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Highly-Miniaturized Microfluidically-Based Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Diplexer Employing Half-Mode SIRW
- Rusan Kumar Barik
- Sławomir Kozieł
2024 AEU-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS
This article introduces a super-miniaturized frequency reconfigurable antenna diplexer based on microfluidic techniques. The proposed structure is developed using a half-mode substrate-integrated rectangular waveguide (HMSIRW). The antenna architecture consists of two HMSIRW cavities loaded with L-shaped slots, which are excited by two microstrip feedlines to realize two distinct radiating frequency bands. The footprint of the antenna diplexer is miniaturized by using the half-mode cavities. Further size reduction is achieved by the capacitive loading of the slots. The design evaluation, radiation mechanism, parametric analysis, and equivalent circuit model are discussed in detail. The empty fluidic vias are drilled on the bottom plane of the cavities and poured with various dielectric liquids to obtain independent frequency reconfigurability at two operating bands. For validation, a frequency reconfigurable antenna diplexer is designed, manufactured, and demonstrated experimentally. The measured results show that the return loss, isolation, and realized gains are greater than –20 dB, 28 dB, and 3.3 dBi, respectively, while ensuring small footprint of only 0.071λg2. The fabricated diplexer exhibits a frequency reconfiguration range greater than 17% at both frequency bands.
High-performance activation of ozone by sonocavitation for BTEX degradation in water
- Kirill Fedorov
- Lingshuai Kong
- Chongqing Wang
- Grzegorz Boczkaj
2024 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
This work presents a novel advanced oxidation process (AOP) for degradation of emerging organic pollutants – benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEXs) in water. A comparative study was performed for sonocavitation assisted ozonation under 40–120 kHz and 80–200 kHz dual frequency ultrasounds (DFUS). Based on the obtained results, the combination of 40–120 kHz i.e., low-frequency US (LFDUS) with O3 exhibited excellent oxidation capacity degrading 99.37–99.69% of BTEXs in 40 min, while 86.09–91.76% of BTEX degradation was achieved after 60 min in 80–200 kHz i.e., high-frequency US (HFDUS) combined with O3. The synergistic indexes determined using degradation rate constants were found as 7.86 and 2.9 for LFDUS/O3 and HFDUS/O3 processes, respectively. The higher extend of BTEX degradation in both processes was observed at pH 6.5 and 10. Among the reactive oxygen species (ROSs), hydroxyl radicals (HO•) were found predominant according to scavenging tests, singlet oxygen also importantly contributed in degradation, while O2•- radicals had a minor contribution. Sulfate (SO42−) ions demonstrated higher inhibitory effect compared to chloride (Cl−) and carbonate (CO32−) ions in both processes. Degradation pathways of BTEX was proposed based on the intermediates identified using GC-MS technique.
High-Performance Machine-Learning-Based Calibration of Low-Cost Nitrogen Dioxide Sensor Using Environmental Parameter Differentials and Global Data Scaling
- Sławomir Kozieł
- Anna Pietrenko-Dąbrowska
- Marek Wójcikowski
- Bogdan Pankiewicz
2024 Pełny tekst Scientific Reports
Accurate tracking of harmful gas concentrations is essential to swiftly and effectively execute measures that mitigate the risks linked to air pollution, specifically in reducing its impact on living conditions, the environment, and the economy. One such prevalent pollutant in urban settings is nitrogen dioxide (NO2), generated from the combustion of fossil fuels in car engines, commercial manufacturing, and food processing. Its elevated levels have adverse effects on the human respiratory system, exacerbating asthma and potentially causing various lung diseases. However, precise monitoring of NO2 requires intricate and costly equipment, prompting the need for more affordable yet dependable alternatives. This paper introduces a new method for reliably calibrating cost-effective NO2 sensors by integrating machine learning with neural network surrogates, global data scaling, and an expanded set of correction model inputs. These inputs encompass differentials of environmental parameters (such as temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure), as well as readings from both primary and supplementary low-cost NO2 detectors. The methodology was showcased using a purpose-built platform housing NO2 and environmental sensors, electronic control units, drivers, and a wireless communication module for data transmission. Comparative experiments utilized NO2 data acquired during a five-month measurement campaign in Gdansk, Poland, from three independent high-precision reference stations, and low-cost sensor data gathered by the portable measurement platforms at the same locations. The numerical experiments have been carried out using several calibration scenarios using various sets of calibration input, as well as enabling/disabling the use of differentials, global data scaling, and NO2 readings from the primary sensor. The results validate the remarkable correction quality, exhibiting a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.9 concerning reference data, with a root mean squared error (RMSE) below 3.2 µg/m3. This level of performance positions the calibrated sensor as a dependable and cost-effective alternative to expensive stationary equipment for NO2 monitoring.
High-speed multi-stage gas-steam turbine with flow bleeding in a novel thermodynamic cycle for decarbonizing power generation
- Paweł Ziółkowski
- Łukasz Witanowski
- Piotr Klonowicz
- Dariusz Mikielewicz
2024 Pełny tekst RENEWABLE ENERGY
In the global pursuit of sustainable energy and reduced carbon footprints, advances in power generation techniques play a crucial role, not only in meeting the ever-increasing energy demands but also in ensuring that environmental standards are maintained and that the health of our planet is prioritized for future generations. In the ongoing quest for sustainable energy solutions, novel high-speed multi-stage gas-steam turbine models were designed to address the challenge of decarbonized power production. The thermodynamic parameters were adopted on the basis of the negative carbon dioxide gas power plant cycle relying on the following main devices, namely: wet combustion chamber, spray-ejector condenser, sewage sludge gasifier and gas-steam turbine. The peculiarities of the present system make the turbine the link of three important devices and its parameters affect the entire thermodynamic cycle. Therefore, it is reasonable to carry out dedicated novel in literature CFD calculations that also take into account the bleeding of the medium for the gasification process. Two distinct turbine models were introduced: a two-stage turbine achieving speeds of 95 000 rpm with an efficiency of more than 80 %, and a five-stage turbine reaching 40 000 rpm with an efficiency of less than 70 %. A design assumption of a bleed pressure of 100 kPa and a mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/s was adopted for both models. Computational simulations were utilized, and the turbine stages were selected with the aim of reducing energy losses. Through this work, a significant step towards a carbon-negative future using high-speed turbine technologies was demonstrated, laying the groundwork for further advancements in the field.
High-temperature transport properties of entropy-stabilized pyrochlores
- Tadeusz Miruszewski
- Florianne Vayer
- Daniel Jaworski
- David Berardan
- Claudia Decorse
- Beata Bochentyn
- Denis Sheptyakov
- Maria Gazda
- Nita Dragoe
2024 JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
In this report, the high-temperature transport properties of (Dy1−xCax)(Zr0.2Hf0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2Ge0.2)O7 pyrochlore oxides with x = 0, 0.05, and 0.1 are studied in dry and humid air. The phase composition and crystal structure were determined by using x-ray and neutron diffraction. The addition of calcium to the structure caused an increase in the concentration of oxygen vacancies, indicating an ionic charge compensation mechanism. Electrical studies allowed us to determine the total electrical conductivity as a function of the synthesis atmosphere and pH2O. The electrical conductivity turned out to be at the level of ∼10−3 S/cm at 800 °C, and only a slight effect of the presence of protonic defects in the structure on the total electrical conductivity was observed. In general, the samples had a low electrical conductivity with a relatively high activation energy of conduction.
HMSE: A tool for coupling MODFLOW and HYDRUS-1D computer programs
- Mateusz Pawlowicz
- Bartosz Balis
- Adam Szymkiewicz
- Jirka Simunek
- Anna Gumuła-Kawęcka
- Beata Jaworska-Szulc
2024 Pełny tekst SoftwareX
A new software HMSE has been developed to facilitate external coupling between two well-known programs for subsurface flow modeling: MODFLOW-2005 (saturated zone flow) and HYDRUS-1D (unsaturated zone flow). Two coupling schemes have been implemented. In the first case the groundwater recharge flux is calculated by HYDRUS-1D assuming a fixed water table position and then passed to MODFLOW input files. In the second case the water table position in HYDRUS-1D is updated periodically using the solution from MODFLOW. HMSE can be deployed in 3 modes: local, Docker and Kubernetes cluster. A web-based interface is provided to configure and run the simulation in all three cases. The software is applied to simulate groundwater table fluctuations observed in a shallow aquifer during three years.
Holistic collision avoidance decision support system for watchkeeping deck officers
- Rafał Szłapczyński
- Joanna Szłapczyńska
- Mateusz Gil
- Marcin Życzkowski
- Jakub Montewka
2024 Pełny tekst RELIABILITY ENGINEERING & SYSTEM SAFETY
The paper presents a 3-stage synthesis-based Decision Support System for watchkeeping deck officers. Its functional scope covers conflict detection, maneuver selection, and maneuver execution, all phases supplemented by collision alerts. First, a customized elliptic ship domain is used for checking if both OS and TS will have enough free space. A survey-based navigators’ declarative OS arena is then used to determine the time at which OOW would like to take evasive action. Next, a safety level is assigned to the current situation based on the predicted violations of the ship domain and the declarative arena. The safety levels are also attributed to potential evasive maneuvers (single actions combining course alteration and rudder deflection). For a selected maneuver, Collision Avoidance Dynamic Critical Area (CADCA) is displayed, which informs OOW about the time window when the maneuver remains feasible. All of the above contribute to a holistic system of multi-level safety assessment utilizing: empirical ship domain, survey-based declarative arena, and ship dynamics-based CADCA. These, in turn, take into account navigators’ knowledge and preferences, ship maneuverability, and the impact of environmental conditions. The system is presented in three real-life scenarios located in the southern part of the Baltic Sea around the Danish straits.
How digital platforms support public values through government-citizen collaboration?
- Grażyna Musiatowicz-Podbiał
2024 Pełny tekst
Digital platforms are becoming a popular means of multi-sided interactions between public institutions and their constituents. By enabling information sharing, consultation, and other forms of government-citizen collaboration, they facilitate co-decision-making and co-creation. Although digital platforms are not, the mechanism through which they can create public value, although important for government institutions and citizens alike, has not been systematically studied yet. This research aims at establishing a link between digital platform-based government-citizen engagement and how such engagement can generate public value. To this end, it employs the mixed method approach consisting of the systematic literature review and the analysis of 15 case studies of representative digital government platforms. The research delivers two main observations. First, digital government platforms produce three common public values: openness, government-citizen dialogue, and productivity gains. Second, unleashing the digital platforms’ public value creation potential requires infrastructural foundations, inducements for governments to engage, and mutual benefits for citizens, businesses and the government itself.
How digital technology affects working conditions in globally fragmented production chains: Evidence from Europe
- Aleksandra Parteka
- Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz
- Dagmara Nikulin
2024 Pełny tekst TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE
This paper uses a sample of over 9 million workers from 22 European countries to study the intertwined relationship between digital technology, cross-border production links and working conditions. We compare the social consequences of technological change exhibited by three types of innovation: computerisation (software), automation (robots) and artificial intelligence (AI). To fully quantify work-related wellbeing, we propose a new methodology that amends the information on remuneration by reference to such non-monetary factors as the work environment (physical and social), career development prospects, or work intensity. First, we show that employee wellbeing is related to the type of technological exposure. Employees in occupations with a high degree of software or robot exposure face worse working conditions – contrary to highly AI exposed occupations. Thus, we find that AI technologies differ from previous waves of technological progress - also in relation to workers' wellbeing. Additionally, we show that the relationship between digital technology and working conditions weakly depends on participation in global production chains.
How does the Relationship Between the Mistakes Acceptance Component of Learning Culture and Tacit Knowledge-Sharing Drive Organizational Agility? Risk as a Moderator
- Wioleta Kucharska
- Tomasz Balcerowski
- Maciej Kucharski
- Jari Jussila
2024 Pełny tekst
Changes in the business context create the need to adjust organizational knowledge to new contexts to enable the organizational agile responses to secure competitiveness. Tacit knowledge is strongly contextual. This study is based on the assumption that business context determines tacit knowledge creation and acquisition, and thanks to this, the tacit knowledge-sharing processes support agility. Therefore, this study aims to expose that there is a strong link between the tacit knowledge flow across the organization and its ability to respond agilely (timely, accurately, and creatively) to contextual changes. Based on the sample composed of 640 Polish knowledge workers and data analyzed with the structural equation modeling method (SEM), this study delivers empirical evidence that tacit knowledge flow is vital for organizational agility. The obtained results confirmed that tacit knowledge sharing mediates between the mistakes acceptance component of learning culture and agility. It means agility, understood asthe ability to respond agilely to contextual changes, requires being charged by new, contextual, tacit knowledge obtained thanks to trial-error actions (learning by doing) achievable thanks to breaking conventions and experimentation. Moreover, risk management skills have been proven to be one of the critical characteristics of agile organizations today.
How Integration of a Brain-Machine Interface and Obstacle Detection System Can Improve Wheelchair Control via Movement Image
- Tomasz Kocejko
- Nikodem Matuszkiewicz
- Jakub Kwiatkowski
- Piotr Durawa
- Aleksander Madajczak
2024 Pełny tekst SENSORS
This study presents a human-computer interaction combined with a brain-machine interface (BMI) and obstacle detection system for remote control of a wheeled robot through movement imagery, providing a potential solution for individuals facing challenges with conventional vehicle operation. The primary focus of this work is the classification of surface EEG signals related to mental activity when envisioning movement and deep relaxation states. Additionally, this work presents a system for obstacle detection based on image processing. The implemented system constitutes a complementary part of the interface. The main contributions of this work include the proposal of a modified 10–20-electrode setup suitable for motor imagery classification, the design of two convolutional neural network (CNNs) models employed to classify signals acquired from sixteen EEG channels, and the implementation of an obstacle detection system based on computer vision integrated with a brain-machine interface. The models developed in this study achieved an accuracy of 83% in classifying EEG signals. The resulting classification outcomes were subsequently utilized to control the movement of a mobile robot. Experimental trials conducted on a designated test track demonstrated real-time control of the robot. The findings indicate the feasibility of integration of the obstacle detection system for collision avoidance with the classification of motor imagery for the purpose of brain-machine interface control of vehicles. The elaborated solution could help paralyzed patients to safely control a wheelchair through EEG and effectively prevent unintended vehicle movements
How Sport Innovations Can Shape Sustainable Cities: An Interdisciplinary Approach
- Narek Parsamyan
- Aleksander Orłowski
2024 Pełny tekst Problemy Ekorozwoju
Leveraging the potential of sport can play a significant role in shaping cities of tomorrow, generate environmental and social change. The integration of sport into city planning can provide multiple benefits, such as promoting physical activity, health, well-being, and enhancing social cohesion. However to date, there is a lack of research on the potential of sport innovations to enhance the sustainable development of cities. This study aims to explore the role of sport innovations in sustainable cities through systematic literature review, utilizing interdisciplinary approach that combines sport and urban management disciplines to understand how sport innovations affects the sustainable living. The findings of this study identify sustainable references in sport innovations literature, including best practices for integrating sport into urban planning and development, and thus verifying their contribution to the sustainable development of cities in areas of social inclusion, community participation, collaboration and networking, organizational strategy.
How the Dimensions of Plant Filler Particles Affect the Oxidation-Resistant Characteristics of Polyethylene-Based Composite Materials
- Joanna Aniśko
- Paulina Kosmela
- Joanna Cichocka
- Jacek Andrzejewski
- Mateusz Barczewski
2024 Materials
This study analyzed the possibility of using plant-originated waste materials (black and green tea dust) as functional polyethylene fillers. The dependence between the size of the filler particles and their antioxidant potential is discussed. Six fractions were selected: below 50 µm, 50–100 µm, 100–200 µm, 200–400 µm, 400–630 µm and 630–800 µm. Significant differences between the effect of particle size and the antioxidant properties of black and green tea were found using the extraction method to analyze antioxidant activity (DPPH method) and total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu method), suggesting a higher potential for using green tea as a filler with antioxidant properties, as well as the benefits of finer active filler distribution. Biomass waste fillers were mixed with low-density polyethylene LDPE SEB 853 I’m Green®, Braskem. Those samples were oxidized at 100 °C for 5 and 15 days to investigate the radical scavenging properties of fillers in composites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies show that the addition of both types of filler prevents the thermo-oxidation of polyethylene for 5 days. After 15 days, all samples except the BTW 400–630 and 630–800 µm exhibited oxidation. The mechanical properties of the LDPE and its’ composites were tested, and we noted an increased brittleness of neat LDPE after thermal oxidation. The addition of black tea particles above 100 µm in size prevents this behavior.
How to make membrane distillation greener? A review on environmentally friendly and sustainable aspects
- Emilia Gontarek-Castro
- Roberto Castro Munoz
2024 Pełny tekst GREEN CHEMISTRY
There is an urgent need for the development of new water resources in order to solve the problem of the world’s growing demand for clean water. Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising alternative to conventional seawater desalination. Although MD itself is often defined as sustainable desalination technology, there are many aspects within the membrane manufacture and process operation that make it far from being green. For instance, non-biodegradable polymers, toxic solvents and fluoroalkyl silanes are typical chemicals that unfortunately are used in membrane fabrication protocols. Additionally, the huge amount of wastewater generated from membrane fabrication processes makes solvent-free methods more attractive and desired for extensive investigation. Apart from this, the low energy efficiency of MD process can be effectively overcome by integrating the MD systems with low-grade waste heat. This review critically addresses and discusses the recent advances in methods and strategies to improve the sustainability of MD technology, which is not a common scope of study among the research community. Here, our attention has been devoted to main aspects in MD membrane fabrication, such as polymers, solvents (and its costs), nonsolvents, additives, solvent-free fabrication procedures, fluoro-free post modification, and MD operation (energy consumption). This review intends to introduce inspiration for membrane scientists for the development of the next-generation MD process, by promoting the sustainable transformation of today’s approaches into a greener way. In this latter scenario, we provide some punctual considerations that could be followed by the researchers in the field.
Human carnosinases: A brief history, medicinal relevance, and in silico analyses
- Klaudia Chmielewska
- Serena Vittorio
- Silva Gervasoni
- Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- Iwona Inkielewicz-Stępniak
- Giulio Vistoli
2024 Pełny tekst DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY
Carnosine, an endogenous dipeptide, has been found to have a plethora of medicinal properties, such as antioxidant, antiageing, and chelating effects, but with one downside: a short half-life. Carnosinases and two hydrolytic enzymes, which remain enigmatic, are responsible for these features. Hence, here we emphasize why research is valuable for better understanding crucial concepts like ageing, neurodegradation, and cancerogenesis, given that inhibition of carnosinases might significantly prolong carnosine bioavailability and allow its further use in medicine. Herein, we explore the literature regarding carnosinases and present a short in silico analysis aimed at elucidating the possible recognition pattern between CN1 and its ligands.
Hyaluronic acid/tannic acid films for wound healing application
- Marcin Wekwejt
- Marcin Małek
- Anna Ronowska
- Anna Michno
- Anna Pałubicka
- Agnieszka Klimek
- Beata Kaczmarek-Szczepańska
2024 Pełny tekst INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
In this study, thin films based on hyaluronic acid (HA) with tannic acid (TA) were investigated in three different weight ratios (80HA/20TA, 50HA/50TA, 20HA/80TA) for their application as materials for wound healing. Surface free energy, as well as their roughness, mechanical properties, water vapor permeability rate, and antioxidant activity were determined. Moreover, their compatibility with blood and osteoblast cells was investigated. The irritation effect caused by hyaluronic acid/tannic acid films was also considered with the use of are constructed human epidermis model. The irritation effect for hyaluronic acid/tannic acid films by the in vitro method was also studied. The low surface free energy, surface roughness, and antioxidant activity presented by the obtained films were examined. All the tested compositions of hyaluronic acid/tannic acid films were hemocompatible, but only films based on 50HA/50TA were fully cytocompatible. Regarding the potential implantation, all the films except 80HA/20TA showed appropriate mechanical properties. The specimens did not exert the irritation effect during the studies involving reconstructed human epidermis.
Hybrid geothermal-fossil power cycle analysis in a Polish setting with a focus on off-design performance and CO2 emissions reductions
- Kacper Szturgulewski
- Jerzy Głuch
- Marta Drosińska-Komor
- Paweł Ziółkowski
- Andrzej Gardzilewicz
- Katarzyna Brzezińska-gołębiewska
2024 ENERGY
Growing demand for electricity due to economic development contributes to increased greenhouse gas production, especially CO2. However, emissions can be limited by enhancing the efficiency of primary energy conversion, such as integrating geothermal energy into coal-fired power plants. Therefore, this paper proposes replacing conventional feed-water heaters with geothermal preheaters to create a hybridized system. This study was based on a numerical model validated at a selected Polish power unit. The model was subsequently calibrated for off-design conditions to facilitate partial load analysis. The obtained characteristics outperformed those of the non-hybrid unit, generating over 18 MW of electric power output. Such an improvement could potentially boost the unit’s net efficiency by more than 2.6%. This enhancement is significant as power units typically operate under part load for approximately 90% of the time, hence the need to evaluate the performance characteristics of hybridized units in those states. Furthermore, the research outlines the potential decrease in the plant’s CO2 emission factor, with reductions reaching up to 6.5% under off-design conditions. Based on a gap analysis of the existing literature, this paper’s comprehensive partial load evaluation serves as a new addition to research on hybridized systems.
Hybrid Laboratory of Radio Communication With Online Simulators and Remote Access
- Jarosław Sadowski
- Jacek Stefański
2024 IEEE Transactions on Education
Contribution: Two toolsets for the remote teaching of radio communication laboratory classes: 1) online simulators for individual work of students and 2) a remote access system to laboratory workstations for group work. Initial assumptions and method of implementation of both tools are presented. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has forced a change in teaching at all levels of education. The specificity of practical classes, such as laboratories, means that the tools used must often be atypical, prepared for a specific type of activity. Intended Outcomes: Hybrid laboratory with tools for remote learning in the form of online simulators and remote access to laboratory workstations, enabling students to achieve the same educational results in the field of radiocommunication as presential classes. Application Design: Online simulators were prepared as Javascript code run in a Web browser as part of a html page, which provide easy integration with various learning platforms and Web servers. The remote access system uses Javascript code for the user interface and a gateway server based on an Apache Web server and FastCGI interface to communicate with C/C++ programs responsible for controlling measuring equipment. Findings: Online simulators have been positively assessed by students during two years of remote learning, but comparison of the grades from remote and presential classes is inconclusive. The obtained grades were comparable in the first year of remote laboratories, but they were worse in the second year than the grades from classroom learning. The system for remote access to the laboratory stands has not yet been evaluated.
Hybrid use of the building as a method supporting epidemic safety
- Rafał Janowicz
- Wacław Szarejko
- Marta Koperska-Kośmicka
- Agnieszka Gębczyńska-Janowicz
2024 Pełny tekst MEDYCYNA PRACY
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in changing organisational and technical requirements in the operation of treatment facilities. This paper summarises the available knowledge on the principles of hybrid design of the architecture of treatment units to ensure that different levels of sanitary and hygienic safeguards can be implemented. The basis of this narrative overview is an analysis of the existing Polish legislation on required personnel protection measures and the European Commission’s recommendations for the long-term optimisation of building operating costs. In addition, due to the multifaceted and complex nature of the issue, the review was extended to include an example of practice in the technical adaptation of medical buildings for hybrid use in the event of a pan- demic of an aetiological agent of risk category III, as a confirmation of the postulate regarding the need to modify the guidelines for the architectural design of the space of medical units, particularly those involved in the care of the elderly.
Hybridized PWM Strategy for Three- and Multiphase Three-Level NPC Inverters
- Arkadiusz Lewicki
- Dmytro Kondratenko
- Charles Odeh
2024 Pełny tekst IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
A simple hybridized pulsewidth modulation (PWM) algorithm for three- and multiphase three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverters is proposed. The proposed solution is based on classical space vector PWM (SVPWM) algorithms for two-level inverters but can also be based on sinusoidal PWM with min–max injection. An additional level of output voltage is obtained by modifying the resulting switching patterns taking into account the actual dc-link voltages. In the case of SVPWM algorithms, such an approach eliminates the need to find the subsector where the reference voltage vector is located. It is also not necessary to analyze the changes in the position and length of active vectors in the case of dc-link voltage imbalance. DC-link voltage balancing is achieved by modifying the switching pattern, taking into account the values and direction of phase currents and actual dc-link voltages. Also, the algorithm optimizes the switching pattern and eliminates unnecessary switching instances. The proposed approach utilizes both space vector analysis and independent control of individual inverter-legs. The latter is peculiar to carrier-based PWM; hence, the proposed solution is termed hybridized PWM. Presented experimental tests and results validated the proposed control concept and algorithm for three- and multiphase NPC inverters