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Recent items
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Błędy projektowe zewnetrznego szybu dźwigu osobowego oraz ich negatywny wpływ na eksploatację budynku przychodni
- Maciej Niedostatkiewicz
- Tomasz Majewski
- Patryk Ziółkowski
Po 25 latach eksploatacji budynku przychodni podjęto decyzję o jego przystosowaniu dla potrzeb osób niepełnosprawnych. W związku z tym opracowano projekt budowlany zewnętrznego, dostawianego do ściany szczytowej szybu widnowego. Szyb zaprojektowany został jako murowany z pustaków ceramicznych z poziomymi przewiązkami w poziomie stropów budynku przychodni, posadowiony na żelbetowej monolitycznej płycie fundamentowej o grubości 25 cm. Ściany szybu w części zagłębionej w gruncie zaprojektowane zostały jako żelbetowe. Po 3 latach od chwili zakończenia budowy szybu zaobserwowano pierwsze usterki i uszkodzenia - widoczne było odspojenie konstrukcji szybu od ściany szczytowej budynku. Dodatkowo w trakcie eksploatacji dochodziło do powtarzających się zatrzymań (zakleszczenia) kabiny w szybie co istotnie utrudniało funkcjonowanie przychodni.
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Boron doped Nanocrystalline Diamond-Carbon Nanospike Hybrid Electron Emission Source
- Sankaran Kamatchi
- Mateusz Ficek
- Panda Kalpataru
- Chien-Jui Yeh
- Sawczak Mirosław
- Jacek Ryl
- Keh-Chyang Leou
- Jeong Young Park
- I-Nan Lin
- Robert Bogdanowicz
- Ken Haenen
Electron emission signifies an important mechanism facilitating the enlargement of devices that have modernized large parts of science and technology. Today, the search for innovative electron emission devices for imaging, sensing, electronics, and high-energy physics continues. Integrating two materials with dissimilar electronic properties into a hybrid material is an extremely sought-after synergistic approach envisioning a superior field electron emission (FEE) material. An innovation is described regarding the fabrication of a nanostructured carbon hybrid resulting from the one-step growth of boron doped nanocrystalline diamond (BNCD) and carbon nanospikes (CNSs) by a microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique. Spectroscopic and microscopic tools are used to investigate the morphological, bonding, and microstructural characteristics related to the growth mechanism of these hybrids. Utilizing the benefits of both the sharp edges of the CNSs and the high stability of BNCD, a promising FEE performance with a lower turn-on field of 1.3 V um-1, a higher field enhancement factor of 6780, and a stable FEE current stability lasting for 780 min is obtained. The microplasma devices utilizing these hybrids as a cathode illustrate a superior plasma illumination behavior. Such hybrid carbon nanostructures, with superb electron emission characteristics, can encourage the enlargement of several electron emission device technologies.
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Branża IT – wyzwania związane z zarządzaniem kapitałem ludzkim
- Beata Krawczyk-Bryłka
Artykuł dotyczy procesów zarządzania kapitałem ludzkim w firmach IT, w których największe wyzwania wiążą się z dwoma obszarami: zatrudniania i zatrzymywania specjalistów IT w organizacji. Działy HR prześcigają się w stosowaniu coraz to nowszych rozwiązań, aby pozyskać oraz motywować kompetentnych informatyków do pracy na rzecz firmy. Głównym celem artykułu jest prezentacja działań dotyczących rekrutacji oraz motywowania pracowników IT na przykładzie dwóch wybranych firm. Dokonano porównania: wartości istotnych w kulturze organizacji, metod rekrutacji i selekcji, sposobu zarządzania i roli działu HR oraz działań rozwojowych proponowanych zatrudnionym pracownikom. Wyniki zaprezentowano na tle czynników wpływających na specyfikę branży, takich jak: konkurencyjność rynku pracy, globalizacja i wirtualizacja.
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Bridging the gap between architectural and environmental engineering education in the context of climate change
- Lucyna Nyka
Indicated in this article is the urgent need to adjust architectural education to the challenges triggered by climate change. Although reports on the future scenarios for cities are alarming, documents that set criteria for architectural education do not indicate competencies related to climate change adaptation and mitigation, mainly by avoiding environmental engineering considerations. An immediate answer to this problem could be specifically shaped design studios that bridge the gap between architectural and environmental engineering. Proposals developed by students prove that combining architectural concepts with environmental and water management issues contribute to the spatial, ecological and social quality of a project. However, as proposed by a few, such design studios do not contribute significantly to the overall profile of a graduate architect. This may result in a lack of specialist competencies among graduates, which could substantially inhibit a process of adaptation of cities to climate change.
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Bridging theory and practice in postgraduate education on development and planning: Gdynia Urban Summer Schools 2016-2018
- Karolina Krośnicka
- Piotr Lorens
- Izabela Mironowicz
In this article, the authors discuss results achieved by the Gdynia Urban Summer School (GUSS) organised annually (between 2016 and 2018) in Gdynia, Poland. The GUSS was meant for young practitioners from various professions such as urban and regional planning, urban design, architecture, civil engineering and transport planning. The objective was to give workshop participantspractical interdisciplinary experience and to develop skills for lifelong learning. The way to achieve this is through learning by doing but, at the same time, breaking the daily routine and typical patterns of thinking, thus exchanging ideas and design experiences within a group of practitioners. The ‘interactive method’ adopted at the summer school is frequently applied in spatial planning, whereby the search is facilitated for an outside of the box approach or for unobvious answers to problems identified by local experts. An international group of young planners worked in a studio setting under the guidance of international experts. The host city of Gdynia, in return, received a finished product in the form of the final presentation and the report.
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Buckling and initial post-local buckling behaviour of cold-formed channel member flange
- Czesław Szymczak
- Marcin Kujawa
The initial post-buckling behaviour of a cold-formed channel member flange after its local buckling is investigated. An axially compressed column or beam subjected to pure bending is considered. The member material is assumed to follow a linear stress-strain relationship. The governing non-linear differential equation of the problem is derived using the minimum total potential energy principle. An approximate solution for the equation is found by means of the perturbation approach, which allows obtaining the critical buckling stress and the initial post-buckling equilibrium path. The bifurcation point is shown to be symmetric and stable. The proposed analytical solution is compared with finite element method (FEM) and finite strip method (FSM) results to check the validity and range of applicability.
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Budownictwo ogólne w ujęciu tradycyjnym
- Erwin Wojtczak
Budownictwo jest od najdawniejszych czasów niezwykle ważną i dynamicznie rozwijającą się dziedziną działalności człowieka. Stanowi istotną gałąź wiedzy praktycznej z zakresu inżynierii lądowej, której znajomość jest niezbędna w procesie projektowania i wznoszenia otaczających nas konstrukcji. To nauka interdyscyplinarna, korzystająca z wiedzy trzech podstawowych dyscyplin: mechaniki budowli, materiałoznawstwa oraz fizyki budowli. Tematyka książki dotyczy podstawowych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych stosowanych na przestrzeni lat w budownictwie ogólnym. Treść została podzielona na rozdziały opisujące poszczególne elementy konstrukcji typowego budynku, od fundamentów poprzez ściany, nadproża, stropy i schody aż po dach. W książce zawarto przegląd różnorodnych technologii, kładąc główny nacisk na metody historyczne (tradycyjne, nierzadko obecnie niestosowane), pojawiają się jednak również odwołania do aktualnego stanu praktyki inżynierskiej. Szczególną uwagę należy zwrócić na podane procedury obliczeniowe, które w wielu przypadkach zostały zastąpione nowszymi, a ich zaprezentowanie ma na celu jedynie przybliżenie czytelnikowi ówczesnego stanu wiedzy technicznej.
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Building a Nest by an Automaton
- Jurek Czyzowicz
- Dariusz Dereniowski
- Andrzej Pelc
A robot modeled as a deterministic finite automaton has to build a structure from material available to it. The robot navigates in the infinite oriented grid $Z x Z$. Some cells of the grid are full (contain a brick) and others are empty. The subgraph of the grid induced by full cells, called the {\em field}, is initially connected. The (Manhattan) distance between the farthest cells of the field is called its {\em span}. The robot starts at a full cell. It can carry at most one brick at a time. At each step it can pick a brick from a full cell, move to an adjacent cell and drop a brick at an empty cell. The aim of the robot is to construct the most compact possible structure composed of all bricks, i.e., a {\em nest}. That is, the robot has to move all bricks in such a way that the span of the resulting field be the smallest. Our main result is the design of a deterministic finite automaton that accomplishes this task and subsequently stops, for every initially connected field, in time $O(sz)$, where $s$ is the span of the initial field and $z$ is the number of bricks. We show that this complexity is optimal.
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Building collective intelligence through experience: a survey on the use of the KREM model
- Cecilia Zanni-Merk
- Edward Szczerbicki
This article presents a survey on the use of KREM, a generic knowledge-based framework for building collective intelligence through experience. After a discussion on the disadvantages of the traditional architecture used to deploy intelligent systems, the KREM architecture (Knowledge, Rules, Experience, Meta-Knowledge) is presented. The novelty of the proposal comes from the inclusion of the capitalisation of experience and the use of meta-knowledge in the traditional architecture previously discussed. KREM improves the efficiency of traditional intelligent systems by allowing incomplete expert knowledge models to be used, gradually completing them, learning with experience. In addition, the use of meta-knowledge can guide their execution more effectively. This framework has been successfully used in various projects in different application areas, which are presented and discussed.
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Building Information Modeling in Small and Middle Sized Buildings – Case Study
- Beata Grzyl
- Wojciech Migda
- Magdalena Apollo
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a technology designed to improve and integrate all engineering aspects in the construction design process. Tools that incorporate the idea of BIM are becoming more advanced and also more popular. Available software solutions have already reached an assumable high level of development, but still are not as widespread and used on nearly as many construction projects as could be expected. Therefore the aim of this paper is to show the advantages and limitations of BIM by looking at projects of small and middle sized buildings from the conventional (2D) and BIM approach perspective. The study was based on the present projects executed in Poland and first-hand experience. In addition, the paper also presents a literature review and the results of a survey on the level of knowledge and scope of BIM technology application in Pomerania (Poland). The results of the study indicate that, against common opinion, BIM software is not only useful for large investments, but can also be recommended for the design of small and middle sized buildings. Presented case study reveals, that the use of BIM in smaller projects also provides significant advantages, especially in the context of time consumed for the design process.
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Building Polish space sector – from small islands of excellence to a national innovation ecosystem
- Bogdan Wiszniewski
In the paper a national potential of Poland to build its space industry after joining the European Space Agency (ESA) in 2012 is assessed, based on the series of survey reports published annually by POLSA since 2016. Their methodology was based on the ESA technology tree, classifying all the space-related technical knowhow and allowed identification of the most promising strengths to exploit and shortages to challenge by policymakers implementing up to the 2030 horizon the Polish Space Strategy.
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Business Sentiment Analysis. Concept and Method for Perceived Anticipated Effort Identification
- Nina Rizun
- Aleksandra Revina
Representing a valuable human-computer interaction interface, Sentiment Analysis (SA) is applied to a wide range of problems. In the present paper, the researchers introduce a novel concept of Business Sentiment (BS) as a measurement of a Perceived Anticipated Effort (PAE) in the context of business processes (BPs). BS is considered as an emotional component of BP task contextual complexity perceived by a process worker after reading the task text. PAE is interpreted as a business process (BP) key performance indicator predicting urgency, criticality and complexity of the BP task processing. Using qualitative evaluation, the researchers proved the workability of both BS concept and its effective application method to measure PAE. As practical contributions of the research, quantitative support in a form of statistical reports and qualitative support in a form of task prioritization recommendations and time management for a BP worker are suggested
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Calculating the Partition Coefficients of Organic Solvents in Octanol/Water and Octanol/Air
- Miroslava Nedyalkova
- Sergio Madurga
- Marek Tobiszewski
- Vasil Simeonov
Partition coefficients define how a solute is distributed between two immiscible phases at equilibrium. The experimental estimation of partition coefficients in a complex system can be an expensive, difficult, and time-consuming process. Here a computational strategy to predict the distributions of a set of solutes in two relevant phase equilibria is presented. The octanol/water and octanol/air partition coefficients are predicted for a group of polar solvents using density functional theory (DFT) calculations in combination with a solvation model based on density (SMD) and are in excellent agreement with experimental data. Thus, the use of quantum-chemical calculations to predict partition coefficients from free energies should be a valuable alternative for unknown solvents. The obtained results indicate that the SMD continuum model in conjunction with any of the three DFT functionals (B3LYP, M06-2X, and M11) agrees with the observed experimental values. The highest correlation to experimental data for the octanol/water partition coefficients was reached by the M11 functional; for the octanol/air partition coefficient, the M06-2X functional yielded the best performance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first computational approach for the prediction of octanol/air partition coefficients by DFT calculations, which has remarkable accuracy and precision.
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Calculation of the Effects of Implementing a DSM Electricity Demand Management Strategy Using the Example of Analysis of Changes in the Power System Load
- Wiktoria Stahl
- Paweł Bućko
The paper presents the impact of implementing Demand Side Management (DSM) solutions through proper management and control of the process of charging and discharging electric car batteries. As a result, the daily load curves were shaped so as to fill valleys and cut down peaks. Therefore, the implementation of power demand management solutions had a significant impact on the power system operation. The impact of DSM solutions manifested in the form of changes in the power system loads. As part of the analysis of power demand changes, indicators have been proposed that enable their description. The use of these indicators will allow one to detect and compensate for any negative effects of implementing DSM solutions.
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Calculation of Vibrational Resonance Raman Spectra of Molecules Using Quantum Chemistry Methods
- Julien Guthmuller
The understanding and interpretation of experimental resonance Raman (RR) spectra can strongly benefit from theoretical simulations. These can be achieved by combining quantum chemistry (QC) methods to calculate the electronic and vibrational molecular properties, together with appropriate models and approximations to compute the Raman intensities. This chapter presents the main and most commonly employed approaches to calculate RR spectra using QC methods. It summarizes the theory of Raman scattering and provides several approximations in order to obtain practical expressions from which the Raman intensities can be calculated using QC methods. The properties of the excited states, i.e. energies, geometries, vibrational frequencies, transition dipole moments, and gradients can be calculated with QC methods. The chapter also describes different applications on molecular systems in order to assess the accuracy of the methods and to present the impact of different vibronic effects on the RR intensities.
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Can unequal distributions of wealth influence vote choice? A comparative study of Germany, Sweden and the United States.
- Piotr Paradowski
- Lindsay Flynn
It is widely accepted that income influences voting behavior. Does wealth? Is the effect similar across countries? Studies of wealth and voting behavior have not existed until recently, in part because of the absence of data on wealth holdings. The findings in this chapter indicate that wealth is related to voting behavior in some countries but not in others. The chapter models the effects of wealth on one form of voting behavior, vote choice, in three archetypal countries – the United States, Germany, and Sweden, each representing a distinct political and social welfare regime. If vote choice is predicated on wealth holdings above and beyond the effect of income, the growth in wealth inequality experienced since the 1970s serves to further polarize electoral outcomes. As other chapters in this volume point out, this polarization impedes decision making and implementation at both governmental and policy levels.
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Can we rely on the pulse transit time - pressure relationship - models comparison
- Artur Poliński
- Adam Bujnowski
- Tomasz Kocejko
- Jerzy Wtorek
An unobtrusive, noninvasive and continuous pressure measurement is invaluable however, still being under research and development. There are many attempts proposing an appropriate relationship between pulse pressure velocity and pressure. Fifteen different formulas, both theoretical and experimental, describing relation between blood pressure and crosssectional area of the vessel were examined. Using these formulas the relation between blood pressure and pulse transit time were derived. The results obtained show variety of dependences. For some of them an explicit derivation was not possible due to non-linear characteristics of the models. It follows from the study performed that depending on the assumptions accepted, even using the same approach, one can obtain contradictory results.
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Capacity analysis of the selected track system in partially ordered space
- Eligiusz Mieloszyk
- Anita Milewska
- Sławomir Grulkowski
A proper location of the interval sections has significant impact on the traffic flow in the railway track network. This issue is critical during line modernization as well as when a new solution accounting for the traffic forecast at particular element of the railway track network is developed . However, the situation is more complex and more expensive for railway stations since improvement of the capacity requires critical organizational changes and additional investments. We have applied partially ordered linear spaces to study the capacity of a track system.
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Capon-like DoA estimator for rotating arrays
- Michał Meller
- Kamil Stawiarski
We propose a nonparametric superresolution DoA estimator that is suitable for use with rotating arrays. The proposed method can be regarded as an extension of the Capon approach. We investigate its properties using computer simulations and present results obtained by processing of real world data.
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Catalytic Activity of Nickel and Ruthenium–Nickel Catalysts Supported on SiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, and MgAl2O4 in a Dry Reforming Process
- Izabela Wysocka
- Andrzej Rogala
- Jan Hupka
Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is an eco-friendly method of syngas production due to the utilization of two main greenhouse gases—methane and carbon dioxide. An industrial application of methane dry reforming requires the use of a catalyst with high activity, stability over a long time, and the ability to catalyze a reaction, leading to the needed a hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of support and noble metal particles on catalytic activity, stability, and selectivity in the dry reforming process. Ni and Ni–Ru based catalysts were prepared via impregnation and precipitation methods on SiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, and MgAl2O4 supports. The obtained catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area, and elemental carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-sulphur analysis (CHNS) techniques. The catalytic activity was investigated in the carbon dioxide reforming of a methane process at 800 ◦C. Catalysts supported on commercial Al2O3 and spinel MgAl2O4 exhibited the highest activity and stability under DRM conditions. The obtained results clearly indicate that differences in catalytic activity result from the dispersion, size of an active metal (AM), and interactions of the AM with the support. It was also found that the addition of ruthenium particles enhanced the methane conversion and shifted the H2/CO ratio to lower values.
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Causes of damage and methods of repairing floor made on polystyrene concrete
- Paweł Piotrkowski
- Łukasz Drobiec
The paper describes damages, tests and repair of the floor made on existing ceiling and expanded polystyrene concrete underlay. The floor was built on a reinforced concrete ceiling with an area of about 1050 m2. Significant damage in the form of cracks, detachments and unevenness was found in the floor. In order to determine the causes of damage, in situ tests and laboratory tests were carried out. It was found that the damage was caused by numerous performance errors. A test repair of the damage (4.7x6.0 m) was carried out, and then the repair method was applied on the entire floor surface.
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Cavitation Erosion Resistance Influence of Material Properties
- Dominika Zakrzewska
- Alicja Krella
The cavitation erosion is the phenomena that causes degradation of fluid flow machinery components due to repetitive implosion of cavitation bubbles adjacent to the solid surface. Cavitation erosion is a complex phenomenon, which includes not only hydrodynamic factors of liquid, but also properties of erodible material e.g. microstructure, hardness or Young modulus. In order to reduce the negative impact of erosion on machine components, there are many methods to increase cavitation erosion resistance. The paper discusses the correlations between structural and mechanical properties and the resistance to cavitation erosion (CER) of pure materials, their alloys and coatings. Methods to increase CER have also been described - using heat / thermochemical treatment and application of coatings by various methods.
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Ceglana tożsamość. Dziedzictwo materialne jako rdzeń gdańskich tożsamości
- Jakub Szczepański
Artykuł dotyczy cegły elewacyjnej jako materiału budowlanego będącego istotnym elementem kształtowania gdańskiej tożsamości.
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CeIr3: superconductivity in a phase based on tetragonally close packed clusters
- Karolina Górnicka
- Elizabeth M. Carnicom
- Sylwia Gołąb
- Marcin Stanisław Łapiński
- Bartłomiej Wiendlocha
- Weiwei Xie
- Dariusz Kaczorowski
- Robert J. Cava
- Tomasz Klimczuk
We present the crystallographic analysis, superconducting and spectroscopic characterization, and theoretical modeling of CeIr3. Lattice parameters a = 5.2945(1) Å and c = 26.219(1) Å are found for the R-3m symmetry crystal structure, which are close to the literature values. CeIr3 is a moderate type-II superconductor (κ GL = 17, λ e–p = 0.65) below 2.5 K. Ce ions exhibit a strongly intermediate valence character as evidenced by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The normal state magnetic susceptibility is weakly temperature dependent and follows the inter-configuration fluctuation model with a singlet Ce−4 f 0 ground state. Theoretical calculations support a non-magnetic ground state of the system and reveal that Ir−5d states are dominant at the Fermi level.
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Cel i funkcje zamówień publicznych
- Mariusz Zaborowski
System zamówień publicznych, obok zagadnień prawnych, obejmuje między innymi również zagadnienia organizacyjne, czy też ekonomiczne. Dlatego elementy systemowe należy rozpatrywać w bardzo szerokim ujęciu i nie można zawężać ich tylko do zagadnień prawnych. Cele i funkcje zamówień przeplatają się nawzajem i tym samym są od siebie niezależne. Nie można mówić o celach bez wyraźnego oparcia w funkcjach zamówień publicznych i odwrotnie. Dlatego treść i cel systemu zamówień publicznych determinuje wielość funkcji, jakie pełni jego regulacja i tym samym wpływa na gospodarkę i podmioty występujące na rynku.
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Centralny serwer w multimedialnym systemie dyspozytorsko-teleinformatycznym STRADAR
- Marek Blok
- Sylwester Kaczmarek
- Maciej Sac
Przedstawiono architekturę i najnowsze funkcje centralnego serwera (Centrum) w rozproszonym systemie monitorowania akwenów morskich opracowanym dla straży granicznej. System umożliwia prezentację bieżącej i archiwalnej sytuacji na mapie, obrazu z kamer, rozmów telefonicznych oraz plików i wiadomości tekstowych (SMS) wymienianych przez funkcjonariuszy straży granicznej. W artykule skupiono się na nowych funkcjonalnościach centrum, związanych ze sterowaniem kamerami oraz wizualizacją danych radarowych przechowywanych w serwerach archiwizacji pochodzących z radarów ARPA oraz Terma SCANTER 2001.
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CFGFRPT Piles with a Circular Cross-Section and their Application in Offshore Structures
- Eligiusz Mieloszyk
- Marcin Abramski
- Anita Milewska
The possibilities of using concrete piles in a polymer composite reinforced with glass fibres in offshore facilities were shown. Laboratory tests of CFGFRPT type piles compressed axially and in eccentric compression for the analysis of CFGFRPT piles were used. Methods of analysis of dynamic systems for mathematical modelling of the displacement of the hammer in the pile driving process were applied. The possibilities of combining CFGFRPT piles, including the creation of hybrid piles were also presented. For example, concrete piles can be combined with concrete piles in a polymer composite reinforced with glass fibres with different fibre beam angles. The possibilities of using such hybrid piles in offshore facilities were indicated.
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CHALK & TALK OR SWIPE & SKYPE?
- Ewa Kozłowska
- Rob Howard
Technology in classroom is a matter of heated discussions in the field of education development, especially when multidisciplinary education goes along with language skills. Engineers’ education requires theoretical and practical knowledge. Moreover, dedicated computer skills become crucial for both young graduates and experienced educators on the labor market. Teaching online with or without using different Learning Management Systems (LMS) became an integrated part of teaching and grading systems at most of the universities. Unfortunately, the overuse of technology happens to result in lower learning efficiency instead of bringing development. In this article examples of overuse or misuse of technology in the classroom were discussed and some case study improvements were presented, based on case studies investigated by the representatives of Gdansk University of Technology and Online Language Center.
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Challenges associated with development of auv-unmanned autonomous underwater vehicles to be operated using the al-based control systems
- Mirosław Gerigk
- Mateusz Gerigk
The last decade has been devoted towards further development of the UUV unmanned underwater vehicles which may be of two types. There are the USV unmanned surface vehicles and UUV unmanned underwater vehicles. There is a growing interest to work out and implement the fully advanced AUV autonomous underwater vehicles. The main drivers towards development of such the vehicles are the technologies of autonomous systems, sensors and effectors, innovative materials including the nano-materials and "intelligent" materials, innovative energy supply sources, innovative propulsion systems combining the efficient and silent both the engines and propellers, innovative IT technologies including the double mode air-underwater control, navigation and communication systems. The additional set of features the AUV vehicles may possess are the stealth-based and bio-technology-based solutions. The commercial applications of AUV vehicles may perform the conventional patrol and reconnaissance tasks. The navy devoted AUV vehicles may enable to perform the reconnaissance and combat missions. Despite of applications it is necessary to implement the advanced on-board hardware and software solutions to provide the high level of autonomy to the AUV vehicles. The general requirements to obtain an autonomous AUV vehicle are concentrated on the autonomy from the energy supply, self-control and self-navigation point of view. It may be associated with using no-communication with the centre of mission. Such the level of autonomy requires the innovative solutions concerning the vehicle's sensors, effectors and control. The biggest challenge associated with the AUV vehicles development is to work out and implement a kind of an intelligent AUV vehicle. A major difficulty to obtain such the vehicle is to acquire the precise data from the surrounding environment, to process these data and to use them to perform all the tasks and mission in real time domain. The AUV-AI-based vehicle should be equipped with a kind a mini-brain to compare the on-board simulated virtual reality with the reality outside the vehicle due to activity of sensors, mini-brain control system and effectors. Such the on-line comparison may enable to obtain the expected functionality, performance and safety of the AUV-AI-based vehicle for the benefit of mission.
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Change in Heavy Metals Concentrations in Sediments Deposited in Retention Tanks in a Stream after a Flood
- Nicole Nawrot
- Karolina Matej-Łukowicz
- Ewa Wojciechowska
Our paper presents the results of heavy metal (HM) (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd) content in bottom sediments from retention tanks along Oliwa Stream in Gdańsk, Poland, before a flood (BF) and after a flood (AF) 14-15 July 2016. The flood had a huge impact on the quality of bottom sediments and their displacement. The concentrations of HM differed significantly for research series conducted 3 months BF and 8 months AF. The concentration of Cu increased from 3.5 mg/kg to 88.8 mg/kg BF and from 12.1 mg/kg to 1,114.3 mg/kg AF, Zn from 27.4 mg/kg to 129.9 mg/kg BF; and 42.3 mg/kg to 244.8 mg/kg AF, Cd from 0.04 mg/kg to 0.47 mg/kg BF, and 0.08 mg/kg to 0.47 mg/kg AF. Also, the migration of some metals, mostly Cu to retention tanks located downstream, was observed, resulting from the washing away of sediments in the upper part of the stream. Since the stream inflows to the Gulf of Gdansk, urban flooding created a risk of migration of contaminants to the Baltic Sea.
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CHANGES TAKING PLACE IN THE KINETIC ARCHITECTURE OVER THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURIES
- Jan Cudzik
Kinematics has accompanied architecture from its beginning and is strongly associated with its evolution. Over the centuries, it has changed form and function. However, its rank grew at the beginning of the 20th century. Along with the widespread change of the design method in the early 90s of the twentieth century, its forms have become more complex. The study showed that with the development of design techniques, this time should be treated as a breakthrough in the design of kinematic architecture.
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Channel Blockage and Flow Maldistribution during Unsteady Flow in a Model Microchannel Plate heat Exchanger
- Paweł Dąbrowski
- Michał Klugmann
- Dariusz Mikielewicz
This paper describes the problem of channel blockage as a result of flow maldistribution between the channels of a model mini channel plate heat exchanger consisting of one pass on each leg. Each leg of the heat exchanger contains 51 parallel and rectangular minichannels of four hydraulic diameters namely 461 μm, 571 μm, 750 μm and 823 μm. In addition, a more complex geometry has been investigated where for the sake of breaking the development length the inclined transverse cuts have been incorporated. The moment of liquid phase transition through the exchanger (the working medium: water) was recorded for the mass fluxes ranging from 18.67 to 277.76 kg/m2s in 51 parallel channels with the use of a fast speed camera. The Reynolds numbers Re in the individual channels were from 10.76 to 90.04. The relationship between the mass flux and the size of the minichannels in the presence of the maldistribution is discussed here. The existence of the threshold in the mass flux below which the phenomenon occurs has been shown. Two mechanisms of channel blocking have been recorded and described in detail. A miniscale variation of one of them containing the extended geometry was created as well.
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Characterization methods of nickel nano-particles obtained by the ex-solution process on the surface of Pr, Ni-doped SrTiO3 perovskite ceramics
- Bartosz Kamecki
- Tadeusz Miruszewski
- Karolina Górnicka
- Tomasz Klimczuk
- Jakub Karczewski
In this paper, a novel electrode material based on Pr, Ni co-doped strontium titanate ( Sr0.7Pr0.3)xTi1−yNiyO3 with constant amount of 30% praseodymium dopant, different amount of nickel (y = 0.06 and y = 0.10) and additional nonstoichiometry in Sr-site (x = 1; x = 0.9 and x = 0.8) was investigated as fuel electrode for SOEC devices. A porous ceramics were prepared by solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed single phase materials with perovskite structure. Ex-solution method makes the grain surface covered by nickel nanoparticles. The influence of nickel amount, non-stoichiometry, synthesis and reduction conditions on formation of nanoparticles was investigated. Size, distribution and ability to agglomeration of Ni nanoparticles were analyzed by the scanning electron microscopy. The quantity of ex-soluted Ni particles was calculated from magnetization measurement. The total electrical conductivity of samples was measured by DC 4-wire method in the range of 100–800 °C at different atmospheres. Electrical measurements showed total electrical conductivity higher than 10 S cm−1 in a wide temperature range. All obtained results confirmed that analyzed donor and acceptor co-doped SrTiO3 materials with Ni nanoparticles after ex-solution process should be a good candidate to improve a catalysis process on fuel electrode surface.
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Characterization of Slow and Fast Fading in Off-Body Communication at 2.45 GHz with Space Diversity Scheme in an Indoor Environment
- Szymon Wiszniewski
- Sławomir Ambroziak
The characterization of slow and fast fading in wireless body area networks with space diversity scheme has been presented. The analysis, based on the measurements at 2.45 GHz in an indoor environment, has shown that for all investigated configurations of receiving wearable antennas, the correlation coefficient values of the received signals’ parameters are below the assumed value of 0.5, being close to zero for the vast majority of cases. It has been shown that the slow fading component may be modelled by a lognormal distribution with zero average and the standard deviation from the range of [1.43, 1.98] dB. The fast fading component is the best modelled by a Rice distribution with the noncentrality parameter and the scale parameter being in the range [0.8125, 0.9624] and [0.5269, 0.6954], respectively.
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Characterization of slow and fast fading in off-body communication at 2.45 GHz with space diversity scheme in indoor environment
- Szymon Wiszniewski
- Sławomir Ambroziak
The characterization of slow and fast fading in Wireless Body Area Networks with space diversity scheme has been presented. The analysis, based on the measurements at 2.45 GHz in indoor environment, has shown that for all investigated configurations of receiving wearable antennas the correlation coefficient values of received signals’ parameters are below the assumed value of 0.5, being close to zero for the vast majority of cases. It has been shown that the slow fading component may be modelled by a lognormal distribution with zero average and the standard deviation from the range of [1.43, 1.98] dB. The fast fading component is the best modelled by a Rice distribution with the non-centrality parameter and the scale parameter being in the range [0.8125, 0.9624], and [0.5269, 0.6954], respectively.
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Charakterystyka elektrochemiczna odporności korozyjnej aluminium i jego stopów w wodnych środowiskach zasadowych
- Joanna Wysocka
Rozprawa doktorska przedstawia charakterystykę elektrochemiczną odporności korozyjnej aluminium i jego stopów w wodnych środowiskach zasadowych. Główne elementy pracy to część literaturowa, w której zarysowano problem badawczy i szczegółowo omówiono zagadnienia związane z korozją aluminium oraz, po przedstawieniu tez pracy i jej zakresu, część eksperymentalna i badawcza. Praca skupia się na kompleksowemu opisowi mechanizmów korozji aluminium. Ukazano w niej również wpływ czynników mikrostrukturalnych na kinetykę procesu degradacji, wynikającą z obecności dodatków stopowych. Główny trzon pracy opiera się na opisie roli dodatku związków nieorganicznych i organicznych w środowisku elektrolitycznym na ograniczenie degradacji stopów aluminium. Na wybranych przykładach opisano różnice dotyczące typu i liczby grup funkcyjnych występujących w obrębie analizowanej molekuły inhibitora, podjęto też próbę klasyfikacji związków o charakterze inhibitorów korozji, obecnych w obrębie złożonych mieszanin ekstraktów naturalnych. W ramach pracy zaproponowano nowatorską metodykę pomiarową do wyznaczania izoterm adsorpcji, bazującą na chwilowych pomiarach impedancji układu zmieniającego się na skutek nastrzyku inhibitora. Metodykę tę cechuje wyższa dokładność i szybkość realizacji pomiaru, a także możliwość oznaczenia granicznego stężenia inhibitora, dla którego metal pokrywa się monowarstwą adsorpcyjną.
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CHARAKTERYSTYKA I ZAKRES STOSOWANIA TYNKÓW
- Maciej Niedostatkiewicz
- Tomasz Majewski
Wyprawy tynkarskie, potocznie nazywane tynkami, wykorzystywane są w budownictwie od wielu tysiącleci. Niektóre rodzaje tynków stosowane są w niemal niezmienionej postaci do dnia dzisiejszego, jednak wiele nowych typów wypraw tynkarskich opracowano w ciągu ostatnich kilkudziesięciu lat. Kiedyś przeważnie były przygotowywane w całości na budowie, obecnie w większości przypadków wytwarzane są w postaci suchych mieszanek, gotowych do zarobienia wodą, lub jako gotowe masy tynkarskie do ułożenia na powierzchni.
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Charakterystyka oporności Klebsiella pneumoniae New Delhi na karbapenemy
- Magdalena Fordon
- Beata Krawczyk
Bakterie Klebsiella pneumoniae New Delhi, posiadające gen oporności na karbapenemy (blaNDM) zostały po raz pierwszy wyizolowane w 2008 roku w Szwecji od pacjenta wcześniej hospitalizowanego w Indiach. Bakterie te szybko rozprzestrzeniają się po całym świecie, a od 2011 roku występują również w Polsce. Stanowią one wysokie ryzyko epidemiologiczne, ponieważ gen oporności na karbapenemy przekazywany jest pomiędzy bakteriami poprzez horyzontalny transfer genów, a międzynarodowe podróże dodatkowo sprzyjają migracji szczepów NDM-pozytywnych. Badania mające na celu ułatwienie różnicowania genetycznego tych szczepów oraz ich charakterystykę są zatem niezwykle istotne. Praca miała na celu charakterystykę oporności szczepów Klebsiella pneumoniae New Delhi na karbapenemy, z uwzględ-nieniem budowy, funkcjonowania oraz różnych wariantów enzymu za nią odpowiedzialnego.
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Charakterystyka procesu deamonifikacji oraz rozwój technologii usuwania azotu w oparciu o ten proces
- Dominika Grubba
- Hussein Al Hazimi
- Joanna Majtacz
- Jacek Mąkinia
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Charakterystyka procesu utleniania stopów cyrkonu i jego wpływu na stan warstwy wierzchniej oraz desorpcję wodoru
- Bartłomiej Trybuś
Zjawiska degradacji tlenowej i wodorowej stopów cyrkonu mają istotne znaczenie dla modelowania mechanizmów utraty spójności koszulek paliwowych w warunkach katastrof nuklearnych, szczególnie typu LOCA. Celem naukowym pracy było poznanie i analiza zachowania utlenionych, komercyjnych stopów cyrkonu, wpływu wodoru na utlenione stopy oraz przedstawienie fizycznych źródeł i matematycznych zależności pomiędzy tymi zjawiskami. Wyniki badań kinetyki utleniania w temperaturze poniżej punktu przemiany fazowej tlenku wykazały, że stałe szybkości utleniania są dla długich czasów 15 i 48 h zgodne z parabolicznym równaniem kinetycznym, natomiast są one niższe w przypadku czasów krótkich, 0,5 i 2 h. Badania erozji wodorowej ujawniły najniższy przyrost zawartości wodoru w stopie przy najdłuższym czasie jego utleniania potwierdzając tezę, iż warstwa tlenkowa istotnie spowalnia absorpcję i dyfuzję wodoru do wnętrza stopu. Podczas awarii może dojść do gwałtownego przegrzania elementów paliwowych prowadzących do przemian fazowych oraz utraty stabilności wymiarowej. Do celów zbadania procesów zachodzących w takich warunkach użyto, nie stosowanej jak dotąd, nieniszczącej metody tomografii komputerowej. Wyniki badań warstwy tlenkowej tworzącej się w temperaturze powyżej punktu przemiany fazowej ujawniły wpływ umiejscowienia warstwy tlenkowej na koszulce cyrkonowej na kinetykę utleniania, pojawienie się efektu korozji guzowatej, powstanie odkształceń na powierzchni stopu a także pęknięć na granicy tlenek - podłoże w pobliżu tych odkształceń.
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Charakterystyka produktów utleniania fosfolipidów oraz określenie ich wybranych aktywności biologicznych w komórkach HT29 jako modelu ludzkiego przewodu pokarmowego
- Karol Parchem
Wyniki licznych badań epidemiologicznych wskazują, że rodzaj, ilość oraz jakość dostarczanych wraz z pożywieniem lipidów może przyczyniać się do ograniczenia bądź rozwoju chorób dietozależnych, takich jak otyłość, cukrzyca typu 2, miażdżyca czy nadciśnienie tętnicze. Rosnące zainteresowanie określeniem wpływu lipidów dostarczanych z pożywieniem na funkcjonowanie ludzkiego organizmu wymaga przeprowadzenia licznych badań, zarówno pod kontem oznaczenia ich składu w próbkach żywności, jak i określenia ich aktywności biologicznej. Lipidami wykazującymi szczególną aktywność biologiczną, a tym samym będącymi w centrum badań lipidomicznych są fosfolipidy, a także produkty ich utlenienia. Celem niniejszej pracy doktorskiej była charakterystyka produktów enzymatycznego i termicznego utlenienia frakcji fosfolipidowej wyizolowanej z żółtka jaja kurzego, które zostało wybrane jako modelowe źródło fosfolipidów dostarczanych do organizmu z pożywieniem. W kolejnym etapie podjęto próbę określenia wpływu utlenienia fosfolipidów na kinetykę ich hydrolizy katalizowanej w wyniku aktywności trzustkowej fosfolipazy A2. Ponadto sprawdzono wpływ obecności utlenionych fosfolipidów na szybkość trawienia innych związków lipidowych, takich jak triacyloglicerole. Ostatnim celem prowadzonych badań było określenie cytotoksyczności i genotoksyczności mieszanin składających się z soli żółciowych oraz natywnych lub utlenionych fosfolipidów przed i po procesie trawienia jelitowego w warunkach in vitro. W wyniku prowadzonych prac badawczych zaproponowano metodę analizy utlenionych fosfolipidów opartą na technice dwuwymiarowej chromatografii cieczowej w trybie off-line sprzężonej z detektorem z matrycą diodową, detektorem naładowanego aerozolu oraz spektrometrem mas. Opracowana metoda została następnie wykorzystana podczas profilowania oraz identyfikacji produktów enzymatycznego i termicznego utlenienia frakcji fosfolipidowej, a także badania kinetyki tych reakcji. Utlenienie fosfolipidów przyczyniło się od zmniejszenia szybkości reakcji ich hydrolizy w wyniku aktywności fosfolipazy A2. Natomiast z drugiej strony obecność utlenionych fosfolipidów na powierzchni trawionych kropli lipidowych prowadziła prawdopodobnie do przyspieszenia reakcji hydrolizy triacylogliceroli w wyniku aktywności lipazy trzustkowej. Zarówno utlenienie, jak i hydroliza fosfolipidów w znaczący sposób wpływały na ich aktywność biologiczną.
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Charge density wave and large nonsaturating magnetoresistance in YNiC2 and LuNiC2
- Kamil Kolincio
- Marta Roman
- Tomasz Klimczuk
We report a study of physical properties of two quasi-low-dimensional metals YNiC2 and LuNiC2 including the investigation of transport, magnetotransport, galvanomagnetic, and specific heat properties. In YNiC2 we reveal two subsequent transitions associated with the formation of weakly coupled charge density wave at TCDW=318K and its locking in with the lattice at T1=275K. These characteristic temperatures follow the previously proposed linear scaling with the unit cell volume, demonstrating its validity extended beyond the lanthanide-based RNiC2. We also find that, in the absence of magnetic ordering able to interrupt the development of charge density wave, the Fermi surface nesting leads to opening of small pockets, containing high-mobility carriers. This effect gives rise to substantial enhancement of magnetoresistance, reaching 470% for YNiC2 and 50% for LuNiC2 at T=1.9K and B=9T.
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Charge Transfer, Complexes Formation and Furan Fragmentation Induced by Collisions with Low-Energy Helium Cations
- Tomasz Wąsowicz
- Marta Łabuda
- Boguslaw Pranszke
The present work focuses on unraveling the collisional processes leading to the fragmentation of the gas-phase furan molecules under the He+ and He2+ cations impact in the energy range 5–2000 eV. The presence of different mechanisms was identified by the analysis of the optical fragmentation spectra measured using the collision-induced emission spectroscopy (CIES) in conjunction with the ab initio calculations. The measurements of the fragmentation spectra of furan were performed at the different kinetic energies of both cations. In consequence, several excited products were identified by their luminescence. Among them, the emission of helium atoms excited to the 1s4d1D2,3D1,2,3 states was recorded. The structure of the furan molecule lacks an He atom. Therefore, observation of its emission lines is spectroscopic evidence of an impact reaction occurring via relocation of the electronic charge between interacting entities. Moreover, the recorded spectra revealed significant variations of relative band intensities of the products along with the change of the projectile charge and its velocity. In particular, at lower velocities of He+, the relative cross-sections of dissociation products have prominent resonance-like maxima. In order to elucidate the experimental results, the calculations have been performed by using a high level of quantum chemistry methods. The calculations showed that in both impact systems two collisional processes preceded fragmentation. The first one is an electron transfer from furan molecules to cations that leads to the neutralization and further excitation of the cations. The second mechanism starts from the formation of the He−C4H4O+/2+ temporary clusters before decomposition, and it is responsible for the appearance of the narrow resonances in the relative cross-section curves
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Chemical and Mechanical Properties of 70-Year-Old Concrete
- Andrzej Ambroziak
- Elżbieta Haustein
- Jarosław Kondrat
The aim of this research is to determine the durability and strength of concrete continuous footing based on the chosen mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of the concrete. The presented investigations constitute some opinions from experts on the bearing capacity of concrete continuous footing and the possibilities of carrying additional loads and extended working life. The cylindrical specimens were taken from continuous footing by a concrete core bore hole diamond drill machine. The properties of old concrete are compared with present and old standard requirements and guidelines. Large dispersions of the cylindrical compressive strength (6.9–29.3 MPa), density (1,750–2,100 kg/m3), and water absorption (5%–14%) were observed. A short literature survey concerning old concrete properties is also given.
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Chemical Aspects of Biological Activity of Isothiocyanates and Indoles, the Products of Glucosinolate Decomposition
- Dominik Kołodziejski
- Izabela Koss-Mikołajczyk
- Ahmad Yaman Abdin
- Jacob Claus
- Agnieszka Bartoszek-Pączkowska
There is growing evidence that cancer chemoprevention employing natural, bioactive compounds may halt or at least slow down the different stages of carcinogenesis. A particularly advantageous effect is attributed to derivatives of sulfur-organic phytochemicals, such as glucosinolates (GLs) synthesized mainly in Brassicaceae plant family. GLs are hydrolysed enzymatically to bioactive isothiocyanates (ITC) and indoles, which exhibit strong anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activity. Highly bioavailable electrophilic ITC are of particular interest, as they can react with nucleophilic groups of important biomolecules to form dithiocarbamates, thiocarbamates and thioureas. These modifications seem responsible for the chemopreventive activity, but also for genotoxicity and mutagenicity. It was documented that ITC can permanently bind to important biomolecules such as glutathione, cytoskeleton proteins, transcription factors NF-κB and Nrf2, thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases, proteasome proteins or heat shock proteins. Furthermore, ITC may also affect epigenetic regulation of gene expression, e.g. by inhibition of histone deacetylases. Some other derivatives of glucosinolates, especially indoles, are able to form covalent bonds with nucleobases in DNA, which may result in genotoxicity and mutagenicity. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge about glucosinolates and their degradation products in terms of possible interactions with reactive groups of cellular molecules.
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Chemical structures, rheological and physical properties of biopolyols prepared via solvothermal liquefaction of Enteromorpha and Zostera marina biomass
- Paulina Kosmela
- Kamila Gosz
- Paweł Kazimierski
- Aleksander Hejna
- Józef Haponiuk
- Łukasz Piszczyk
In this work, liquefied biomass from the Baltic Sea was used for the preparation of rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams. The biomass contained 10 wt% of Enteromorpha macroalgae and 90 wt% of Zostera marina seagrass characterized by a high content of cellulose. The influence of time, temperature and the type of solvent on the efficiency of the liquefaction process and properties of biopolyols was determined. Obtained materials were analyzed in terms of chemical structure, rheological properties, thermal stability and basic physical and mechanical properties. It was found that optimal parameters for liquefaction of used biomass were: temperature of 150 °C, reaction time of 6 h and a solvent mixture containing glycerol and poly(ethylene glycol) in ratio of 50:50 (biopolyol 50G50P_150). Under these conditions, 78 wt% of biomass was liquefied and resulting biopolyol was characterized by a hydroxyl number of 650 mg KOH/g. Depending on the used solvent mixture and the liquefaction temperature, biopolyols showed the character of Newtonian or non-Newtonian liquids. Rigid PUR foams were obtained by substitution of petrochemical polyol with 10, 20 and 30 wt% of biopolyol. It was found that the addition of biopolyol to foams’ formulations did not cause significant changes in their chemical structure, while mechanical strength and thermal stability were enhanced. The presented study confirms that biomass from the Baltic Sea can be used for the synthesis of biopolyols and rigid polyurethane foams.
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Chemical variability of Rhododendron tomentosum (Ledum palustre) essential oils and their pro-apoptotic effect on lymphocytes and rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes
- Anna Jesionek
- Adam Kokotkiewicz
- Anna Mikosik-Roczynska
- Klaudia Ciesielska-Figlon
- Piotr Luczkiewicz
- Adam Bucinski
- Agnieszka Daca
- Jacek M. Witkowski
- Ewa Bryl
- Bożena Zabiegała
- Maria Luczkiewicz
Rhododendron tomentosum (Ledum palustre) is an aromatic plant traditionally used for alleviating rheumatic complaints which makes it a potential candidate for a natural drug in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. However, the effects of plants’ volatiles on apoptosis of synovial fibroblasts and infiltrating leucocytes of RA synovia, have not been reported. Volatile fraction of R. tomentosum is chemically variable and chemotypes of the plants need to be defined if the oil is to be used for therapeutic purposes. In the presented work, cluster analysis of literature data enabled to define 10 chemotypes of the plant. The volatile fractions of known composition were then tested for bioactivity using a RA-specific in vitro models. Essential oils of two wild types (γ-terpineol and palustrol/ledol type) and one in vitro chemotype (ledene oxide type) were obtained by hydrodistillation and their bioactivity was tested in two in vitro models: I - peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy volunteers and II - synoviocytes and immune cells isolated from synovia of RA patients. The influence of oils on blood lymphocytes’ proliferation and apoptosis rates of synovia-derived cells was determined by flow cytometry. Dose-dependent inhibitory effect of the serial dilutions of R. tomentosum oils on proliferation rates of blood lymphocytes was found. At 1:400 dilutions, all the tested oils increased the number of necrotic cells in synovial fibroblasts from RA synovia. Additionally, increased proportions of late apoptotic cells were observed in leucocyte populations subjected to oils at 1:400 dilution.
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Chemometrics and Statistics | Multicriteria Decision Making
- Marta Bystrzanowska
- Marek Tobiszewski
This contribution describes the application of Multicriteria Decision Making tools in analytical chemistry. The general scheme of MCDM is presented to show its general steps. The most frequently applied in analytical sciences MCDM techniques – AHP, ELECTRE, PROMETHEE and TOPSIS – are briefly described and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The applications in analytical chemistry are selection of an appropriate analytical procedure and optimization of analytical processes. MCDM techniques are also applied to select analytical reagents according to their environmental impact, human health and safety issues – solvents and derivatization agents are assessed in this way.
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Chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites with cellulose nanofibers from ginger rhizomes and its antimicrobial activities
- Joby Jacob
- Gregary Peter
- Sabu Thomas
- Józef Haponiuk
- Sreeraj Gopi
The inhibitory effect of 5% GNF bionanocomposites against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium indicated good antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites due to the addition of GNF in the biopolymer matrices. The use of GNF will help to increase the economic values of agricultural waste and the characteristic properties of GNF derived bionanocomposites could be possibly used in medical and packaging areas.
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Chromatgrafia cieczowa. Teoria i praktyka
- Waldemar Wardencki
- Zygfryd Witkiewicz
- Irena Malinowska
Książka zawiera całokształt wiedzy dotyczącej chromatografii ciecvzowej - kolumnowej i cienkowarstwowej. Opisane zostały wszystkie techniki chromatografii cieczowej, zarówno w zakresie teorii chromatografii, jak i praktycznych zastosowań.