2023 - Repozytorium publikacji - Politechnika Gdańska

Pokaż publikacje z roku

Publikacje z roku 2023

Pokaż wszystkie

SDGs implementation, their synergies, and trade-offs in EU countries – Sensitivity analysis-based approach
- Marta Kuc-Czarnecka
- Iwona Markowicz
- Agnieszka Somplska-Rzechuła
2023 Pełny tekst ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS
Sustainable development is one of the most urgent challenges facing humanity. Its basic principle is to improve people’s well-being and maintain it over time. In 2015, the United Nations approved 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) to ensure a better and sustainable future for all, balancing economic, social and environmental development. SDGs create an ‘indivisible whole’; thus, examining their interactions is crucial. Our goals were twofold: (i) to assess the implementation degree of SDGs in EU countries and (ii) to examine the interactions between goals. The potential to achieve a given SDG is approximated by a composite indicator, calculated based on an innovative method of implementing tools derived from sensitivity analysis (SA). Respecting the degree of variability of individual variables and their correlation, we set the weights to equalise their importance. Moreover, the application of SA allows us to remove strongly correlated variables that are not transferring supplementary information. We use countries’ linear ordering and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient to assess interactions between SDGs. Our research shows that Scandinavian countries predominately occupy the leading positions, respectively, eight times on the podium for Sweden and four by Denmark (of which three as a leader). The Netherlands also stands out, occupying the superior position in the performance of SDGs 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 12 and 17. The top in achieving one of the most priority area – no poverty (SDG1) belongs to Czechia. Our study confirmed the results obtained by many researchers regarding the more potent synergy between SDGs compared to the trade-offs. The only trade-offs observed in our study relate to SDG15, which negatively correlated with SDG3 and 17. Furthermore, SDG7 was the only one not associated with others.
Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices
- Zhijun Li
- Tomasz Kolerski
- Li Zhou
- Xiao-Hong Shi
- Zhengyong Zhang
- Fang Li
2023 Pełny tekst Water
This Special Issue aims to highlight research articles focusing on the geographical scale of glacier and lake ice variations, as well as the engineering scale of ice properties and their practical applications via laboratory tests and numerical modeling. Additionally, it includes research on ecosystems under lake ice. The main goal is successfully achieved through the joint efforts of authors, anonymous reviewers, and editorial managers. In total, 1 review article and 15 research articles are included in this Special Issue. These articles cover a wide range of topics, including water resources from Chinese mountain glacier variation; lake ice phenology at different latitudes and altitudes around the world; ice properties from laboratory experiments and numerical modeling; ice engineering with different purposes in China and the Arctic; and ecosystem under lake ice at different temporal and spatial scales. This Special Issue received contributions from researchers from different parts of China and from Chinese international cooperation partners because of its focus on “higher temperature ice” under global warming. All papers presented are innovative and of high quality. This Special Issue can promote research on ice properties and their applications in practices ranging from mountains to sea, especially in popular water ecosystem environments under ice during seasonal ice period.
Sea spray as a secondary source of chlorinated persistent organic pollutants? - Conclusions from a comparison of seven fresh snowfall events in 2019 and 2021
- Filip Pawlak
- Krystyna Koziol
- Marcin Frankowski
- Łukasz Nowicki
- Christelle Marlin
- Anna Maria Sulej-Suchomska
- Żaneta Polkowska
2023 Pełny tekst SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Secondary sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) gain in importance worldwide as primary sources decline. In this work, we aim to determine whether sea spray may be a secondary source of chlorinated POPs to the terrestrial Arctic, since a similar mechanism was proposed there only for the more water-soluble POPs. To this end, we have determined polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides concentrations in fresh snow and seawater collected in the vicinity of the Polish Polar Station in Hornsund in two sampling periods covering spring 2019 and 2021. To support our interpretations, we include also metal and metalloid, and stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes analysis in those samples. A significant correlation was found between the concentrations of POPs and the distance from the sea at the sampling point, yet the confirmation of sea spray impact lies more in capturing an event with negligible long-range transport influence where the detected chlorinated POPs (Cl-POPs) matched in composition the compounds enriched in the sea surface microlayer, which is both a source of sea spray and a seawater microenvironment rich in hydrophobic substances.
Searching for the primary metabolic alterations of polycystic ovary syndrome by application of the untargeted metabolomics approach
- Anna Rajska
- Magdalena Buszewska-Forajta
- Szymon Macioszek
- Renata Wawrzyniak
- Paweł Wityk
- Andrzej Berger
- Agnieszka Kowalewska
- Dominik Rachon
- Michal Markuszewski
2023 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS
Despite a large number of studies, the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) still remains unexplained. In light of ambiguous observations reported in metabolomics, there is a need to carry out studies focusing on confirming the discriminating power of the proposed metabolomics biomarkers. Our research aimed to perform a validation study of metabolites detected in our previous study from serum samples, on the new set of samples obtained from PCOS women and healthy controls to confirm previously selected compounds. Additionally, the second biological matrix – urine – was used to get a more comprehensive insight into metabolic alterations. We applied two analytical techniques – gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to analyze both serum and urine samples obtained from 35 PCOS patients and 35 healthy women. Thank to our approach, we identified and described a comprehensive set of metabolites altered in PCOS patients. Results of our study indicate increased steroid hormone synthesis, alteration in sphingo- and phospholipids metabolism, and disturbed fatty acids metabolism. Moreover, the citric acid cycle, γ-glutamyl cycle, vitamin B metabolism, and a few primary amino acids like tryptophan, phenylalanine, histidine, and alanine are altered.
Security of Cryptocurrencies: A View on the State-of-the-Art Research and Current Developments
- Paweł Weichbroth
- Kacper Wereszko
- Helena Anacka
- Jolanta Kowal
2023 Pełny tekst SENSORS
[Context] The goal of security is to protect digital assets, devices, and services from being disrupted, exploited or stolen by unauthorized users. It is also about having reliable information available at the right time. [Motivation] Since the inception in 2009 of the first cryptocurrency, few studies have been undertaken to analyze and review the state-of-the-art research and current developments with respect to the security of cryptocurrencies. [Purpose] We aim to provide both theoretical and empirical insights into the security landscape, in particular focusing on both technical solutions and human-related facets. [Methodology] We used an integrative review which could help in building science and scholarly research, the basis for conceptual and empirical models. [Results] Successful defense against cyberattacks depends on technical measures on the one hand, as well as on self-education and training with the aim to develop competence, knowledge, skills and social abilities, on the other. [Contribution] Our findings provide a comprehensive review for the major achievements and developments of the recent progress on the security of cryptocurrencies. [Future research] Since there is increasing interest in adoption of the current solutions within the central bank digital currencies, the future research should explore the development and inception of effective measures against social engineering attacks, which still remain the main concern.
Seismic performance evaluation of steel buckling-restrained braced frames including SMA materials
- Farzin Kazemi
- Robert Jankowski
2023 JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIONAL STEEL RESEARCH
The permanent deformation of the building after seismic excitations can be determined by the Maximum Residual Interstory Drift Ratio (MR-IDR), which may be used for measuring the damage states. Low-post yield stiffness of the steel buckling-restrained braced frame (BRBF) makes this system vulnerable to large MR-IDR after a severe earthquake event. To overcome this issue, this paper investigates the seismic limit state performances of low- to mid-rise BRBFs with two- to eight-story levels (i.e. 2-Story, 4-Story, 6-Story, and 8-Story) adopting different lateral force-resisting systems using Viscous Dampers (VDs) and Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs). For this purpose, BRBFs improved with different implementation of SMAs and VDs, and Incremental Dynamic Analyses (IDAs) were performed based on Maximum Interstory Drift Ratio (M-IDR) and MR-IDR demands. Results showed that VDs and SMAs can decrease the values of maximum moment and rotation of hinges of structural members. Implementing both SMAs and VDs can significantly improve the seismic performance level and collapse failure probability of BRBFs more effectively than using one of the VDs or SMAs; then, it can be recommended to control the MR-IDR of BRBFs. To use the results, graphical user interface has been developed to estimate the improvements in the M-IDR and MR-IDR demands.
Seismic Response Analysis of Knee-Braced Steel Frames Using Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs)
- Benyamin Mohebi
- Farzin Kazemi
- Atefeh Yousefi
2023
Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are known as active materials that can be widely ‎used for structural purposes due to their flag-shape behavior under loading and ‎reloading. Their unique characteristics provided a potential solution for civil engi-‎neers especially to model buildings with the capability of dissipating seismic en-‎ergy. In this study, the main purpose is to explore the seismic behavior of Knee-‎Braced Frames (KBFs) and use SMA materials in the knee member as the repa-‎rable member that plays a crucial role in dissipating energy. For this aim, the four, ‎eight, and twelve stories (‎i.e. 4-Story, 8-Story and 12-Story) structures with lat-‎eral resisting systems of Concentrically Braced Frame (CBF), Knee Braced ‎Frame (KBF), and a KBF ‎with SMA member (KBF-SMA) have been modelled ‎using Opensees. To validate the modelling procedure of SMA members, ‎ABAQUS software was used. Then, Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) was ‎performed for seismic response assessment of structures assuming Sa(T1) as in-‎tensity measure and maximum interstory drift ratio (IDR) and residual roof drift ‎ratio (RIDR) as Engineering Demand Parameters (EDPs). The results showed ‎that the KBF-SMA system decreased the RIDR by 32.34% at given Sa(T1) from ‎‎0 to 2(g), and 41.79% at given Sa(T1) from 2 to 4(g), respectively, compared to ‎the values of CBF system. In addition, compared to the values of the KBF sys-‎tem, the RIDR decreased by 22 % at given Sa(T1) from 2 to 4(g), and 87.18% at ‎given Sa(T1) from 4 to 6(g), respectively.‎
Selected Aspects of 3D Printing for Emergency Replacement of Structural Elements
- Krzysztof Jasiński
- Lech Murawski
- Marcin Kluczyk
- Adam Muc
- Adam Szeleziński
- Tomasz Muchowski
- Marek Chodnicki
2023 Pełny tekst Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal
The paper presents a synthetic characterization of modern methods of manufacturing or regenerating machine elements. Considered methods are machining and additive methods, in particular 3D printing in the FDM/FFF technique. For the study, the authors made samples of the holder bracket using selected methods. Samples made by machining operations, 3D printing with various filling were tested. The paper contains a technical and economic analysis of the production of a holder bracket using the discussed methods. The dynamics of steel and FDM/FFF printed samples were also assessed by determining their resonance curves. The vibration magnification fac-tors were analyzed – the quotient of the vibration amplitudes in the resonance to the static deformations that occurred under the influence of the constant force and the location of the vibration resonances – the natural frequencies for individual vibration modes. The study’s main objective is to assess the possibility of emergency changing the manufacturing technology of selected machine components. The authors were interested in partially replacing costly and not environmentally friendly milling with 3D printing. Machine elements can be manufactured by printing in classical machine building and emergency conditions to replace a damaged component temporarily (e.g., on a ship, for the time of arrival at a port or shipyard). The main assumption guiding the authors during the preparation of this publication was the analysis of the possibility of using the production of “ad hoc” prepared spare parts and their use in the event of a lack of access to parts made of the intended materials.
Selecting an Applicable Cybersecurity Assessment Framework: Qualitative Metrics-Based Multiple-Factor Analysis
- Rafał Leszczyna
2023 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Recently, a survey of cybersecurity assessment methods focused on general characteristics was conducted. Among its major findings, it revealed the methods’ adoption issues. This paper presents a follow-up to the study. It provides an in-depth analysis of the methods’ adoption-related properties based on qualitative metrics. As a result, the proposals which demonstrate a higher adoption potential were identified. The methods are good candidates for first-order improvements that would lead to obtaining solutions that would ultimately meet a broader application. The evaluations were performed by a single analyst, based on descriptions and individual observations. The major contribution of the study is related to providing a new view on method characteristics in reference to a systematic set of qualitative metrics and showing a path to selecting the method most suitable to a given context in terms of applicability and usability.
Selecting cost-effective risk control option for advanced maritime operations; Integration of STPA-BN-Influence diagram
- Sunil Basnet
- Ahmad BahooToroody
- Jakub Montewka
- Meriam Chaal
- Osiris Valdez Banda
2023 Pełny tekst OCEAN ENGINEERING
Advanced maritime operations, such as remote pilotage, are vulnerable to new emergent risks due to increased system complexity and a multitude of interactions. Thus, maritime researchers this decade have combined Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) and Bayesian Network (BN) to effectively manage these risks. Although these methods are effective in identifying hazards and analyzing risk levels, none of the STPA-BN studies provides a systematic process for selecting a cost-effective combination of risk control measures. Cost-benefit analysis is crucial for organizations to make informed risk-based decisions in allocating available resources for risk mitigation and achieve a balance between risk reduction (benefits) and costs associated with risk control measures. This study offers an innovative method of integrating the STPA-BN-Influence diagram for risk-based decision-making through a cost-benefit analysis. The model automatically evaluates the costs and benefits of all possible risk control options and proposes the optimum cost-effective solution. In the current study, the methodology is illustrated with a case study of remote pilotage operation, where 524,288 different risk control options (combinations of 19 risk control measures) are assessed to select an optimal risk control option. The case study results indicate that the proposed methodology is more significant when the number of risk control measures increases.
Selection of Electrode Material for Inconel 617/P92 Steel SMAW Dissimilar Welds
- Amit Kumar
- Shailesh M. Pandey
- Abir Bhattacharyya
- Dariusz Fydrych
- Sachin Sirohi
- Chandan Pandey
2023 JOURNAL OF PRESSURE VESSEL TECHNOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME
The present work aimed to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of the dissimilar shielded metal arc welded (SMAW) joint of Alloy 617 and P92 steel for advanced ultrasupercritical boilers. The SMAW joint was produced using three different types of electrodes, namely, ENiCrFe-3, ENiCrMo-3, and ENiCrCoMo-1. During microstructural observation of the welded joints, no possible cracking was detected in the weldments. The dissimilar metal welds (DMWs) obtained using the ENiCrCoMo-1 electrode showed the maximum tensile strength, while the minimum was obtained for the ENiCrFe-3 electrode. Among all the electrodes, the ENiCrFe-3 electrode exhibited the maximum impact toughness, while the minimum was obtained for ENiCrCoMo-1 electrodes. Based on microstructure and mechanical characterization, the ENiCrFe-3 electrode was selected as the best one among all to produce the DMW of Alloy 617 and P92 steel.
Selective jamming of OFDM transmission in NB-IoT radio interface
- Jarosław Magiera
2023
The paper presents the concept of smart jamming, which involves selective interference aimed at critical components of the OFDM signal. Research verifying the feasibility of this type of electronic attack are described. A realized testbed for jamming real NB-IoT signals in a downlink is presented. The test results demonstrate the feasibility of realizing selective jamming and its greater effectiveness compared to barrage interference.
Selektywne zakłócanie transmisji OFDM w interfejsie radiowym NB-IoT
- Jarosław Magiera
2023 Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne
W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienie tzw. inteligentnego zagłuszania, polegającego na selektywnym zakłócaniu krytycznych składowych sygnału OFDM. Opisane zostały badania weryfikujące możliwość przeprowadzenia tego rodzaju ataku elektronicznego. Przedstawiono zrealizowane stanowisko badawcze, umożliwiające zakłócanie rzeczywistych sygnałów NB-IoT w łączu w dół. Wyniki badań wykazują możliwość realizacji selektywnego zagłuszania i jego większą skuteczność w stosunku do zakłócania zaporowego.
Self-Adaptive Mesh Generator for Global Complex Roots and Poles Finding Algorithm
- Sebastian Dziedziewicz
- Małgorzata Warecka
- Rafał Lech
- Piotr Kowalczyk
2023 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES
In any global method of searching for roots and poles, increasing the number of samples increases the chances of finding them precisely in a given area. However, the global complex roots and poles finding algorithm (GRPF) (as one of the few) has direct control over the accuracy of the results. In addition, this algorithm has a simple condition for finding all roots and poles in a given area: it only requires a sufficiently dense initial grid. However, in practice, this requirement may turn out to be very difficult to implement. For a complex and sophisticated function, the use of a regular high-density mesh may be ineffective or even impossible due to limited computational resources. In this article, a method for creating a self-adaptive initial mesh for this algorithm is presented. The proposed solution uses gradient calculation to identify areas that require mesh refinement, including areas where a zero and a pole are in close proximity. The adaptive mesh allows for faster and more accurate analysis of functions with a much smaller number of samples. As shown in the numerical examples, this approach reduces the number of function calls by several orders of magnitude, and thus significantly reduces the computational time.
Self-assembly of secondary aryl amides in cocrystals with perfluoroaryl coformers: structural analysis and synthon preferences
- Jan Alfuth
- Katarzyna Kazimierczuk
- Tadeusz Połoński
- Teresa Olszewska
2023 CRYSTENGCOMM
Cooperation of aryl⋯perfluoroaryl stacking interactions and hydrogen bonds was utilized in the construction of six novel cocrystals of aromatic cis-amides with pentafluorobenzoic acid (pfba) and pentafluorophenol (pfp). They were obtained by crystallization from solution and structurally characterized. In four instances, the components form heterotetrameric motifs, in which amide:amide homodimer interacts symmetrically on two sides via hydrogen bonds with coformer molecules (pfba or pfp). In general, in these cocrystals the main synthon is maintained regardless of which coformer is used. For phenanthridin-6(5H)-one (in which the amide group is more sterically hindered compared to other studied lactams) different patterns were observed. Its cocrystallization with pfba led to the formation of heterodimeric units, whereas combination with pfp gave quite unique crystal structure where pfp molecules were incorporated between the lactam homodimers. Also, the accessibility of oxygen atoms of the lactam dimers to form hydrogen bonds was evaluated using molecular electrostatic potential (MEP).
Sensing the onset of epoxy coating degradation with combined Raman spectroscopy/atomic force microscopy/electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
- Michał Szociński
- Kazimierz Darowicki
2023 Pełny tekst PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
The paper presents the results of investigation on epoxy resin durability upon 12-week exposure to UV radiation. The aim was early determination of the onset of epoxy degradation and for this purpose an epoxy film on steel substrate systems were periodically inspected using Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The behaviour of examined polymer could be divided into three periods: immunity, degradation initiation and failure. Early degradation initiation could be sensed only with Raman spectroscopy and AFM topography imaging where decrease in intensity of particular Raman peaks and discrete changes in topography constituted the fingerprints of UV-induced changes. At this stage electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and local dc current mapping with AFM did not provide any signs of forthcoming degradation since the epoxy film still exhibited sufficient barrier properties. Obtained results can be helpful in proper selection of investigation techniques in the situations where precise evaluation of polymer degradation onset is of key importance.
Sequential treatment of landfill leachate by electrocoagulation/aeration, PMS/ZVI/UV and electro-Fenton: Performance, biodegradability and toxicity studies
- Mohammad Reza Khavari Kashani
- Qilin Wang
- Masoumeh Khatebasreh
- Xuan Li
- Amir Mohammad Sheikh Asadi
- Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Farshid Ghanbari
2023 JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
This study presents a systematic study on sequential treatment of highly resistant landfill leachate by electrocoagulation (EC)/aeration, sulfate radical advanced oxidation process (SR-AOP) and electro-Fenton (EF). In case of SR-AOP, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) catalyzed by zero valent iron (ZVI) and ultraviolet irradiation (UV) system was developed. Treatment process was optimized in respect to COD removal. Analysis of results revealed that sequential application of EC/aeration, PMS/ZVI/UV, and EF processes provide an extraordinary performance and meet the environmental regulations. The source of iron for EF process was provided from previous process reducing the cost of sequential process. Separately, EC/aeration (inlet COD = 4040 mg/L), PMS/ZVI/UV (inlet COD = 1560 mg/L), and EF (inlet COD = 471 mg/L) removed 61, 69 and 82% of COD respectively. Overall, sequential processes of EC/aeration, PMS/ZVI/UV and EF could remove the COD, TOC and ammonia of the landfill leachate around 98%, 93% and 94%, respectively. The comparison of different sequences of following processes indicated that current configuration (EC/aeration-PMS/ZVI/UV-EF) could meet the discharge standards. Furthermore, humification degree was significantly improved after oxidative processes. Biodegradability study was also performed by means of BOD/COD, average oxidation state (AOS), and Zahn-Wellens test, and the best results associated with these indices were obtained 0.56, 2.37, and over 98%, respectively. Phytotoxicity of leachate was remarkably reduced and the final effluent can be considered as a non-phytotoxic wastewater.
Settlement of a historic building due to seepage-induced soil deformation
- Paweł Popielski
- Bartosz Bednarz
- Tomasz Majewski
- Maciej Niedostatkiewicz
2023 Pełny tekst Archives of Civil Engineering
The research paper reviews issues associated with the impact of groundwater flow on soil characteristics and parameters, hence, the entire structure of a building set on it. Water seepage through the ground, building subsoil or structural elements of buildings made of soil affects the soil skeleton and may lead to changes in the arrangement of individual grains relative to each other, i.e., a modified soil structure. Soil solid phase (soil skeleton) deformations resulting from seepage forces are called seepage-induced deformations. The article characterizes typical seepage-induced deformations and specifies a criterion defining the beginning of the phenomenon. The case study involved using data on cracks and deformations in a historic building, as well as water seepage in its subsoil. Seepage was analysed, and zones where the seepage process initiation criterion was exceeded, were determined based on subsoil water level monitoring data. The determined zones coincide with the location of building cracks and scratches and confirm the possible cause behind building damage.
Shaking table experimental study on models of steel buildings with different types of joints
- Tomasz Jaroszewski
- Mahmoud Miari
- Tomasz Falborski
- Robert Jankowski
2023 MEASUREMENT
The aim of this paper is to study the response of models of steel buildings with destroyed and non-destroyed joints. The study was conducted experimentally using the shaking table tests. Two steel models were considered. Several types of joints were taken into account: totally destroyed joints, partially destroyed joints, welded joints and joints stiffened with additional metal. Six ground motions were taken into account. The acceleration time histories were measured at the top of these two models of steel buildings. The results of the study show that the steel models with partially destroyed joints experienced higher levels of accelerations at their top, as compared to the steel models with totally destroyed joints. It was also concluded that the steel models experienced higher peak accelerations at their top in the case of welded joints and stiffened joints, as compared to the case with totally destroyed joints and partially destroyed joints.
Shape Memory Alloy-Based Fluidically Reconfigurable Metasurfaced Beam Steering Antenna
- Syed Shah
- Sayed Shah
- Eirikur Bernhardsson
- Sławomir Kozieł
2023 Pełny tekst IEEE Access
A low-cost actuator-based fluidically programmable metasurface (FPMS) antenna is proposed to solve the slow tuning speed problem of the manually fluidic based reconfigurable antennas. The FPMS-based antenna is probe-fed and comprises a 4 × 4 square ring metasurface as a superstrate. Moreover, two shape memory alloy (SMA)-based electrically-controlled actuators are employed in the design for controlling the position of the 3D-printed fluidic channels beneath the metasurface along the axes of the radiating slots of the patch antenna. This results in beam-steering of over ±20˚ in the elevation plane, with a peak gain of 9.1 dBi. It is worth mentioning that compared to conventional electronic tuning technologies where the switches are employed on the top of the radiating aperture of the antenna, which usually deteriorate the antenna performance, the SMA spring actuators do not deteriorate the performance as these are not interacting with the radiating aperture. The proposed antenna was designed and simulated using CST MWS, and the prototype was fabricated and measured. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement, which corroborates the adequacy of the proposed concept. By incorporating the SMA-based fluidic actuators, the proposed antenna is simple and highly efficient as compared to metasurface-based beam-steering antennas reported in the literature thus far.