenomena in aqueous solutions. Concurrently, density functional theory calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations deliver the solvation shell picture at the molecular detail level. The mentioned techniques allowed us to gain insights into the structure and energy of the hydrogen bonding network of water molecules around methylsulfonylmethane (MSM). In the hydration sphere of MSM, there are two types of populations of water molecules: a significant share of water molecules weakly bonded to the sulfone group and a smaller share of water molecules strongly bonded to each other around the methyl groups of MSM. The very weak hydrogen bond of water molecules with the hydrophilic group causes the extended network of water hydrogen bonds to be not "anchored" on the sulfone group, and consequently, the MSM hydration shell is labile.
Wet H2S corrosion and degradation of pipeline in amine regeneration system
- Juliusz Orlikowski
- Maciej Kalinowski
- Igor Lasota
- Piotr Maruszewski
- Michał Szociński
- Kazimierz Darowicki
2024 MATERIALS AND CORROSION-WERKSTOFFE UND KORROSION
The paper presents the results of NDT examinations, metallographic tests and risk assessment of degradation related to corrosion of amine regeneration unit in a desulphurisation system. Intensive corrosion resulting from acid gases environment upon water condensation causes perforation of the pipeline. Detailed analysis reveals cracking related to the mechanism of wet H2S. Hydrogen penetration, resulting from the wet H2S process, causes a decrease in mechanical properties of steel and an increase in hydrogen content inside steel. Corrosion results mostly from high stream velocity, the presence of acid gases (with high ammonia content), the presence of amine and low stream temperature.
What drives sustainable investing? Adoption determinants of sustainable investing exchange-traded funds in Europe
- Adam Marszk
- Ewa Lechman
2024 Structural Change and Economic Dynamics
Despite the growing interest in various topics related to sustainable (ESG) investing, some issues remain understudied, such as the determinants of their utilization at the macro level. This paper contributes to the state of knowledge two-directionally. First, it shows the development of sustainable investing exchange-traded funds (ETFs) in European countries. Second, it traces the significant determinants of adopting sustainable investing/ESG ETFs in Europe. More specifically, we aim to determine which financial, technological, social or institutional factors have the most significant impact on the growth of levels and over-time dynamics of the sustainable investing ETFs. The empirical sample covers five European economies: France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom and the period of the analysis is 2006-2020. Adopting panel regression analysis, we investigate twenty different variables that potentially impact the development of sustainable investing ETFs across examined countries. Our results confirm the positive effects of the development of insurance companies and pension funds for the assets of the ESG ETFs. Also, factors such as stock markets development, ICT adoption, financial access and literacy, and the prevalence of tertiary-level education demonstrate a positive impact on ESG ETFs. The role of the financial performance and tax levels resulted in being neutral, thus indicating the lesser importance of the financial motives in relation to the other factors. The results were mixed in the case of the mutual funds and institutional variables.