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Brownian Motion in Optical Tweezers, a Comparison between MD Simulations and Experimental Data in the Ballistic Regime
- Krzysztof Zembrzycki
- Sylwia Pawłowska
- Filippo Pierini
- Tomasz Aleksander Kowalewski
2023 Pełny tekst Polymers
The four most popular water models in molecular dynamics were studied in large-scale simulations of Brownian motion of colloidal particles in optical tweezers and then compared with experimental measurements in the same time scale. We present the most direct comparison of colloidal polystyrene particle diffusion in molecular dynamics simulations and experimental data on the same time scales in the ballistic regime. The four most popular water models, all of which take into account electrostatic interactions, are tested and compared based on yielded results and resources required. Three different conditions were simulated: a freely moving particle and one in a potential force field with two different strengths based on 1 pN/nm and 10 pN/nm. In all cases, the diameter of the colloidal particle was 50 nm. The acquired data were compared with experimental measurements performed using optical tweezers with position capture rates as high as 125 MHz. The experiments were performed in pure water on polystyrene particles with a 1 μm diameter in special microchannel cells.
Buckling and shape control of prestressable trusses using optimum number of actuators
- Ahmed Manguri
- Najmadeen Saeed
- Marcin Szczepański
- Robert Jankowski
2023 Pełny tekst Scientific Reports
This paper describes a method to control the nodal displacement of prestressable truss structures within the desired domains. At the same time, the stress in all members is unleashed to take any value between the allowable tensile stress and critical buckling stress. The shape and stresses are controlled by actuating the most active members. The technique considers the members’ initial crookedness, residual stresses, and slenderness ratio (S). Furthermore, the method is premeditated so that the members with an S between 200 and 300 can carry only tension before and after adjustment (i.e., the maximum compressive stress for the members with an S between 200 and 300 is zero). In addition, the derived equations are coupled with an optimization function that relies on five optimization algorithms (interior-point, trust-region-reflective, Sequential quadratic programming (SQP), SQP-legacy, and active-set). The algorithms identify and then exclude inactive actuators in the subsequent iterations. The technique is applied to several examples, and its results are compared with a quoted method in the literature.
Buckling resistance of a metal column in a corrugated sheet silo - experiments and non-linear stability calculations
- Karol Rejowski
- Aleksander Iwicki
- Andrzej Tejchman-Konarzewski
- Michał Wójcik
2023 Pełny tekst THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
The results of experimental and numerical tests of a single corrugated sheet silo column’s buckling resistance are presented in this study. The experiments were performed in a real silo with and without bulk solid (wheat). A very positive impact of the bulk solid on the column buckling resistance occurred. The experimental results were first compared to the buckling resistance calculated by Eurocode 3 formulae. The comparison revealed that code formulae were overly conservative for the empty and pre-filled silo. The experiments were next simulated using the finite element method (FEM) with initial geometric imperfections, based on geodetic measurements or linear bifurcation analyses. The bulk solid’s behaviour was described by two different linear elastic approaches. For real geometric imperfections, the FE computations and experimental findings were in good agreement (particularly for an empty silo). For the pre-filled silo with the code elasticity of the bulk solid and the geodetic amplitude of geometric imperfection of the empty silo, the numerical buckling resistance was too low as compared to the experimental outcomes. In addition, the model tests were performed for a single column with a corrugated sheet at the laboratory scale
Budownictwo elektroenergetycznej infrastruktury przesyłowej i dystrybucyjnej
- Waldemar Kamrat
2023
Książka zawiera zagadnienia poświęcone liniom elektroenergetycznym wysokich napięć, tematykę zwiazaną z funkcjonowaniem stacji elektroenergetycznych, problematykę projektowania i budowy , elementy rachunku ekonomicznego przedsięwzięć inwestycyjnych
Building Confidence and Trust in Ireland's National Maternity Services Workforce –What matters most and how?
- Adegboyega Ojo
- Nina Rizun
- Grace S. Grace
- Wojciech Przychodzen
- Mona Isazad Mashinchi
- Conor Foley
- Daniela Rohde
2023 HEALTH POLICY
National surveys on care experiences are increasingly adopted as regulatory mechanisms for improving care quality and increasing public trust in healthcare services. Based on data collected as part of Ireland's 2020 National Maternity Experience Survey, this study investigates care-related factors that contribute most to confidence and trust in the professional workforce (or carers) within Irish maternity services. The survey covered the full spectrum of maternity care and received 3,206 responses which were analysed using structural equation modelling. Results show that trust in carers may be enhanced through greater attention to the quality of interpersonal aspects of maternity care in a few core areas. We found that factors related to dignity and respect (β=0.270), involvement in decision-making (β=0.186), pain management (β=0.172), and communication (β=0.151) are core determinants of confidence and trust in the professional workforce of maternity services. Perceived quality of care in these four aspects increased on average, with the women's age. Women under 29 rated their experiences in these areas as significantly lower than the average. Women with a disability also rated their experiences significantly lower than average in three core areas. Our results suggest that trustworthy, equitable, and high-quality maternity care requires ongoing development of interpersonal skills within the maternity services professional workforce particularly in caring for younger women (under 29 years) and those with a disability.
Buried Object Characterization by Data-Driven Surrogates and Regression-Enabled Hyperbolic Signature Extraction
- Reyhan Yurt
- Hamid Torpi
- Ahmet Kizilay
- Sławomir Kozieł
- Anna Pietrenko-Dąbrowska
- Peyman Mahouti
2023 Pełny tekst Scientific Reports
This work addresses artificial-intelligence-based buried object characterization using FDTD-based electromagnetic simulation toolbox of a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) to generate B-scan data. In data collection, FDTD-based simulation tool, gprMax is used. The task is to estimate geophysical parameters of a cylindrical shape object of various radii, buried at different positions in the dry soil medium simultaneously and independently of each other. The proposed methodology capitalizes on a fast and accurate data-driven surrogate model developed for object characterization in terms of its vertical and lateral position, and the size. The surrogate is constructed in a computationally efficient manner as compared to methodologies using 2D B-scan image. This is achieved by operating at the level of hyperbolic signatures extracted from the B-scan data through linear regression, which effectively reduces the dimensionality and the size of data. The proposed methodology relies on reducing of 2D B-scan image to 1D data including variation of reflected electric fields’ amplitudes with respect to the scanning aperture. The input of the surrogate model is the extracted hyperbolic signature obtained through linear regression executed on the background subtracted B-scan profiles. The hyperbolic signatures encode information about the geophysical parameters of the buried object, including depth, lateral position, and radius, all of which can be extracted using proposed methodology. Parametric estimation of the object radius and the estimation of the location parameters simultaneously is a challenging problem. Applying the application of processing steps on B-scan profiles incurs high computational costs, which is a limitation of the current methodologies. The metamodel itself is rendered using a novel deep-learning-based modified multilayer perceptron (M2LP) framework. The presented object characterization technique is favourably benchmarked against the state-of-the-art regression techniques, including Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Regression Machine (SVRM), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The verification results demonstrate the average mean absolute error of 10 mm, and the average relative error of 8 percent, both corroborating the relevance of the proposed M2LP framework. In addition, the presented methodology provides a well-structured relation between the geophysical parameters of object and the extracted hyperbolic signatures.
Buried Object Characterization Using Ground Penetrating Radar Assisted by Data-Driven Surrogate-Models
- Reyhan Yurt
- Hamid Torpi
- Peyman Mahouti
- Ahmet Kizilay
- Sławomir Kozieł
2023 Pełny tekst IEEE Access
This work addresses artificial-intelligence-based buried object characterization using 3-D full-wave electromagnetic simulations of a ground penetrating radar (GPR). The task is to characterize cylindrical shape, perfectly electric conductor (PEC) object buried in various dispersive soil media, and in different positions. The main contributions of this work are (i) development of a fast and accurate data driven surrogate modeling approach for buried objects characterization, (ii) construction of the surrogate model in a computationally efficient manner using small training datasets, (iii) development of a novel deep learning method, time-frequency regression model (TFRM), that employes raw signal (with no pre-processing) to achieve competitive estimation performance. The presented approach is favourably benchmarked against the state-of-the-art regression techniques, including multilayer perceptron (MLP), Gaussian process (GP) regression, support vector regression machine (SVRM), and convolutional neural network (CNN).
Butyrylcholinesterase signal sequence self-aggregates and enhances amyloid fibril formation in vitro
- Jacek Jasiecki
- Monika Targońska
- Anna Janaszak-Jasiecka
- Leszek Kalinowski
- Krzysztof Waleron
- Bartosz Wasąg
2023 CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis has been attributed to extracellular aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neuroﬁbrillary tangles in the human brain. It has been reported that butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) also accumulates in the brain Aβ plaques in AD. We have previously found that the BChE substitution in 5′UTR caused an in-frame N-terminal extension of 41 amino acids of the BChE signal peptide. The resultant variant with a 69 amino acid signal peptide, designated N-BChE, could play a role in AD development. Here, we report that the signal sequence of the BChE, if produced in an extended 69 aa version, can self-aggregate and could form seeds that enhance amyloid ﬁbril formation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner and create larger co-aggregates. Similar phenomena could have been observed in the human brain if such an extended form of the signal sequence had been, in some circumstances, translated.
Cadmium accumulation by Phragmites australis and Iris pseudacorus from stormwater in floating treatment wetlands microcosms: Insights into plant tolerance and utility for phytoremediation
- Muhammad Mohsin
- Nicole Nawrot
- Ewa Wojciechowska
- Suvi Kuittinen
- Katarzyna Szczepańska
- Grażyna Dembska
- Ari Pappinen
2023 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Environmentally sustainable remediation is needed to protect freshwater resources which are deteriorating due to severe industrial, mining, and agricultural activities. Treatment by floating wetlands could be a sustainable solution to remediate water bodies. The study aimed to examine the effects of Cd on Phragmites australis and Iris pseudacorus growth (height, biomass, root length and chlorophyll contents), anatomy, Cd accumulation in their biomass and their ability to remove Cd, N and P. Seedlings of both plants were grown in a greenhouse for 50 days in artificially prepared stormwater amended with Cd, N, and P. The treatments were: control (Cd _0), Cd_1, Cd_2, and Cd_4 mg L−1. N and P contents were 4 mg L−1 and 1.8 mg L−1, respectively. In the case of P. australis, the maximum plant height, root length, and total dry biomass production was increased in medium dose (Cd_2) treatment while the chlorophyll index (CCI) increased in high dose (Cd_4) treatment as compared to all treatments. For I. pseudacorus, the maximum plant height and total dry biomass production, root length and CCI values were improved in low dose (Cd_1) and high dose (Cd_4) treatments, respectively among all treatments. Results showed that P. australis accumulated 10.94–1821.59 μg · (0.05 m2)−1 in roots and 2.45–334.65 μg · (0.05 m2)−1 in shoots under Cd_0, Cd_1 and Cd_4 treatments. I. pseudacorus accumulated the highest Cd in roots up to 5.84–4900 μg · (0.05 m2)−1 and 3.40–609 μg · (0.05 m2)−1 in shoots under Cd_0, Cd_1 and Cd_4 treatments. The translocation factor was observed as <1 and the bioconcentration factor >1 for both species, which indicates their phytostabilization potential. Results demonstrate that P. australis and I. pseudacorus are suitable for use in floating wetlands to remediate contaminated sites.
Can sodium 1-alkylsulfonates participate in the sodium dodecyl sulfate micelle formation?
- Ola Grabowska
- Krzysztof Żamojć
- Michał Olewniczak
- Lech Chmurzynski
- Dariusz Wyrzykowski
2023 JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
The aggregation behavior of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was studied in an aqueous solution in the presence of increasing concentrations of selected sodium 1-alkylsulfonates, namely sodium 1-octanesulfonate, sodium 1-decanesulfonate, and sodium 1-dodecanesufonate. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SDS was determined by conductivity and fluorescence intensity measurements. The steady-state fluorescence quenching experiments with pyrene as a fluorescent probe were performed to obtain micellar aggregation numbers (Nagg) of the surfactant. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization ( for all studied systems; and for sodium 1-dodecanesufonate) have been determined and compared. The influence of alkyl chain length and concentration of the selected sodium 1-alkylsulfonates on the values of CMC, Nagg, , , and of SDS has been discussed. As it was found, all selected for the experiments electrolytes decrease significantly the CMC of the surfactant, while an opposite effect is observed for Nagg values. The obtained experimental results have been supported by theoretical calculations. Interestingly, it has been proven that solely the molecules of sodium 1-dodecanesufonate (of the same carbon chain length) may act as the SDS mimetics – they are not recognized by SDS as the ones with a different structure and consequently are allowed to participate in the formation of the surfactant’s micelles.
Cancer immune escape: the role of antigen presentation machinery
- Anoop Kallingal
- Mateusz Olszewski
- Natalia Maciejewska
- Wioletta Brankiewicz
- Maciej Bagiński
2023 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND CLINICAL ONCOLOGY
The mechanisms of antigen processing and presentation play a crucial role in the recognition and targeting of cancer cells by the immune system. Cancer cells can evade the immune system by downregulating or losing the expression of the proteins recognized by the immune cells as antigens, creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment, and altering their ability to process and present antigens. This review focuses on the mechanisms of cancer immune evasion with a specific emphasis on the role of antigen presentation machinery. The study of the immunopeptidome, or peptidomics, has provided insights into the mechanisms of cancer immune evasion and has potential applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, manipulating the epigenetic landscape of cancer cells plays a critical role in suppressing the immune response against cancer. Targeting these mechanisms through the use of HDACis, DNMTis, and combination therapies has the potential to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action and optimal use of these therapies in the clinical setting.
Capacity of Surface Production of Band Sawing in Manufacture of Oak Floor Upper Layers
- Kazimierz Orłowski
- Daniel Chuchała
- Dawid Stenka
- Tomasz Przybyliński
2023 Pełny tekst BIORESOURCES
Thin lamellae, corresponding to the layer components of structural glued members, i.e., 2-ply or 3-ply glued flooring, can be manufactured in re-sawing operations of kiln-dried wood blocks or in wet technologies, which currently seem to be more common because of the shorter drying time. The re-sawing process in wet technology is conducted on dedicated thin-cutting band sawing machines with stellite-tipped band saws. The goal of this research was to demonstrate the capacity of surface production (m2/ tool life) of visible layers of oak engineered flooring composites in a function of both a new band saw and a re-sharpened band saw blade. Additionally, the state of teeth of each band saw blade was examined at the end of the tool life. A series of cutting tests were performed in sawmill production conditions. The conducted tests revealed that a three times higher capacity of surface production was obtained for the new tool compared to re-sharpened tool. Additional microscopic observations of some re-sharpened teeth showed deformed plastic characteristics.
Carbon nitride exfoliation for photocatalysis and photocatalytic ozonation over emerging contaminants abatement
- Eryk Fernandes
- Paweł Mazierski
- Magdalena Miodyńska
- Tomasz Klimczuk
- Mirosława Pawlyta
- Adriana Zaleska-Medynska
- Rui F. Martins
- João Gomes
2023 Pełny tekst Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
The production of graphitic carbon nitride was studied with the addition of a following exfoliation step using ultrasounds, at different times. The treatment produced catalysts with much higher surface areas, from 2.18 m2 g 1 with no treatment to 28.34 m2 g 1 after 36 h of exfoliation. During exfoliation, melem was also produced, and may further enhance the photoluminescence and photocatalytic properties. The photocatalytic reaction also indicated the improved performance of exfoliated g-C3N4 towards the degradation of a mixture of parabens, enhancing their removal from 20% to up to 65% in 2 h under UVA radiation. The combination of ozone and g- C3N4 photocatalysis was able to completely remove the parabens in under 8 min and with a 20% lower consumption of ozone compared to photolytic ozonation. The main reactive species were identified, and the byproducts formed during parabens degradation were detected. The efficiency of the combined system was also attested by using a mixture of parabens and other common drugs, maintaining its better performance.
CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AMONG POLISH EMPLOYEES OF UNIFORMED SERVICES
- Bartosz G. Trzeciak
- Waldemar Kowalczyk
- Szymon Grymek
- Piotr Gutknecht
- Janusz Siebert
2023 Pełny tekst International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Objectives: Employees of uniformed services (EoUS) were screened for cardiovascular risk factors. Material and Methods: A total of 1138 EoUS (age M±SD 49.9±6.0 years) and 263 controls (age M±SD 54.4±9.7 years) under the care of the cardiology clinic in Gdańsk, Poland,were included in the study. Medical history and blood samples were collected, and a physical examination was performed. Ten-year cardiovascular risk of death was calculated using the systematic coronary risk evaluation (SCORE) risk algorithm for high-risk countries. Results: Significantly higher values of mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, mean total cholesterol level and mean BMI were recorded among the EoUS compared to controls (M±SD 141.7±11.6 mm Hg vs. 135.5±11.0 mm Hg, p < 0.001; 90.1±5.9 mm Hg vs. 84.5±6.8 mm Hg, p < 0.001; 6.01±0.76 mmol vs. 5.44±0.87 mmol, p < 0.001; 29.3±4.7 vs. 29.0±4.1, p < 0.001, respectively). Smoking cigarettes was most frequently reported by the youngest group (20–39 years old) – 47.7% and it was significantly higher in the entire EoUS group compared to control group (35.5% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.001). The occurrence of observed risk factors (blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg, total cholesterol concentration >5 mmol, smoking,) was significantly higher among EoUS compared to controls (92.1% vs. 57.8%, p < 0.001; 89.0% vs. 66.9%, p < 0.001; 35.5% vs. 16.7%, p < 0.001, respectively). In the male group, the mean calculated ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular events, the percentage of high calculated risk, and very high risk were higher in the EoUS group compared to controls (M±SD 4.44±3.49 vs. 4.23±3.86, p = 0.001; 23.7% vs. 20.2%, p = 0.007; 7.4% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.03, respectively). Conclusions: The prevalence of all identified risk factors was found to be higher among employees of uniformed services when compared to the control group. The presence of these risk factors within the population of uniformed service employees results in a greater risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(5)
Case Study of Old Steel Riveted Railway Truss Bridge: From Material Characterization to Structural Analysis
- Andrzej Ambroziak
- Maciej Malinowski
2023 Pełny tekst Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering
The structural analysis of an old steel riveted railway truss bridge located over the Maruska River on the Działdowo – Olsztyn, Poland railway line is performed in this paper to check its behaviour under today’s railway loads. The mechanical properties of construction steel extracted from the old steel bridge are investigated by tensile tests, impact tests through the Charpy pendulum impact V-notch, and an optical emission spectrometer. Structural analysis exhibits that the steel bridge requires proper structural bridge improvements to meet today’s load requirements in terms of bearing capacity and serviceability state. The paper begins with a wide survey of literature carried out on the investigation of steel riveted railway bridge subject matter. This paper can provide scientists, engineers, and designers with an experimental and structural basis in the field of old steel riveted railway truss bridge construction.
Cassirer E. Jednostka i Kosmos w filozofii Odrodzenia. Przekład, wstęp i opracowanie P. Parszutowicz i D. Facca.Warszawa 2023
- Przemysław Parszutowicz
- Danilo Facca
2023
Publikacja stanowi przekład na jezyk polski, opracowanie i interpretację rozprawy Ernsta Cassirera Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophie der Renaissance (1927). Cassirerowska wykładnia filozofii renesansu, zawarta w rozprawie cieszy się sławą jednego z najlepszych syntetycznych opracowań tego okresu.
Cavitation-based technologies for pretreatment and processing of food wastes: Major applications and mechanisms – A review
- Zahra Askarniya
- Xun Sun
- Zhaohui Wang
- Grzegorz Boczkaj
2023 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
Conversion of food wastes to valuable products is an important topic for sustainable development. Feedstock hydrolysis is a stage strongly affecting the anaerobic digestion process, and resistance of food waste towards hydrolysis causes a decrease in product yield. Such as biomethane, biohydrogen, biohythane, VFAs, and lactic acids. Moreover, mass transfer is a serious limitation of transesterification for the production of biodiesel. Cavitation is a promising pretreatment method for the mitigation of these issues. This work presents a critical review on cavitation-assisted processing of food waste. In several studies, cavitation proved its remarkable potential. Cavitation can also be employed in anaerobic digestion reactors and directly irradiate microorganisms, stimulating enzyme activities. Cavitation led to an increase in SCOD by up to 172 %. Consequently, it caused an increase in biogas, biohydrogen, VFAs, and lactic acid converted from food waste by up to 100 %, 145 %, 100 %, and 62 %, respectively. Cavitation resulted in a reduction in reaction time required for the conversion of food waste into biodiesel by up to 98 % due to its potential in increasing mass transfer. In acoustic cavitation, the optimum power density for the conversion of food waste through anaerobic digestion is in ranges of 230–480 W/L and 40–50 W/L at pretreatment stage and main stage, respectively. Low frequencies in a range of 20–50 kHz are suitable for both anaerobic digestion and transesterification. However, studies on the application of high frequency are scarce and obvious “research-gap” in this field exists. In hydrodynamic cavitation, for disintegration, efficient cavitation number and pressure are in ranges of 0.07–0.15 and 2–4 bar, respectively. The maximum particle size reduction usually occurs within the initial 15 min for both types of cavitation.
Cellular Effects of Selected Unsymmetrical Bisacridines on the Multicellular Tumor Spheroids of HCT116 Colon and A549 Lung Cancer Cells in Comparison to Monolayer Cultures
- Jolanta Kulesza
- Ewa Paluszkiewicz
- Ewa Augustin
2023 Pełny tekst INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Multicellular tumor spheroids are a good tool for testing new anticancer drugs, including those that may target cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are responsible for cancer progression, metastasis, and recurrence. Therefore, we applied this model in our studies of highly active antitumor unsymmetrical bisacridines (UAs). We investigated the cellular response induced by UAs in 2D and 3D cultures of HCT116 colon and A549 lung cancer cells, with an additional focus on their impact on the CSC-like population. We showed that UAs affected the viability of the studied cells, as well as their spherogenic potential in the 2D and 3D cultures. Furthermore, we proved that the most promising UAs (C-2045 and C-2053) induced apoptosis in the HCT116 and A549 spheres to a similar, or even higher, extent than what was found in monolayer conditions. Next, we identified the population of the CSC-like cells in the 2D and 3D cultures of the studied cell lines by determining the levels of CD166, CD133, CD44, and EpCAM markers. We showed that the selected UAs affected the CSC-like population in both of the cell lines, and that A549 was affected more profoundly in 3D than in 2D cultures. Thus, the UAs exhibited high antitumor properties in both the 2D and 3D conditions, which makes them promising candidates for future therapeutic applications.
Chalcogen bonding interactions in a series of aromatic selenocyanates
- Jan Alfuth
- Olivier Jeannin
- Marc Fourmigué
2023 Pełny tekst CRYSTENGCOMM
Selenium atoms in aromatic selenocyanates are characterized by the occurrence of two σ-holes, a stronger one in the prolongation of the NC–Se bond and a weaker one in the prolongation of the Ar–Se bond. The crystal structures of several bis(selenocyanato) derivatives, prepared by a method originally developed for ortho bis-substituted derivatives, illustrate very well this difference, with a short NC–Se⋯NC ChB interaction organizing the molecules into 1D motifs with reduction ratio (RR) values in the range of 0.87–0.91 (RR is defined as the interatomic distance over the van der Waals contact), complemented with Ar–Se⋯NC ChB interactions between antiparallel chains involving the second σ-hole, with larger RR values in the range of 0.92–0.94. Comparison with benzylic selenocyanates shows that this secondary lateral interaction involving the weaker σ-hole is notably enhanced in these novel aromatic compounds. The structure of co-crystals of the para derivative (1,4-diselenocyanatobenzene) with (E)-1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpen) is characterized by an extremely short NC–Se⋯Nbpen distance at 2.693(2) Å, i.e. a RR value of 0.78, complemented with interaction of the second σ-hole with the π system of the double bond of bpen.
Challenges and recent advances in bio-based isocyanate production.
- Joanna Niesiobędzka
- Janusz Datta
2023 Pełny tekst GREEN CHEMISTRY
Polyurethanes (PUs) are key players in the plastics industry. According to the Global Polyurethane Market (2019–2023), their value in the global market reached $95.13 billion in 2019 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 12%. This is in line with the increase in the number of research papers and patents on the synthesis and application of petroleum-based PUs (P-PUs) and biomass or green PUs (G-PUs) (from 67 657 to 79 468, and from 198 810 to 226 164 for papers and patents, respectively, just over the past decade). Environmental concerns about fossil-based isocyanates are the reason why investigations on their green counterparts have got receiving more attention. According to statistics, almost 8% of research papers published on PUs between 2015 and the present used green-based resources. However, no comprehensive report or review dealt with such an important field in the chemistry of polyurethanes. This review highlights and reviews the production of isocyanate compounds directly from biomass. Moreover, various methods applied in the synthesis of bio-derived isocyanates are discussed. Technically, we discuss the main difficulties in the synthesis of biomass-based PUs. To address sustainability concerns, we overview the whole range of isocyanate compounds economically viable for biomass-based synthesis. We believe that the elimination of phosgene is a key to the production of green PUs. However, there is still a long way to go to develop green PUs with properties and performance comparable to fossil-based ones.