2021 - Repozytorium publikacji - Politechnika Gdańska

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Publikacje z roku 2021

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Ionogel sorbent coatings for determining organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides in water and fresh juice samples by headspace-solid phase microextraction
- Kateryna Yavir
- Adam Kloskowski
2021 JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
The sol–gel method yielded three different ionogel sorbent coatings that were obtained based on a silica material containing ionic liquids (ILs) immobilized in its pores. Two ILs, triethylsulfonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [Set3][TFSI] and 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C4C1Pip][TFSI], as well as their equimolar mixture [Set3/C4C1Pip], were used to obtain ionogel fibers. The developed sorbents were applied to extract six different insecticides from liquid samples. The crucial extraction parameters of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) method were optimized with a central composite design. The ionogel fibers demonstrated higher selectivity for extracting the analyzed insecticides compared with commercially available fibers. The calculated values of the enrichment factor were in the ranges of 41,400–106,100 for [Set3], 110,600–170,500 for [C4C1Pip], and 76,800–121,100 for [Set3/C4C1Pip]. The [Set3/C4C1Pip] ionogel fiber, demonstrated the highest selectivity for extraction the insecticides. Regarding this coating, the limit of detection in the range of 0.02–0.95 μg L 1, coefficient of determination, which were <0.9690, and a 2.1 %–6.5 % repeatability of the method were achieved. Finally, the obtained ionogel fibers were utilized to determine insecticides in fresh apple and carrot juices.
IoT for healthcare applications
- Kamran Sayrafian
- Sławomir Ambroziak
- Dragana Bajic
- Lazar Berbakov
- Luis M. Correia
- Krzysztof Cwalina
- Concepcion Garcia-pardo
- Gordana Gardašević
- Konstantinos Katzis
- Pawel Kulakowski
- Kenan Turbic
2021 Pełny tekst
This chapter summarizes IRACON contributions related to the application of IoT in healthcare. It consists of the following three sections. Section 8.1 presents the measurement campaigns and the related statistical analysis to obtain various channel models for wearable and implantable devices. In addition, the importance of physical human-body phantoms used for channel, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), and Electromagnetic (EM) exposure measurements are examined. Methodologies to improve the accuracy of these phantoms for various frequency bands are also discussed. Section 8.2 outlines methodologies to improve the medium access control (MAC) and networking layers of a body area networks along with possible architectures for remote health monitoring. Several applications such as localization, activity recognition, and crowdsensing and their corresponding technical challenges are also presented in this section. Finally, Section 8.3 introduces the concept of nanocommunications which can be considered as the nano-scale limit of the IoT technology spectrum. It provides an overview of the promising mechanisms that can establish data communication at molecular levels inside the human body as well as various interfacing techniques with macro-scale devices. It also highlights the revolutionary healthcare applications that could be enabled by this technology.
IoT protocols, architectures, and applications
- Chiara Buratti
- Erik G. Ström
- Luca Feltrin
- Laurent Clavier
- Gordana Gardašević
- Thomas Blazek
- Lazar Berbakov
- Titus Constantin Balan
- Luis Orozco-Barbosa
- Carles Anton-Haro
- Piotr Rajchowski
- Haibin Zhang
2021
The proliferation of embedded systems, wireless technologies, and Internet protocols have enabled the IoT to bridge the gap between the virtual and physical world enabling the monitoring and control of the environment by data processing systems. IoT refers to the inter-networking of everyday objects that are equipped with sensing, computation, and communication capabilities. These networks can collaboratively interact and perform a variety of tasks autonomously. A large variety of communication technologies has gradually emerged, reflecting a large diversity of application domains and requirements. This chapter describes some research activities performed with reference to such technologies and solutions. Section 7.1 reports the research in the framework of LPWANs, with emphasis on LoRa and Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT) technologies. Studies on centralized approaches for IoT, mainly based on the IPv6 over the TSCH (6TiSCH) standard, are addressed in Section 7.2; while Section 7.3 deals with vehicular communications. Energy-efficient solutions are presented in section 7.4, being energy consumption one of the main issues of IoT; Section 7.5 reports some architectural solutions for the application of the SDN and NFV paradigms to IoT. The chapter ends with research on specific applications and drawing some conclusions. Most of the research described in the chapter has been conducted via experimentation, using testbeds described in IRACON White Paper on Experimental Facilities [AB18].
Ipertrofan Revisited—The Proposal of the Complete Stereochemistry of Mepartricin A and B
- Paweł Szczeblewski
- Witold Andrałojć
- Justyna Polit
- Aneta Żabka
- Konrad Winnicki
- Tomasz Laskowski
2021 Pełny tekst MOLECULES
Being a methyl ester of partricin, the mepartricin complex is the active substance of a drug called Ipertrofan (Tricandil), which was proven to be useful in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and chronic nonbacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Nevertheless, no direct structural evidence on the stereochemistry of its components has been presented to date. In this contribution, we have conducted detailed, NMR-driven stereochemical studies on mepartricins A and B, aided by molecular dynamics simulations. The absolute configuration of all the stereogenic centers of mepartricin A and B was defined as 3R, 7R, 9R, 11S, 13S, 15R, 17S, 18R, 19S, 21R, 36S, 37R, and 38S, and proposed as 41R. The geometry of the heptaenic chromophore of both compounds has been established as 22E, 24E, 26E, 28Z, 30Z, 32E, and 34E. Our studies on mepartricin ultimately proved that partricins A and B are structurally identical to the previously described main components of the aureofacin complex: gedamycin and vacidin, respectively. The knowledge of the stereochemistry of this drug is a fundamental matter not only in terms of studies on its molecular mode of action, but also for potential derivatization, aiming at improvement of its pharmacological properties.
Iron complexes with terminal and nonbridging phosphanido ligands
- Kinga Kaniewska-Laskowska
- Jerzy Pikies
- Rafał Grubba
2021 Pełny tekst INORGANICA CHIMICA ACTA
This review discusses known iron complexes with terminal-bonded and nonbridging phosphanido ligands R2Pand their analogs, such as phosphanylphosphanido, borylphosphanido and oligophosphanido groups, that have been reported since 1960s. Particular attention is focused on the synthesis and structural features of these complexes, which have a direct impact on their philicity and further reactivity. Moreover, their application in catalysis and materials science will be described.
Is Digital Government Advancing Sustainable Governance? A Study of OECD/EU Countries
- Jaromir Durkiewicz
- Tomasz Janowski
2021 Pełny tekst Sustainability
International bodies and numerous authors advocate a key role for Digital Government (DG) in improving public governance and achieving other policy outcomes. Today, a particularly relevant outcome is advancing Sustainable Governance (SG), i.e., the capacity to steer and coordinate public action towards sustainable development. This article performs an empirical study of the relationship between DG and SG using data about 41 OECD/EU countries from the United Nations’ E-Government Survey and the Bertelsmann’s Sustainable Governance Indicators project, covering the period from 2014 to 2020. We examine if DG progress pairs with SG progress, apply a DEA model to find out which countries are efficient in using DG for better SG, and uncover cases of imbalance where high DG pairs with poor SG and vice versa. The results show that the efficiency in using DG for SG strongly varies, and that some DG leaders persistently fail to advance or even regress their SG. These findings refute the claims about the benign role of DG and points at democracy as the “weak link” in the analyzed relation.
Is the microfiltration process suitable as a method of removing suspended solids from rainwater?
- Karolina Fitobór
- Bernard Quant
2021 Pełny tekst Resources-Basel
Due to climate change and anthropogenic pressure, freshwater availability is declining in areas where it has not been noticeable so far. As a result, the demands for alternative sources of safe drinking water and effective methods of purification are growing. A solution worth considering is the treatment of rainwater by microfiltration. This study presents the results of selected analyses of rainwater runoff, collected from the roof surface of individual households equipped with the rainwater harvesting system. The method of rainwater management and research location (rural area) influenced the low content of suspended substances (TSS < 0.02 mg/L) and turbidity (< 4 NTU). Microfiltration allowed for the further removal of suspension particles with sizes larger than 0.45 μm and with efficiency greater than 60%. Granulometric analysis indicated that physical properties of suspended particles vary with the season and weather. During spring, particles with an average size of 500 μm predominated, while in autumn particles were much smaller (10 μm). However, Silt Density Index measurements confirmed that even a small amount of suspended solids can contribute to the fouling of membranes (SDI > 5). Therefore, rainwater cannot be purified by microfiltration without an appropriate pretreatment.
Is This Distance Teaching Planning That Bad?
- Izabela Mironowicz
- Martina Schretzenmayr
2021 Pełny tekst disP
In spring 2020, university courses were moved into the virtual space due to the Covid-19 lockdown. In this paper, we use experience from courses at Gdańsk University of Technology and ETH Zurich to identify core problems in distance teaching planning and to discuss what to do and what not to do in teaching planning after the pandemic. We conclude that we will not return to the state of (teaching) affairs that we had previously. The availability of recordings of lectures and videos, de-localisation of both students and teachers, the experience of spatio-temporal autonomy will lead to new forms of teaching as both students and teachers experienced some aspects of remote teaching even more efficient than real-world teaching. On the other hand, remote teaching of elements of learning that required interaction, e.g. group and studio work, brainstorming, discussion to foster critical thinking, cannot replace the real experience of the classroom.
Isocyanate-Free Polyurethanes
- Marcin Włoch
- Kamila Rohde
2021
Isocyanate-free polyurethanes (also called non-isocyanate polyurethanes, or NIPUs) are alternatives to the conventional (commercially used) polyurethanes synthesized using di- or polyisocyanates, polyols, and chain extenders with low molecular weight. The major routes of NIPUs’ synthesis involve polyaddition of cyclic carbonates and di- or polyamines, polycondensation of carbamates, and diols. The most important intermediates are compounds containing five-membered cyclic carbonate groups, which can be obtained by cycloaddition of carbon dioxide to epoxy compounds. Starting molecules for the synthesis of NIPUs can be petroleum based (e.g., diols with low molecular weight or polyols) or biobased (e.g., vegetable oils, limonene, sugars, or lignin). This chapter covers the synthesis and properties of five-membered cyclic carbonate intermediates, along with the polyurethanes obtained using them. In the case of cyclic carbonate intermediates, special attention is paid to cycloaddition of carbon dioxide to di- or polyfunctional glycidyl ethers.
Isogeometric Shell FE Analysis of the Human Abdominal Wall
- Bartosz Borzeszkowski
- Thang X. Duong
- Roger A. Sauer
- Izabela Lubowiecka
2021
In this paper a nonlinear isogeometric Kirchhoff-Love shell model of the human abdominal wall is proposed. Its geometry is based on in vivo measurements obtained from a polygon mesh that is transformed into a NURBS surface, and then used directly for the finite element analysis. The passive response of the abdominal wall model under uniform pressure is considered. A hyperelastic membrane model based on the Gasser-Ogden-Holzapfel tissue model is used together with the Koiter bending model to describe the material behavior. Due to the mixed material formulation, different sets of constitutive parameters are examined, such that the influence of each term is analyzed. The membrane contribution of the material model shows a major impact on the displacement magnitude and reflects more reliably the nonlinear character of the deformation.
Isolation Number versus Domination Number of Trees
- Magdalena Lemańska
- Maria Jose Souto-Salorio
- Adriana Dapena
- Francisco Vazquez-Araujo
2021 Pełny tekst Mathematics
If G=(VG,EG) is a graph of order n, we call S⊆VG an isolating set if the graph induced by VG−NG[S] contains no edges. The minimum cardinality of an isolating set of G is called the isolation number of G, and it is denoted by ι(G). It is known that ι(G)≤n3 and the bound is sharp. A subset S⊆VG is called dominating in G if NG[S]=VG. The minimum cardinality of a dominating set of G is the domination number, and it is denoted by γ(G). In this paper, we analyze a family of trees T where ι(T)=γ(T), and we prove that ι(T)=n3 implies ι(T)=γ(T). Moreover, we give different equivalent characterizations of such graphs and we propose simple algorithms to build these trees from the connections of stars.
Iso-Partricin, an Aromatic Analogue of Amphotericin B: How Shining Light on Old Drugs Might Help Create New Ones
- Paweł Szczeblewski
- Justyna Górska
- Witold Andrałojć
- Patryk Janke
- Karolina Wąsik
- Tomasz Laskowski
2021 Pełny tekst Antibiotics-Basel
Partricin is a heptaene macrolide antibiotic complex that exhibits exceptional antifungal activity, yet poor selective toxicity, in the pathogen/host system. It consists of two compounds, namely partricin A and B, and both of these molecules incorporate two cis-type bonds within their heptaenic chromophores: 28Z and 30Z. In this contribution, we have proven that partricins are susceptible to a chromophore-straightening photoisomerization process. The occurring 28Z→28E and 30Z→30E switches are irreversible in given conditions, and they are the only structural changes observed during the experiment. The obtained all-trans partricin’s derivatives, namely iso-partricins A and B, exhibit very promising features, potentially resulting in the improvement of their selective toxicity.
Isothermal Calorimetry and Compressive Strength Tests of Mortar Specimens for Determination of Apparent Activation Energy
- Aleksandra Kuryłowicz-Cudowska
- Elżbieta Haustein
2021 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
The hydration process of cementitious materials involves a thermally activated reaction that depends on the composition of the mixture and the curing temperature. The main parameter affecting the temperature variation of cast-in-place concrete is the apparent activation energy, which can be used for the efficient prediction of the temperature evolution and maturity index of hardening concrete. This paper discusses two methods to determine the activation energy of mortar specimens, whose mixture proportions are based on standards. The first approach is based on isothermal calorimetry measurements, and the second involves compression tests of mortar samples stored under four different temperature conditions. Mortar mixtures with ordinary portland cement and two rates of cement substitution with siliceous fly ash (10% and 20%) are investigated. The values of the activation energy obtained using the two approaches are compared. Finally, the effectiveness of different tests in determining the activation energy, and thus, maturity index is highlighted.
Isothermal Vulcanization and Non-Isothermal Degradation Kinetics of XNBR/Epoxy/XNBR-g-Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) Nanocomposites
- Seyed Paran
- Ghasem Naderi
- Elnaz Movahedifar
- Maryam Jouyandeh
- Krzysztof Formela
- Xavier Colom
- Javier Cañavate
- Mohammad Saeb
2021 Pełny tekst Materials
The effect of several concentrations of carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) functionalized halloysite nanotubes (XHNTs) on the vulcanization and degradation kinetics of XNBR/epoxy compounds were evaluated using experimental and theoretical methods. The isothermal vulcanization kinetics were studied at various temperatures by rheometry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results obtained indicated that the nth order model could not accurately predict the curing performance. However, the autocatalytic approach can be used to estimate the vulcanization reaction mechanism of XNBR/epoxy/XHNTs nanocomposites. The kinetic parameters related to the degradation of XNBR/epoxy/XHNTs nanocomposites were also assessed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA measurements suggested that the grafted nanotubes strongly enhanced the thermal stability of the nanocomposite.
Iterative Global Sensitivity Analysis Algorithm with Neural Network Surrogate Modeling
- Yen-Chen Liu
- Jethro Nagawkar
- Leifur Leifsson
- Sławomir Kozieł
- Anna Pietrenko-Dąbrowska
2021
Global sensitivity analysis (GSA) is a method to quantify the effect of the input parameters on outputs of physics-based systems. Performing GSA can be challenging due to the combined effect of the high computational cost of each individual physics-based model, a large number of input parameters, and the need to perform repetitive model evaluations. To reduce this cost, neural networks (NNs) are used to replace the expensive physics-based model in this work. This introduces the additional challenge of finding the minimum number of training data samples required to train the NNs accurately. In this work, a new method is introduced to accurately quantify the GSA values by iterating over both the number of samples required to train the NNs, terminated using an outer-loop sensitivity convergence criteria, and the number of model responses required to calculate the GSA, terminated with an inner-loop sensitivity convergence criteria. The iterative surrogate-based GSA guarantees converged values for the Sobol’ indices and, at the same time, alleviates the specification of arbitrary accuracy metrics for the surrogate model. The proposed method is demonstrated in two cases, namely, an eight-variable borehole function and a three-variable nondestructive testing (NDT) case. For the borehole function, both the first- and total-order Sobol’ indices required 200 and 10 5 105 data points to terminate on the outer- and inner-loop sensitivity convergence criteria, respectively. For the NDT case, these values were 100 for both first- and total-order indices for the outer-loop sensitivity convergence, and 10 6 106 and 10 3 103 for the inner-loop sensitivity convergence, respectively, for the first- and total-order indices, on the inner-loop sensitivity convergence. The differences of the proposed method with GSA on the true functions are less than 3% in the analytical case and less than 10% in the physics-based case (where the large error comes from small Sobol’ indices).
Jak wykraść złoto smokowi? - uczenie ze wzmocnieniem w świecie Wumpusa
- Karol Draszawka
2021
Niniejszy rozdział zawiera łagodne wprowadzenie do problematyki uczenia ze wzmocnieniem, w którym podstawy teoretyczne wyjaśniane są na przykładzie przewodnim, jakim jest zagadnienie nauczenia agenta poruszania się w świecie potwora o imieniu Wumpus (ang. Wumpus world), klasycznym środowisku do testowania logicznego rozumowania agentów (problem nietrywialny dla algorytmów uczenia ze wzmocnieniem). Przedstawiona jest główna idea uczenia ze wzmocnieniem. Wprowadzono formalizację wieloetapowych procesów decyzyjnych w oparciu o model Procesu Decyzyjnego Markowa, zaznaczono dylemat eksploracja - eksploatacja, przestawiono klasyczny algorytm Q-learning, a także jego wariant głęboki, tj. algorytm DQN, jako przedstawiciela dziedziny głębokiego uczenia ze wzmocnieniem. Zaznaczono problemy częściowej obserwacji stanu oraz rzadko występującej nagrody, jak i sposoby poradzenia sobie z nimi, w tym: kumulacja wiedzy o stanie na podstawie częściowych obserwacji, kształtowanie funkcji nagrody, tzw. curriculum learning oraz innowacyjną podwójną strategię eps-zachłanną.
Jaka przestrzeń dla rozwoju lokalności?
- Gabriela Rembarz
2021
Podwórko-osiedle-dzielnica: wokół tej osi koncentruje się dziś dyskusja publiczna nad lokalnością i rozwojem miejskiej wspólnotowości. Te trzy elementy są zarazem najważniejszymi skalami budowania przestrzeni zamieszkania, od której zależy, czy mieszkamy "razem", czy jedynie obok siebie. Czy wysoka jakość miejskiej przestrzeni powinna być przez nas traktowana bardziej jako luksus, czy przeciwnie - jako dobro pierwszej potrzeby? Dlaczego budowa lokalnej wspólnotowości wymaga kameralności i mozaikowości? Jak projektować dzielnice, w których dobrze będzie się żyło zarówno ośmio-, jak i osiemdziesięciolatkom?Odpowiedzi na te pytania służą w publikacji do nakreślenia pola problemowego związanego ze znaczeniem formy przestrzennej dla budowania jakości dobrego sąsiedztwa współodpowiedzialnego za budowanie lokalności i odporności wspólnoty miejskiej.
Jakość oprogramowania w zwinnym podejściu do zarządzania projektami informatycznymi
- Kamil Brodnicki
2021 Problemy Jakości
Cel: Celem artykułu jest ocena, czy wykorzystanie podejścia zwinnego Scrum w organizacji podnosi jakość wytwarzanego oprogramowania oraz próba uzyskania odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak nowelizacja Przewodnika po Scrumie (Scrum Guide) z listopada 2020 roku wpłynęła na proces wytwarzania oprogramowania. Projekt badania/metodyka badawcza/koncepcja: Przyjętą metodyką badawczą jest przegląd literatury przedmiotu oraz badania własne autora. Wyniki/wnioski: Wnioskiem z przeprowadzonych badań jest fakt, że zastosowanie podejścia zwinnego Scrum pozytywnie wpływa na jakość wytwarzanego oprogramowania. Postępowanie zgodnie z wytycznymi zawartymi w Przewodniku oraz podnoszenie kompetencji w zespołach wytwórczych powoduje, że wzrasta świadomość dotycząca wytwarzanych produktów, co ma bezpośredni wpływ na jakość. Ograniczenia: Do ograniczeń w prowadzonych badaniach zaliczyć można stosunkowo niewielką liczbę przeprowadzonych wywiadów. Liczba ta wynika z trudności w uzyskaniu obecnie rzetelnych danych, ale zdaniem autora badania takie są znacznie bardziej wiarygodne i niosą większą wartość poznawczą aniżeli badania ilościowe. Zastosowanie praktyczne: Uzyskane wyniki niewątpliwie przyczynią się do poprawy obszarów w organizacji i ciągłego ich doskonalenia, a organizacjom zamierzającym dokonać transformacji z podejścia klasycznego do zwinnego – uniknąć powielania potencjalnych błędów. Oryginalność/wartość poznawcza: Dotychczas w literaturze przedmiotu brak jest badań skupiających się na porównaniu bieżącej wersji Przewodnika po Scrumie z jego poprzednią wersją i wpływu tychże różnic na funkcjonowanie organizacji.
Jakość w pomorskim - Biznes i uczelnia w dążeniu do jakości/ Nowy Model EFQM
- Anna Wendt
2021 Pełny tekst Biuletyn Informacyjny PR FSNT NOT w Gdańsku
W dniu 8.10.2021 na Wydziale Zarządzania i Ekonomii Politechniki Gdańskiej odbyła się konferencja pt. „Biznes i uczelnia w dążeniu do jakości”. Organizatorami wydarzenia była Katedra Inżynierii Zarządzania i Jakości Wydziału Zarządzania i Ekonomii Politechniki Gdańskiej (PG), firma Flex oraz Fundacja Edukacyjne Centrum Doskonalenia (ECD). Celem spotkania była wymiana poglądów i doświadczeń oraz określenie kierunków współpracy biznesu i uczelni w ramach działań projakościowych. Podczas konferencji poruszono temat modelu EFQM (Prof. Dr hab. Arkadiusz Wierzbic) oraz Pomorskiej Nagrody Jakości (Paulina Orłowska - NOT w Gdańsku). Model EFQM jest rozpoznawalnym na całym świecie narzędziem wspierającym organizacje w ich zarządzaniu i doskonaleniu wyników. Model buduje podstawy do osiągania długoterminowego sukcesu oraz zrównoważonego rozwoju organizacji. Model EFQM co jakiś czas jest doskonalony, tak by zapewnić jego adekwatność do potrzeb organizacji.
Jedno- i wielordzeniowe heteroleptyczne silanotiolany Co(II) i Ni(II) - badania strukturalne, spektroskopowe i magnetyczne
- Daria Kowalkowska-Zedler
2021 Pełny tekst
Doniesienia literaturowe wskazują na możliwość zastosowania związków kompleksowych Co(II) i Ni(II) jako jednocząsteczkowe magnesy molekularne (SMM). Wysiłki naukowców skupiają się na poznaniu zależności pomiędzy strukturą molekularną związków, a ich właściwościami magnetycznymi. Znane są przykłady związków typu SMM opartych na jonach Co(II) i Ni(II), w których metal koordynowany jest przez miękkie S-donorowe ligandy tiolanowe, jednak obszar ten nie został jeszcze wystarczająco poznany. W ramach tej pracy otrzymano szereg heteroleptycznych związków kompleksowych Co(II) i Ni(II), w których rolę miękkiego liganda S-donorowego pełni tri-tert-butoksysilanotiol, natomiast zastosowane ligandy N-donorowe to związki będące aminami cyklicznymi, pochodnymi imidazolu lub pirydyny. Otrzymano kryształy jednordzeniowych związków 1-3. 6, 8, 9-13, dwurdzeniowych kompleksów 4 i 7 oraz polimerów koordynacyjnych 14 i 15, dla których wykonano pomiary XRD. Wszystkie związki zostały scharakteryzowano za pomocą spektroskopii FT-IR, a dla związków 1-8 oraz 15 dodatkowo wykonano stało- i zmiennoprądowe pomiary magnetyczne oraz spektroskopii EPR w paśmie X. Związki 1-8 wykazują zachowanie typowe dla paramagnetycznych jonów Co(II) w stanie wysokospinowym, ze znacznym wpływem efektu ZFS w niskich temperaturach. W związku 15 ujawniono obecność słabych oddziaływań Ni···Ni typu AFM.