2024 - Repozytorium publikacji - Politechnika Gdańska

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Therapeutic biomaterials – application in neurology and cardiology
- Klaudia Malisz
- Beata Świeczko-Żurek
2024 Review and Research on Cancer Treatment
Biomaterials are of interest in most medical fields. It's hard to imagine life without them. And due to the ever-increasing demand, scientists are developing new materials. Diseases of the nervous and cardiovascular systems are still a big problem, which are associated with a limited ability to regenerate brain or heart tissues. Therefore, this review discusses the advancement in biomaterial engineering for the treatment of neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases affect a large percentage of older people. Therefore, the review presents treatment options for Alzheimer's (AD), and Parkinson's diseases (PD). Another serious problem is cardiac ischemia. To regenerate heart tissue, scientists have proposed the use of extracellular vesicles, injectable hydrogels, and biomaterial-based cardiac patches. In addition to tissue engineering, implants are also developing in the field of cardiology. More and more modern materials are being created, e.g., for valve prostheses or vascular stents.
Thermally activated natural chalcopyrite for Fenton-like degradation of Rhodamine B: Catalyst characterization, performance evaluation, and catalytic mechanism
- Jiapeng Yang
- Kai Jia
- Shaoyong Lu
- Yijun Cao
- Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Chongqing Wang
2024 Pełny tekst Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
In this work, catalytic activity of natural chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) was improved by thermal activation. The modified chalcopyrite was used as efficient catalyst for degradation of organic dye Rhodamine B (RhB) through advanced oxidation process (AOP). Effects of catalyst dosage, H2O2 concentration, reaction temperature, solution pH, anions, and natural organic matter on the degradation efficiency of RhB were investigated. This study revealed that thermal activation at 300 °C changed the chemical valency of surface elements rather than transforming the major chemical phase of natural chalcopyrite. The Fenton-like degradation of RhB was significantly improved by thermally activated chalcopyrite. RhB degradation could be obtained under broad pH and showed high resistance to natural organic matter and anions. Under optimal conditions of H2O2 43.0 mM, catalyst 0.75 g/L, initial pH 5.1, and reaction temperature 25 °C, the degradation of RhB reached 96.7% at 50 min. Based on the rate constant of reaction kinetics, the activation energy for RhB degradation was calculated to be 9 kJ/mol. Radical scavenging experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique demonstrated that RhB degradation was dominated by the generated hydroxyl radicals in activated chalcopyrite/H2O2 system. The formation of surface sulfates resulted from thermal activation induced the dissolved copper or iron ions, and promoted H2O2 activation and facilitated RhB degradation by reactive hydroxyl radicals. This work provides an in-depth understanding of the mechanism behind thermal activation to enhance the activity of natural chalcopyrite, offering a theoretical basis for utilizing natural minerals for Fenton-like treatment of organic wastewater towards cleaner production.
Thermosensitive composite based on agarose and chitosan saturated with carbon dioxide. Preliminary study of requirements for production of new CSAG bioink.
- Adrianna Banach-Kopeć
- Szymon Mania
- Robert Tylingo
- Agata Wawrzynowicz
- Monika Pawłowska
- Katarzyna Czerwiec
- Milena Deptuła
- Michał Pikuła
2024 Pełny tekst CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
This study introduces a method for producing printable, thermosensitive bioink formulated from agarose (AG) and carbon dioxide-saturated chitosan (CS) hydrogels. The research identified medium molecular weight chitosan as optimal for bioink production, with a preferred chitosan hydrogel content of 40–60 %. Rheological analysis reveals the bioink's pseudoplastic behavior and a sol-gel phase transition between 27.0 and 31.5 °C. The MMW chitosan-based bioink showed also the most stable extrusion characteristic. The choice of chitosan for the production of bioink was also based on the assessment of the antimicrobial activity of the polymer as a function of its molecular weight and the degree of deacetylation, noting significant cell reduction rates for E. coli and S. aureus of 1.72 and 0.54 for optimal bioink composition, respectively. Cytotoxicity assessments via MTT and LDH tests confirm the bioink's safety for L929, HaCaT, and 46BR.1 N cell lines. Additionally, XTT proliferation assay proved the stimulating effect of the bioink on the proliferation of 46BR.1 N fibroblasts, comparable to that observed with Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). FTIR spectroscopy confirms the bioink as a physical polymer blend. In conclusion, the CS/AG bioink demonstrates the promising potential for advanced spatial cell cultures in tissue engineering applications including skin regeneration.
Three dimensional simulations of FRC beams and panels with explicit definition of fibres-concrete interaction
- Ireneusz Marzec
- Jan Suchorzewski
- Jerzy Bobiński
2024 ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
High performance concrete (HPC) is a quite novel material which has been rapidly developed in the last few decades. It exhibits superior mechanical properties and durability comparing to normal concrete. HPC can achieve also superior tensile performance if strong fibres (steel or carbon) are implemented in the matrix. Thus, there exist the unabated interest in studying how the addition of different types of fibres modifies the behaviour of HPC. Nowadays, a standard numerical approaches to model the behaviour of fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) are carried out by means of the smeared or discrete crack modelling of homogenous media with appropriately changed stress-strain relationships. The objective of this paper is to develop a new and efficient mesoscale modelling approach for steel fibre reinforced high-performance concrete. The main idea of presented approach is to assume the fully 3D modelling with taking into account explicitly the distribution and orientation of the steel fibres. As a benchmark, results obtained from experimental campaign on beams and panels made from high-performance concrete with steel fibres of different sizes and dosages were taken. Results of numerical simulations were directly compared with experimental outcomes in order to validate and calibrate FE-model and to introduce the efficient numerical modelling tool.
Three modes of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements performed on vanadium redox flow battery
- Joanna Krakowiak
- Wojciech Bącalski
- Grzegorz Lentka
- Pekka Peljo
- Paweł Ślepski
2024 Sustainable Materials and Technologies
This article presents an innovative approach to monitor working redox flow batteries using dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, diverging from the commonly sequential impedance methods carried out under potentiostatic or galvanostatic conditions close to the open circle voltage. The authors introduce a fresh variation of dynamic impedance measurement that leverages an amplitude-modulated multi-frequency alternating current perturbation signal. This technique leads to a reduction in measurement time, making it possible to monitor impedance in real-time under typical operational conditions. Consequently, it effectively addresses the limitations stemming from the absence of stationary conditions during impedance measurements. There is no doubt that measurement techniques enabling the study of processes during the operational life of a battery provide the most valuable insights into the properties of these systems. The potential of this proposed approach is exemplified through the examination of a full vanadium redox flow battery as a case study. Classical impedance measurements were also conducted under potentiostatic and galvanostatic conditions with sequential frequency signal change, which requires stopping the battery operation, resulting in electrode potential changes of over 200 mV compared to the working system. Spectra for all modes of measurements were compared. In the case of dynamic measurements, such significant differences in spectra during charging and discharging are not observed, which is characteristic of classical measurements. The authors deliberately and consciously refrain from analyzing the results by fitting equivalent circuits.
Three-dimensional characterization of porosity in iron ore pellets: A comprehensive study
- Pasquale Cavaliere
- Behzad Sadeghi
- Leandro Dijon
- Aleksandra Laska
- Damian Koszelow
2024 Pełny tekst MINERALS ENGINEERING
This paper presents a comprehensive study on the production and reduction of high-quality iron ore pellets characterized by a basicity index nearing 0.5 and diameters ranging from 1 to 2 cm. The reduction process was carried out in a hydrogen atmosphere at temperatures spanning 800–1000 ◦ C and a pressure of 8 bar. Initial f indings revealed substantial variations in pellet density and compressive strength, attributed to their mean dimensions. To delve into the microstructural transformations occurring during reduction, meticulous microtomographic analyses were conducted on each pellet before and after the reduction process. The research assessed reducibility factors such as porosity, pore size, and tortuosity adjustments across diverse reduction conditions. The study highlights the intimate connection between the reduction process rate, processing parameters, and pellet microstructure. Furthermore, the metallization tendencies were explored through extensive reduction experiments involving multiple pellets. These findings offer crucial insights into optimizing iron ore pellet performance during production and reduction processes, contributing to advancements in industrial applications.
Timed rolling and rising tests in Duchenne muscular dystrophy ambulant boys: a feasibility study
- Agnieszka Sobierajska-Rek
- Joanna Jabłońska-Brudło
- Aneta Dąbrowska
- Wiktoria Wojnicz
- Jarosław Meyer-Szary
- Jolanta Wierzba
2024 MINERVA PEDIATRICA
BACKGROUND: Functional activities are extensively used in motor assessments of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The role of timed items has been reported as an early prognostic factor for disease progression. However, there are two functional activities that are not widely assessed in clinical practice among Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients: rolling and bed rising. This study aimed to investigate whether the 360-degree roll (roll) and supine to sit-to-edge (bed rise) measurements are feasible tools reflecting the functional status of ambulatory DMD children by establishing possible correlations between validated measures: the Vignos Scale (VS), timed rise from floor and the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). METHODS: A total of 32 ambulant boys with DMD were assessed using timed items, the 6MWT and VS. RESULTS: The roll and bed rise are correlated with each other. The 6MWT, the floor rise and VS are correlated with the roll and with the bed rise. CONCLUSIONS: Findings offer preliminary empirical evidence addressing feasibility and safety of roll and bed rise measurements. There is a potential clinical utility of these tests in assessing functional status of DMD ambulant patients.
TiO2 and Reducing Gas: Intricate Relationships to Direct Reduction of Iron Oxide Pellets
- Pasquale Cavaliere
- Behzad Sadeghi
- Aleksandra Laska
- Damian Koszelow
2024 Pełny tekst METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B-PROCESS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS PROCESSING SCIENCE
In response to the imperative for sustainable iron production with reduced CO2 emissions, this study delves into the intricate role of TiO2 in the direct reduction of iron oxide pellets. The TiO2-dependent reducibility of iron oxide pellets utilizing H2 and CO gas across varied temperatures and gas compositions is thoroughly investigated. Our findings unveil the nuanced nature of the TiO2 effect, underscored by its concentration-dependent behavior, revealing an optimal range between 1 and 1.5 pct TiO2, where a neutral or positive impact on reduction kinetics and diffusion coefficient is observed. Notably, the synergistic interplay of CO and H2 at 1000 C emerges as particularly efficacious, suggesting complementary effects on the reduction process. The introduction of H2 into the reducing atmosphere regulated by CO not only extends the transition range but also markedly expedites the rate of reduction. Furthermore, our study highlights the temperature sensitivity of the TiO2 effect, with higher TiO2 content correlating with prolonged reduction time in a 100 pct H2 atmosphere at 900 C. In a 100 pct H2 atmosphere, the non-contributory role of TiO2 stems from the water-gas shift reaction. Conversely, introducing H2 into a CO-controlled reducing atmosphere with TiO2 enhances the transition range and expedites the reduction rate. Additionally, our findings underscore the role of total iron content, revealing a direct correlation with the reduction process.
Torsional earthquake-induced pounding between adjacent buildings founded on different soil types
- Mahmoud Miari
- Robert Jankowski
2024 Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering
This paper investigates the effect of the soil type on the torsional response of build- ings experiencing torsional pounding due to earthquake excitations. Six buildings (one 4-storey building and five 6-storey buildings) with different configurations have been considered. First, pounding between different structures has been analysed for a specified soil type and the effect of the torsional pounding and the contact asymmetry on the torsional response of colliding buildings has been investigated. Then, these pounding cases have been considered for different soil types to study the effect of the soil type on the torsional response of buildings experiencing torsional pounding. Five soil types have been considered, i.e. hard rock, rock, very dense soil and soft rock, stiff soil and soft clay soil. The results of the study indicate that the earthquake-induced torsional pounding causes an increase in the peak storey rotation of the colliding buildings as compared to the symmetric pounding in all cases. Higher peak storey rotations have been experienced for colliding buildings founded on the soft clay soil, then for buildings founded on the stiff soil, then for buildings founded on very dense soil and soft rock, and finally for buildings founded on the rock and hard rock.
Toward an understanding of occupational burnout among employees with autism – the Job Demands‑Resources theory perspective
- Michał Tomczak
- Konrad Kulikowski
2024 Pełny tekst CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY
This article aims to gain insight into the phenomenon of occupational burnout among employees with autism based on the theoretical framework of the Job Demands-Resources theory and the literature on employees with autism in the workplace. Firstly, we argue that although the resources and demands of the neurotypical and neurodivergent employees might be different, the theoretical mechanism of occupational burnout formation remains similar among the neurotypical and neurodivergent employees, leading to the similar burnout experience. Next, we distinguish key demands that might drain neurodiverse employees’ energy, and spark burnout, and propose a set of resources that might foster their achievement of work goals and mitigate demanding working conditions. We emphasise that the nature of job demands/resources that may cause burnout is not universal but might depend on how employees evaluate them, thus neurotypical and neurodiverse workers who evaluate the same work characteristics differently might complement each other, increasing organisational diversity without losing productivity. Our conceptual elaboration contributes to the theory and practice of healthier workplaces by providing tools and inspiration to managers, policymakers, and all stakeholders interested in creating a diverse and productive workplace. Moreover, our work might spark a much needed debate on occupational burnout among employees with autism and encourage conducting further empirical studies.
Toward Human Chromosome Knowledge Engine
- Maiqi Wang
- Yi Lai
- Minghui Li
- Haoxi Zhang
- Edward Szczerbicki
2024 Pełny tekst CYBERNETICS AND SYSTEMS
Human chromosomes carry genetic information about our life. Chromosome classification is crucial for karyotype analysis. Existing chromosome classification methods do not take into account reasoning, such as: analyzing the relationship between variables, modeling uncertainty, and performing causal reasoning. In this paper, we introduce a knowledge engine for reasoning-based human chromosome classification that stores knowledge of chromosomes via a novel representation structure, the Chromosome Part Description (CPD), and reasons over CPDs by utilizing the probability tree model (PTM) for classification. Each CPD keeps information on a particular feature of chromosomes, while the PTM provides causal reasoning capability taking CPDs as nodes and dependencies between CPDs and types as edges. Experimental results show that the proposed knowledge engine’s performance increases when providing more CPDs and achieves 100% classification accuracy with more than three CPDs.
Towards a reliable method for extrapolation of propulsion performance for vessels with twin-crp-pod system
- Hanna Pruszko
- Maciej Reichel
- Marek Necel
- Sören Brüns
2024 Pełny tekst OCEAN ENGINEERING
The study presents power performance prediction of an Ultra Large Container Ship (ULCS) with hybrid twin-crp-pod propulsion system. Twin crp-pod propulsion system is a combination of three concepts: twin screw, contra-rotating propellers (crp) and conventional shaft propellers with pod propulsors behind. The presented study shows the current extrapolation method for crp propulsion systems and tries to point out its weaknesses. As a case study, a 400 m ULCS has been investigated in full-scale and in model scales of 24 and 37.416. The analyses were carried out for all scales with use of CFD numerical methods and for the scale of 37.416 based on towing tank tests. All the results have been extrapolated with the same method and results have been compared. The investigations clearly show differences in delivered power prediction extrapolated from towing tank results giving the maximum value and from CFD made to scale of 24 the minimum value. Finally, conclusions on possible sources of differences, including the numerical and analytical methods are presented.
Towards an analysis framework for operational risk coupling mode: A case from MASS navigating in restricted waters
- Cunlong Fan
- Jakub Montewka
- Victor Bolbot
- Yang Zhang
- Yuhui Qiu
- Shenping Hu
2024 RELIABILITY ENGINEERING & SYSTEM SAFETY
Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASSs) constitute highly interconnected and tightly coupled multistate systems. Incorporating the coupling effects of both interactions and dependencies is centrally important to ensure navigation safety of MASSs. This paper proposes a framework for examining the coupling effects in the operational modes (OM) of MASSs. Failure Modes (FMs) of MASSs related to interactions with the environment and subsystems are identified using 24Model developed based on conventional ship accidents involving grounding in the west of Shenzhen port, China. FMs related to grounding are classified into the five risk types of human, organization, ship, environment, and technology, considering three OMs (states), i.e., manual control, remote control, and autonomous control. Based on this classification, the N-K model is applied to calculate the risk coupling values of scenarios involving multiple risk types. These scenarios are then ranked by the risk coupling values of the three OMs, and values are compared among different OMs. The results indicate that for grounding in the west of Shenzhen port most risk coupling values increase with increasing risk type diversity. Furthermore, the risk coupling mechanism in remote control differs significantly from that in manual control and autonomous control, thus risk management of MASS OMs should vary.
Towards hand grip force assessment by using EMG estimators
- Robert Barański
- Wiktoria Wojnicz
- Bartłomiej Zagrodny
- Michał Ludwicki
- Agnieszka Sobierajska-Rek
2024 MEASUREMENT
The purpose of this study was to propose a method to assess individual regression (calibration) curves to establish a relationship between an isometric grip force and surface electromyography (EMG) estimator. In this study 18 healthy volunteers (12 male (23.0 ± 2.0 years) and 6 female (23.2 ± 0.7 years)) had been examined. Ten EMG estimators (mean absolute value, root mean square, entropy, energy, turns per second, mean of zero crossings, median power frequency, mean power frequency, and Hilbert transforms), two EMG locations (brachioradialis and flexor digitorum superficialis) and five types of regression curves (linear, exponential, power, logarithm, and quadratic polynomial) have been tested. Using a quadratic polynomial regression curve and energy EMG estimator of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle, it was obtained the lowest dispersity of EMG estimator and the most accurate prediction of grip isometric force among all tested EMG estimators.
Towards sustainable catalyst-free biomass-based polyurethane-wood composites (PU-WC): From valorization and liquefaction to future generation of biocomposites
- Adam Olszewski
- Paulina Kosmela
- Łukasz Piszczyk
2024 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
A substantial aspect of materials engineering lies in the responsible process of designing polymer-based materials. Due to environmental pollution, excessive consumption of natural resources, and increasing environmental awareness of society, there is a massive need for polyurethane (PU) materials with reduced environmental impact. To date, research on catalyst-free polyurethane-wood composites (PU-WC) has demonstrated a huge potential for commercialization in industrial production and can be used as a replacement for commonly used wood-plastic composites and wood-based panels. Based on this research, the introduction of new greener alternatives for petrochemical polyols to develop PU-WCs with a high biomass share could be interesting. In this study, up to 80% of bio-based polyol (BP) synthesized via biomass liquefaction was introduced to the polymer matrix. The effect of petrochemical polyol substitution was examined by mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water absorption tests, and thermal analysis. The conducted research revealed that the structure and properties of PU-WCs strongly depend on the share of BP. The most promising composites were manufactured with up to 40% BP. The flexural strength of the PU-WC decreases from 25 to 9 MPa, and the flexural modulus varies from 1780 to 800 MPa. This may be caused by deteriorated adhesion between composite phases and a reduction in the stiffness of the materials due to the decrease in crosslinking density, which was confirmed by the decrease in glass transition temperature from 96 to 26 °C. In summary, this work shows the next step towards cleaner production of PU-WCs by substituting petrochemical polyols for alternatives synthesized using renewable resources.
Towards truly sustainable IoT systems: the SUPERIOT project
- Marcos Katz
- Tuomas Paso
- Konstantin Mikhaylov
- Luis Pessoa
- Helder Fontes
- Liisa Hakola
- Jaakko Leppäniemi
- Emanuel Carlos
- Guido Dolmans
- Julio Rufo
- Marcin Drzewiecki
- Hazem Sallouha
- Bruce Napier
- André Branquinho
- Kerstin Eder
2024 Pełny tekst Journal of Physics-Photonics
This paper provides an overview of the SUPERIOT project, an EU SNS JU (Smart Networks and Services Joint Undertaking) initiative focused on developing truly sustainable IoT systems. The SUPERIOT concept is based on a unique holistic approach to sustainability, proactively developing sustainable solutions considering the design, implementation, usage and disposal/reuse stages. The concept exploits radio and optical technologies to provide dual-mode wireless connectivity and dual-mode energy harvesting as well as dual-mode IoT node positioning. The implementation of the IoT nodes or devices will maximize the use of sustainable printed electronics technologies, including printed components, conductive inks and substrates. The paper describes the SUPERIOT concept, covering the key technical approaches to be used, promising scenarios and applications, project goals and demonstrators which will be developed to the proof-of-concept stage. In addition, the paper briefly discusses some important visions on how this technology may be further developed in the future.
Towards Universal Visualisation of Emotional States for Information Systems
- Michał Wróbel
- Agnieszka Landowska
- Karolina Makuch
2024
The paper concerns affective information systems that represent and visualize human emotional states. The goal of the study was to find typical representations of discrete and dimensional emotion models in terms of color, size, speed, shape, and animation type. A total of 419 participants were asked about their preferences for emotion visualization. We found that color, speed, and size correlated with selected discrete emotion labels, while speed correlated with arousal in a dimensional model. This study is a first step towards defining a universal emotion representation for use in information systems.
Transparent TiO2 nanotubes supporting silver sulfide for photoelectrochemical water splitting
- Wiktoria Lipińska
- Stefania Wolff
- Katharina Dehm
- Simon Hager
- Justyna Gumieniak
- Agnieszka Kramek
- Ryan Crisp
- Emerson Coy
- Katarzyna Grochowska
- Katarzyna Siuzdak
2024 NANOSCALE
Differences between photoelectrochemical and electrochemical activity were thoroughly investigated for the oxygen evolution reaction mediated by Ag2S deposited on two types of ordered titania substrates. Titanium dioxide nanotubes were fabricated by anodization of magnetron sputtered Ti films on ITO-coated glass substrates or directly from Ti foil. Further, Ag2S deposition on the nanotubes was carried out using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction, known as SILAR, with 5, 25, and 45 cycles performed. Two types of nanotubes, one on transparent the other on non-transparent substrates were compared regarding their geometry, structure, optical, and electrochemical properties. It was demonstrated that the composite of Ag2S grown on transparent nanotubes exhibits higher catalytic activity compared to Ag2S grown on the nanotubes formed on Ti foil. The results showed that transparent nanotubes after modification with Ag2S by 25 SILAR cycles exhibit ca. 3 times higher photocurrent under visible light illumination than non-transparent ones treated with the same number of cycles. Furthermore, transparent nanotubes after 45 SILAR cycles of Ag2S exhibit enhanced activity towards oxygen evolution reaction with 9.3 mA cm−2 at 1.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl/0.1 M KCl which is six times higher than titania alone on Ti foil.
Transport Mechanism of Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) in Polyurethane Nanocomposite Hydrogel Patches—Cloisite® 30B Influence on the Drug Release and Swelling Processes
- Justyna Strankowska
- Małgorzata Grzywińska
- Ewelina Łęgowska
- Marek Józefowicz
- Michał Strankowski
2024 Pełny tekst Materials
This article describes the swelling and release mechanisms of paracetamol in polyurethane nanocomposite hydrogels containing Cloisite® 30B (organically modified montmorillonite). The transport mechanism, swelling and release processes of the active substance in nanocomposite matrix were studied using gravimetric and UV-Vis spectroscopic methods. Swelling and release processes depend on the amount of clay nanoparticles in these systems and the degree of crosslinking of PU/PEG/Cloisite® 30B hydrogel nanocomposites.
TR-Based Antenna Design with Forward FD: The Effects of Step Size on the Optimization Performance
- Adrian Bekasiewicz
- Sławomir Kozieł
- Tom Dhaene
- Marcin Narloch
2024
Numerical methods are important tools for design of modern antennas. Trust-region (TR) methods coupled with data-efficient surrogates based on finite differentiation (FD) represent a popular class of antenna design algorithms. However, TR performance is subject to FD setup, which is normally determined a priori based on rules-of-thumb. In this work, the effect of FD perturbations on the performance of TR-based design is evaluated on a case study basis concerning a total of 80 optimizations of a planar antenna structure. The obtained results demonstrate that, for the considered radiator, the performance of the final designs obtained using different FD setups may vary by as much as 18 dB (and by over 4 dB on average). At the same time, the a priori perturbations in a range between 1.5% and 3% (w.r.t. the initial design) seem to be suitable for maintaining (relatively) consistent and high-quality results.