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Publikacje z roku 2020
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Virulence, antifungal susceptibility and molecular mechanisms of echinocandin resistance among Candida isolates recovered from clinical specimens
- Martyna Mroczyńska
Fungi of the genus Candida belong to the natural microflora of healthy individuals. However, they can also be a cause of opportunistic infections especially among patients with an impaired immune system. The first line therapy of Candida infections is based on triazoles. However, in recent years there an increase of azole resistant Candida spp., in particular C. glabrata and C. krusei, has been observed. For this reason, echinocandin drugs are increasingly being used. Epidemiological studies conducted around the world indicate a low level of Candida resistance to echinocandins. However, echinocandin resistance for C. glabrata is still increasing and in 2015 it was estimated to be over 13%. In the presented PhD dissertation, the echinocandin susceptibility tests was performed for the first time on a microdilution broth of 242 Candida isolates collected from Polish hospitals, and resulted in the finding that 6.6% of isolates are echinocandin resistant. Moreover, the molecular mechanism was investigated by the examination of the mutations occurring in the FKS1 gene encoding the glucan synthase – the molecular target of echinocandin. The FKS1 gene mutation (T4072C) that contributes to echinocandin resistance has been identified in single C. albicans and C. inconspicua isolates. Another part of this research was to investigate the influence of anidulafungin and micafungin exposure to the susceptibility to echinocandin and the expression level of CHS1, CRZ1, CRZ2, UTR2 and HSP90 genes. Anidulafungin exposure cause the overexpression of CHS1 and CRZ2. After the exposure of anidulafungin and then the removal of this compound from the medium the expression level of CHS1, UTR2 and CRZ1 was higher than the initial expression of these genes. The pathogenicity of Candida isolates was also tested using Galleria mellonella larvae as the host organism. The obtained results were compared with the enzymatic activity of different virulence factors. Mortality of G. mellonella larvae infected with different Candida species was distinguished between virulent and non-virulent phenotypes. C. albicans were the most pathogenic species and produced the highest amount of virulence factors, while most C. parapsilosis isolates were avirulent. The pathogenicity of Candida isolates examined in G. mellonella larvae is correlated with protease, haemolysins and esterase activity among Candida clinical isolates.
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Visual Capacity Assessment of the Open Landscape in Terms of Protection and Shaping: Case Study of a Village in Poland
- Anna Górka
This article describes the methodology and results of research on landscape visual capacity. The aim of the project was to develop a tool that would support planning and design decisions at the level of communal management in rural areas in Poland through systematic application of visual criteria. Their importance in the protection, management and shaping of space is underlined by the document produced at the European Landscape Convention of 2000 (ELC). To date, ELC recommendations have not been fully implemented in Poland. The author of the study used the methods of the Krakow School of Landscape Architecture in assessing cultural landscapes and referred to the assumptions of the British Landscape Character Assessment (LCA). The analysis was based on the results of a landscape identification conducted in a part of the Cekcyn commune. The assessment of visual capacity was conducted for the village of Nowy Sumin, located in that commune. The eect of the study is the classification of open landscapes with respect to the assessment of visual changes resulting from potential residential development. The results obtained prompt the conclusion that the applied method can eectively support local spatial planning as it takes national conditions into account.
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Visual Content Representation for Cognitive Systems: Towards Augmented Intelligence
- Caterine Silva de Oliveira
- Cesar Sanin
- Edward Szczerbicki
Cognitive Vision Systems have gained significant attention from academia and industry during the past few decades. One of the main reasons behind this interest is the potential of such technologies to revolutionize human life since they intend to work robustly under complex visual scenes (which environmental conditions may vary), adapting to a comprehensive range of unforeseen changes, and exhibiting prospective behavior. The combination of these properties supports the creation of more intelligent and efficient environments by mimicking the human capabilities. Nonetheless, preserving the environment involves gathering visual and other sensorial information and translating it into knowledge to be useful, which still remains a challenge for real time cognitive vision applications due to the complexity of such process. Experts believe the starting point is to establish a knowledge representation for Cognitive Vision technologies as a unique standard that could integrate image/video modularization and virtualization, together with information from other sources (wearable sensors, machine signals, context, etc.) and capture its knowledge. In this chapter, we present a multi-domain knowledge structure based on experience, which can be used as a comprehensive embedded knowledge representation for Cognitive Vision System, addressing the representation of visual content issue and facilitating its reuse. In addition, a successful representation and management of knowledge in cognitive systems would support communication and collaboration between humans and machines, for increased learning capabilities and enhanced decision making; this concept is a pathway towards what is called Augmented Intelligence. The implementation of such representation has been tested in a Cognitive Vision Platform for Hazard Control (CVP-HC) to address the issue of workers’ exposure to risks in industrial environments, in special for the non-use of personal protective equipment, facilitating knowledge engineering processes through a flexible and adaptable implementation.
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Visual TreeCmp : Comprehensive Comparison of Phylogenetic Trees on the Web
- Tomasz Goluch
- Damian Bogdanowicz
- Krzysztof Giaro
1. We present Visual TreeCmp—a package of applications for comparing phylogenetic tree sets. 2. Visual TreeCmp includes a graphical web interface allowing the visualization of compared trees and command line application extended by comparison methods recently proposed in the literature. 3. The phylogenetic tree similarity analysis in Visual TreeCmp can be performed using eighteen metrics, of which 11 are dedicated to rooted trees and seven to the un-rooted ones. Additionally, in the case of different sets of labels, the compared trees can be pruned so that the sets are identical. 4. The Visual TreeCmp is dedicated to people who need a universal and easy-to-use tool designed to compare arbitrary (not necessary binary) phylogenetic trees. An example of its use in a supertree accuracy analysis is described in section 3. 5. The Visual TreeCmp package Web application is available at: (https://eti.pg.edu.pl/TreeCmp), and its source codes available under the GNU license can be reached through several repositories located at: (https://github.com/TreeCmp)
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VUV photofragmentation of the six-membered heterocyclic molecules containing oxygen
- Michał Jurkowski
- Antti Kivimaki
- Robert Richter
- Tomasz Wąsowicz
Cancer is a significant public health concern worldwide, which results in millions of deaths each year. The standard cure routine for cancer is surgery, and nowadays, radiotherapy or a hadrontherapy. Depending on the type of cancer, patients may undergo additional treatment, including targeted therapy. A combination of radio- or hadron-therapy with proper drug treatment can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and thus can significantly improve survival rates. This is because the interaction of radiation on those drugs can lead to their fragmentation, which additionally increases the number of reactive species that interact with the adjacent medium. For example, anthracyclines, a class of drugs build on tetrahydropyran ring, are broad-spectrum antitumor agents that induce, among other things, indirect damage to DNA via reactions involving reactive oxygen species.
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Wage response to global production links: evidence for workers from 28 European countries (2005–2014)
- Aleksandra Parteka
- Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz
Using rich individual-level data on workers from 28 European countries, this study provides the first so extensive cross-country assessment of wage response to global production links within GVC in the period 2005–2014. Unlike the other studies, the authors (i) address the importance of backward linkages in globally integrated production structures (capturing imports of goods and services needed in any stage of the production of the final product); (ii) measure occupational task profile of workers with country-specific indices of routinisation; (iii) compare the impact of global production links on wages between workers from Western, Central-Eastern and Southern Europe; employed in manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors; (iv) account for direct and indirect dependence on GVC imports from developing and high-income countries. The study takes into account the potential endogeneity issues. The results suggest that global import intensity of production exhibits negative pressure on wages in Europe. This effect concerns mainly workers from Western Europe employed in manufacturing and is driven by production links with non-high income countries but our counterfactual estimates suggest that the effect is economically small.
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Waste Rubber Pyrolysis: Product Yields and Limonene Concentration
- Katarzyna Januszewicz
- Paweł Kazimierski
- Tomasz Suchocki
- Dariusz Kardaś
- Witold Lewandowski
- Ewa Klugmann-Radziemska
- Justyna Łuczak
Tires, conveyor belts, floor mats, and shoe soles form a main-stream of rubber waste. The amount of these used materials continuously increases due to development of the rubber market. Therefore, pro-ecological utilization (i.e., energy recycling instead of burning) and recovering valuable and recyclable materials becomes an urgent necessity. In this regard, this work was devoted to the chemical recycling of selected used rubber products, and it especially explores the possibility of limonene production. Different types of waste rubber were characterized and pyrolyzed at microgram and laboratory scales, and the results were compared. Additionally, the pyrolysis of tires, the most significant stream of rubber waste, was also conducted in a semi-technical scale reactor. The effectiveness of limonene formation in the liquid fractions obtained from different types of waste rubber was compared.
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Waste tire rubber as low-cost and environmentally-friendly modifier in thermoset polymers – a review
- Aleksander Hejna
- Jerzy Korol
- Marta Przybysz-Romatowska
- Łukasz Zedler
- Błażej Chmielnicki
- Krzysztof Formela
Nowadays, waste tire rubber (WTR) management is a growing and serious problem. Therefore, research works focused on the development of cost-effective and environmentally-friendly methods of WTR recycling are fully justified. Incorporation of WTR into polymer matrices and composite materials attracts much attention, because this approach allows sustainable development of industrially applicable waste tires recycling technologies. Generally, utilization of WTR as a filler for polymer composites noticeably reduces materials costs, while suitable modification/functionalization of WTR may significantly enhance the performance of plastics and rubbers. This work aims to summarize the literature reports related to the thermoset/WTR composites based on various matrices such as: polyurethanes, epoxy and other resins. It particularly focuses on compatibilization strategies in thermosets/WTR systems and their impact on the chemistry and physical interfacial interactions between thermoset matrix and WTR filler phase, what significantly affecting performance properties of prepared materials. Moreover, future trends and limitation related to thermoset/WTR composites development are discussed.
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Waste Tyres Pyrolysis for Obtaining Limonene
- Katarzyna Januszewicz
- Paweł Kazimierski
- Wojciech Kosakowski
- Witold Lewandowski
This review deals with the technologies of limonene production from waste tyre pyrolysis. Thermal decomposition is attractive for tackling the waste tyre disposal problem, as it enables both: energy to be recovered and limonene to be obtained. This material management recycling of tyres is environmentally more beneficial than the burning of all valuable products, including limonene. Given this recoverability of materials from waste tyres, a comprehensive evaluation was carried out to show the main effect of process conditions (heating rate, temperature, pressure, carrier gas flow rate, and type of volatile residence and process times) for different pyrolytic methods and types of apparatus on the yield of limonene. All the results cited are given in the context of the pyrolysis method and the type of reactor, as well as the experimental conditions in order to avoid contradictions between different researchers. It is shown that secondary and side reactions are very sensitive to interaction with the above-mentioned variables. The yields of all pyrolytic products are also given, as background for limonene, the main product reported in this study.
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Wavelet Transform Analysis of Heart Rate to Assess Recovery Time for Long Distance Runners
- Grzegorz Redlarski
- Janusz Siebert
- Marek Krawczuk
- Arkadiusz Żak
- Ludmiła Danilowicz-szymanowicz
- Łukasz Doliński
- Piotr Gutknecht
- Bartosz Trzeciak
- Wojciech Ratkowski
- Aleksander Pałkowski
The diagnostics of the condition of athletes has become a field of special scientific interest and activity. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of a long (100 km) run on a group of runners, as well as to assess the recovery time that is required for them to return to the pre-run state. The heart rate (HR) data presented were collected the day before the extreme physical effort, on the same day as, but after, the physical effort, as well as 24 and 48 h after. The Wavelet Transform (WT) and the Wavelet-based Fractal Analysis (WBFA) were implemented in the analysis. A tool was constructed that, based on quantitative data, enables one to confirm the completion of the recovery process that is related to the extreme physical effort. Indirectly, a tool was constructed that enables one to confirm the completion of the recovery process. The obtained information proves that the return to the resting state of the body after a significant physical effort can be observed after two days entirely through the analysis of the HR. Certain practical measures were used to differentiate between two substantially different states of the human body, i.e., pre- and post-effort states were constructed. The obtained results allow for us to state that WBFA appears to be a useful and robust tool in the determination of hidden features of stochastic signals, such as HR time signals. The proposed method allows one to differentiate between particular days of measurements with a mean probability of 92.2%.
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We are in touch
- Krzysztof Wróblewski
In Touch - opis pracy „Dłonie stanowią część indywidualnej osobowości i charakteru, ale wykonują również swoje niezależne działania, i jako wyposażone we własny język, mają kluczowe znaczenie dla ludzkiej komunikacji.” Myśląca dłoń, J. Pallasmaa Obraz In Touch powstał z potrzeby zbudowania metafory czasu, którego aktualnie doświadczamy. Popularny w języku angielskim, wyrażający intencję pozostania w kontakcie, zwrot we are in touch zawiera w sobie problematyczny obecnie rzeczownik „dotyk”. Dłoń, część naszego ciała, która jest jednym z podstawowych narzędzi komunikowania emocji oraz materializacji myśli, została wyrugowana z przyjętego rytuału witania się, ponieważ nagle obarczono ją winą za przekazywanie zarazy. Nasze palce odczuwające subtelność materii pokryły lateksowe izolatory. Podniesiona dłoń pozostaje jeszcze gestem pozdrowienia, ale zaczęła też wyrażać komunikat – trzymaj dystans! nie zbliżaj się! Poprosiłem pewną grupę moich przyjaciół, znajomych i bliskich mieszkających w Gdańsku oraz w innych częściach Polski i poza jej granicami, aby obrysowali obie swoje dłonie, a następnie przesłali zdjęcie konturów Internetem lub jako SMS. Z niektórymi spotykam się sporadycznie, z innymi często. Dzięki ich partycypacji ze zbioru zarysów rąk kobiet, mężczyzn oraz dzieci w różnym wieku ułożyłem kompozycję zajmującą lewą połowę obrazu In Touch. Kontury przeniesionych na płótno dłoni zachowałem w skali 1:1, oddając przy tym indywidualną aurę każdej osoby. Na pierwszy rzut oka dłonie mają przywodzić na myśl porozrzucane rękawiczki. Ich układ tworzy arytmiczny ornament. Po prawej stronie obrazu znajdują się zbudowane z układu trójkątów nieregularne geometryczne figury. Można je interpretować na wiele sposobów – przypominają zamaskowane twarze, ale też komórki tkanek albo jakieś struktury krystaliczne. Chciałem, aby całość, tzn. lewa i prawa strona obrazu, nasuwała skojarzenie z miękką, koronkową siatką przypominającą firankę, która częściowo zasłania, ale też jest przezierna. Inspiracją do namalowania obrazu In Touch była aura negatywów dłoni znajdujących się wśród prehistorycznych malunków, m.in. w grotach Lascaux i Altamiry. Sylwety dłoni niczym fotografie zachowały indywidualne cechy osób. Ukryte w ziemi przetrwały tysiące lat, świadcząc o atawistycznej potrzebie zostawienia po sobie śladu przez ludzi próbujących, tak jak my teraz, zrozumieć własną egzystencję. Krzysztof Wróblewski Gdańsk, maj 2020
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Weak localization competes with the quantum oscillations in a natural electronic superlattice: The case of Na1.5(PO2)4(WO3)20
- Kamil Kolincio
- Olivier Pérez
- Enric Canadell
- Pere Alemany
- Elen Duverger-Nédellec
- Arianna Minelli
- Alexei Bosak
- Alain Pautrat
We report an investigation of the combined structural and electronic properties of the bronze Na1.5(PO2)4(WO3)20. Its low-dimensional structure and possible large reconstruction of the Fermi surface due to charge density wave instability make this bulk material a natural superlattice with a reduced number of carriers and Fermi energy. Signatures of multilayered two-dimensional (2D) electron weak localization are consequently reported, with an enhanced influence of quantum oscillations. A crossover between these two antagonistic entities, previously observed only in genuine low-dimensional materials and devices, is shown to occur in a bulk crystal due to its hidden 2D nature.
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Weak Solutions within the Gradient-Incomplete Strain-Gradient Elasticity
- Victor Eremeev
- Francesco dell'Isola
In this paper we consider existence and uniqueness of the three-dimensional static boundary-value problems in the framework of so-called gradient-incomplete strain-gradient elasticity. We call the strain-gradient elasticity model gradient-incomplete such model where the considered strain energy density depends on displacements and only on some specific partial derivatives of displacements of first- and second-order. Such models appear as a result of homogenization of pantographic beam lattices and in some physical models. Using anisotropic Sobolev spaces we analyze the mathematical properties of weak solutions. Null-energy solutions are discussed.
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Wear of electroplated diamond tools in lap-grinding of Al2O3 ceramic materials
- Mariusz Deja
- Dawid Zieliński
Current development of modern products, together with ever-increasing demands for their operation and usage, necessitate the search for new processing methods. Abrasive machining is widely used in many industrial areas, especially for processing difficult-to-machine materials such as advanced ceramics. Grinding with lapping kinematics, also called lap-grinding, is still one of the innovative methods of abrasive processing being under continuous development. It combines the advantages of grinding and lapping, allowing for meeting high design requirements and, at the same time, ensuring efficient and safe machining. This paper presents experimental and modelling results on the application of electroplated wheels with diamond grains (D107 and D64) in the lapgrinding of Al2O3 ceramic materials in a single-disc lapping machine configuration. The grain size along with the thickness of the nickel bond influenced the material removal rate and surface roughness obtained. The relationship between the material removal and the processing time was approximated by asymptotic mathematical functions. Moreover, the empirical models were modified according to the Preston’s equation when the unit pressure increased. The linear and nonlinear regression models enabled accurate curve fitting to the surface roughness data. Microscopic images of the active surface of electroplated diamond tools were analyzed in the aspects of the resultant tool wear and technological effects. In addition, the results were referred to the analysis of microscopic images of the suspension taken from the active surface of the tool after subsequent tests. The suspension consisted of particles of fragmented abrasive grains as well as chips removed from the machined surface.
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Wear Resistance Enhancement of Al6061 Alloy Surface Layer by Laser Dispersed Carbide Powders
- Rafał Jendrzejewski
- Jacek Łubiński
- Gerard Śliwiński
In this paper, results of the experimental study on improving wear resistance in sliding friction of Al-based alloy are presented. The technique used involves the formation of a metal matrix composite (MMC) in the alloy surface layer by laser dispersion of carbide powders such as WC, TiC and SiC. For WC and TiC MMC surface coatings fabricated under conditions typical for most of the technologically relevant solid-state lasers (wavelength range of 0.8–1.1 μm), the nearly inversely proportional dependence of the required laser energy density on the powder mass density is observed. Highly homogenous distribution of powder particle content (up to 40%) in the MMC surface coatings of a thickness between 0.8 and 1.6 mm obtained by multiple scanning is observed in the cross-section of specimens processed within a rather narrow parameter window. Tribological tests and comparison to untreated material reveal wear resistance increases by five- and ten-fold, observed in samples with laser-dispersed TiC and WC powders, respectively. Results indicate that substantial modification and reinforcement of the surface layer can be achieved in Al alloy in a one-step process without substrate preheating.
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Weighted Clustering for Bees Detection on Video Images
- Julian Szymański
- Jerzy Dembski
This work describes a bee detection system to monitor bee colony conditions. The detection process on video images has been divided into 3 stages: determining the regions of interest (ROI) for a given frame, scanning the frame in ROI areas using the DNN-CNN classifier, in order to obtain a confidence of bee occurrence in each window in any position and any scale, and form one detection window from a cloud of windows provided by a positive classification. The process has been performed by a method of weighted cluster analysis, which is the main contribution of this work. The paper also describes a process of building the detector, during which the main challenge was the selection of clustering parameters that gives the smallest generalization error. The results of the experiments show the advantage of the cluster analysis method over the greedy method and the advantage of the optimization of cluster analysis parameters over standard-heuristic parameter values, provided that a sufficiently long learning fragment of the movie is used to optimize the parameters.
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Werner Siemens i jego upamiętnienie
- Dariusz Świsulski
Werner Siemens żył w latach 1816-1892, w czasach niezwykłego postępu w naukach przyrodniczych i największych odkryć w zakresie elektrotechniki. Jako osoba z wykształceniem technicznym i niezwykłym zacięciem naukowym, przez całe życie łączył te dwie działalności. Jego prace naukowe służyły rozwojowi techniki, a wdrażane rozwiązania techniczne wymuszały tematy prowadzonych badań. Wykazał się też talentem jako przedsiębiorca. Założone przez niego w Niemczech, ale też Rosji, czy Anglii firmy funkcjonowały z sukcesami, stanowiąc podstawę działającego dzisiaj międzynarodowego koncernu Siemens AG. W artykule przypomniano najważniejsze osiągnięcia Wernera Siemensa, ilustrowane poświęconymi mu pamiątkami: medalami, plakietami i wydawnictwami pocztowymi.
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WHAT DRIVES CROSS-COUNTRY DIFFERENCES IN EXPORT VARIETY? A BILATERAL PANEL APPROACH
- Aleksandra Parteka
A worldwide event like the 2020 Coronavirus outbreak can only reinforce the interest in modelling trade diversification as a key factor in countries’ vulnerability to external shocks. This paper adopts a detailed relative framework to study the determinants of product-level export variety in a large bilateral panel of developing and developed economies (16,770 country pairs in the period 1988–2014). We find that country pairs characterized by large differentials in productivity and in the makeup of the labour force differ in export variety patterns. This result holds after controlling for other endowments and for trade costs. Further, productivity plays a significant role in the reduction of export variety dissimilarities between countries belonging to different income groups. Hence, without successful technological convergence the low-income economies will not be able to reduce their exposure to export risk.
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What fosters firm-level labour productivity in Eastern European and Central Asian countries?
- Aleksandra Kordalska
- Magdalena Olczyk
This study examines labour productivity performance and its determinants in Eastern European and Central Asian (EECA) firms using micro-level data. We find significant differences in labour productivity among members of the European Union in Eastern Europe and other Eastern European and Central Asian countries. We also confirm the important impact of foreign ownership, exporter status, and highly skilled workers on productivity levels. However, we reveal a non-linear relationship between firm age and labour productivity. Additionally, significant differences in labour productivity determinants between services and manufacturing are found. The productivity of service firms, unlike manufacturing firms, is much more sensitive to changes in productivity factors.
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What Potential Entrepreneurs from Generation Y and Z Lack-IEO and the Role of EE
- Julita Wasilczuk
- Anita Richert-Kaźmierska
This paper addresses the issue of individual entrepreneurship orientation (IEO) and entrepreneurship education (EE), which are both important for modern economic development. Intergenerational differences in these areas were discussed, especially characteristics of Generations Y and Z. The results of research conducted among 757 Polish students showing their IEO are presented. 80% of respondents displayed high levels of proactivity (primarily directed at meeting their own needs), whilst only 56% exhibited innovativeness and only 47% risk-taking. On the basis of the research results, the authors formulated recommendations for entrepreneurship education, aimed at strengthening IEO among representatives of Generations Y and Z.