2020 - Repozytorium publikacji - Politechnika Gdańska

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How ethics combine with big data: a bibliometric analysis
- Marta Kuc-Czarnecka
- Magdalena Olczyk
2020 Pełny tekst Humanities & Social Sciences Communications
The term Big Data is becoming increasingly widespread throughout the world, and its use is no longer limited to the IT industry, quantitative scientific research, and entrepreneurship, but entered as well everyday media and conversations. The prevalence of Big Data is simply a result of its usefulness in searching, downloading, collecting and processing massive datasets. It is therefore not surprising that the number of scientific articles devoted to this issue is increasing. However, the vast majority of research papers deal with purely technical matters. Yet, large datasets coupled with complex analytical algorithms pose the risk of non-transparency, unfairness, e.g., racial or class bias, cherry-picking of data, or even intentional misleading of public opinion, including policymakers, for example by tampering with the electoral process in the context of ‘cyberwars’. Thus, this work implements a bibliometric analysis to investigate the development of ethical concerns in the field of Big Data. The investigation covers articles obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection Database (WoS) published between 1900 and July 2020. A sample size of 892 research papers was evaluated using HistCite and VOSviewer software. The results of this investigation shed light on the evolution of the junction of two concepts: ethics and Big Data. In particular, the study revealed the following array of findings: the topic is relatively poorly represented in the scientific literature with the relatively slow growth of interest. In addition, ethical issues in Big Data are discussed mainly in the field of health and technology.
How thermal stability of ionic liquids leads to more efficient TiO2-based nanophotocatalysts: Theoretical and experimental studies
- Anna Rybińska-fryca
- Alicja Mikoajczyk
- Justyna Łuczak
- Marta Paszkiewicz-Gawron
- Monika Paszkiewicz
- Adriana Zaleska-Medynska
- Tomasz Puzyn
2020 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
Ionic liquids (ILs) containing distinct nitrogen-bearing organic cations (pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, imidazolium, ammonium, morpholinium) were first used for the preparation of 23 IL-TiO2 types of composites by ionic liquid assisted solvothermal synthesis. These 23 optimal ILs structures (i.e. compounds exhibiting an optimal combination of specific properties, functionality, and safety) for synthesis and experimental validation were selected by computational high-throughput screening from a combinatorically created library containing 836 ILs theoretically designed and characterized candidates. Then, selected IL-TiO2 structures with potential photocatalytic activity were synthesized with the use of solvothermal reaction. Then, the decomposition level, the role of the individual IL cation structure on the morphology, thermal stability, surface and photocatalytic properties of the IL-TiO2 microparticles were determined experimentally. The chemoinformatic analysis of the relationship between the structure of the ionic liquid, its thermal stability under the conditions of synthesis and photocatalytic activity was applied for the first time. The results presented here are the first step in the development of methodology (combined experimental and theoretical) that may simplify the procedure of designing safer and more efficient TiO2-based photocatalyst. The developed computational methodology makes it possible to predict properties of newly synthesized IL-TiO2 materials before synthesis and identifies structural features of ILs that influence the efficiency of IL-TiO2 system. The presented approach reduces the number and cost of necessary experiments, as well as increases the success ratio of efficient TiO2-based photocatalyst design by a selection of optimal IL structures (i.e. ionic liquid characterized by a combination of most promising physicochemical features).
Human Feedback and Knowledge Discovery: Towards Cognitive Systems Optimization
- Caterine Silva de Oliveira
- Cesar Sanin
- Edward Szczerbicki
2020 Pełny tekst Procedia Computer Science
Current computer vision systems, especially those using machine learning techniques are data-hungry and frequently only perform well when dealing with patterns they have seen before. As an alternative, cognitive systems have become a focus of attention for applications that involve complex visual scenes, and in which conditions may vary. In theory, cognitive applications uses current machine learning algorithms, such as deep learning, combined with cognitive abilities that can broadly generalize to many tasks. However, in practice, perceiving the environment and adapting to unforeseen changes remains elusive, especially for real time applications that has to deal with high-dimensional data processing with strictly low latency. The challenge is not only to extract meaningful information from this data, but to gain knowledge and also to discover insight to optimize the performance of the system. We envision to tackle these difficulties by bringing together the best of machine learning and human cognitive capabilities in a collaborative way. For that, we propose an approach based on a combination of Human-in-the-Loop and Knowledge Discovery in which feedback is used to discover knowledge by enabling users to interactively explore and identify useful information so the system can be continuously trained to gain previously unknown knowledge and also generate new insights to improve human decisions.
Hybrid Analysis of Structures Composed of Axially Symmetric Objects
- Małgorzata Warecka
- Rafał Lech
- Piotr Kowalczyk
2020 Pełny tekst IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES
— A hybrid method for the scattering problems in shielded and open structures is presented. The procedure is based on the combination of body-of-revolution involving finite-element methods with impedance matrix formulation and the mode-matching technique, which can be utilized for the analysis of structures with axially symmetrical scatterers. In order to confirm the validity and efficiency of the proposed approach, a few examples of electromagnetic field scattering in open and waveguide structures are analyzed. The results cohere with those obtained by commercial software
Hybrid Expert System for Computer-Aided Design of Ship Thruster Subsystems
- Andrzej Kopczyński
2020 Pełny tekst IEEE Access
The article presents an expert system supporting the design of ship's power subsystems, in particular the thruster subsystem. The proposed hybrid expert system uses the results of simulation tests as the additional source of knowledge. The results of system operation are collated in a report which can be used as part of ship design description. The work oriented on developing the expert system is the continuation of the research carried out in cooperation with the shipyard's design office, the main aim of which was to automate selected stages of the ship's design process. The hybrid expert system for computer-aided design of ship thruster subsystems can support designers by creating part of the technical description of the thruster subsystem, evaluation of static and dynamic properties, and by checking if design solutions have met the requirements of classification societies. Additionally, the expert system supports collecting and providing information about the elements and structures of the thruster subsystem. Finally, the system provides a document with the description of the thruster structure and elements used in it. The proposed expert system is dedicated to the initial design stages.
Hybrid Method Analysis of Unshielded Guiding Structures
- Małgorzata Warecka
- Rafał Lech
- Piotr Kowalczyk
2020 Pełny tekst
A combination of mode matching, finite element methods and generalized impedance matrix is presented in a context of propagation problems for open guiding structures. The computational domain is divided into two regions: the first one is a circular cylinder containing whole guiding structure and the second one surrounds this artificial cylinder. The impedance matrix is calculated with the use of finite element method in the first region and fields outside are expressed by analytical functions. As a last step propagation coefficients are obtained with the use of global roots and poles finding algorithm. The results for simple dielectric ridge waveguides are presented and compared with alternative solutions.
Hybrid Modulation for Modular Voltage Source Inverters with Coupled Reactors
- Krzysztof Szwarc
- Paweł Szczepankowski
- Janusz Nieznański
- Cezary Swinarski
- Aleksandr Usoltsev
- Ryszard Strzelecki
2020 Pełny tekst ENERGIES
This paper proposes and discusses a concept of a hybrid modulation for the control of modular voltage source inverters with coupled reactors. The use of coupled reactors as the integrating elements leads to significant reduction in the size and weight of the circuit. The proposed modulation combines novel coarsely quantized pulse amplitude modulation (CQ-PAM) and innovative space-vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM). The former enjoys very low transistor switching frequency and low harmonic elimination, while the latter ensures high resolution of amplitude control. The SVPWM is based on the use of barycentric coordinates. The feasibility of the proposed solution is verified by simulations and laboratory tests of a 12-pulse modular voltage source inverters with two-level and three-level component inverters.
Hybrid Multi-Criteria Method of Analyzing the Location of Distributed Renewable Energy Sources
- Alicja Stoltmann
2020 Pełny tekst ENERGIES
This paper presents the development and the application of a hybrid multi-criteria method, the combination of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and numerical taxonomy (NT),to support the decision making on the location of distributed renewable energy sources meetingvarious types of assessment criteria. Finding criteria weights, using the AHP method, eliminates thedisadvantage of NT—which, in current form, is defined by its extreme values. The NT method is less mathematically complicated than the AHP method, and thus, less time-consuming. The combination of methods was used to investigate: (1) Which location among these analyzed has the best chance of implementation considering the author's set of criteria to describe the proposed locations in detail; and (2) which detailed criterion has the greatest impact on achieving the main goal. The proposed universal set of criteria consists of five main criteria (technical, economic, social, environmental, and legal), under which twenty-eight detailed criteria are listed. The hybrid multicriteria methodology was used to rank the proposed set of four wind farm locations in terms of chances for investment implementation in the shortest possible time. The ranking of the location obtained with this method should be treated as an element supporting the decision-maker. The location for wind power plant with installed capacity 40 MW was found to be the most suitable, and the results showed that the main contributing factors are carbon avoidance rate and the impact of the investment on environmentally protected areas.
Hybrid P3HT: PCBM/GaN nanowire/Si cascade heterojunction for photovoltaic application
- Giorgi Tchutchulashvili
- Krzysztof P. Korona
- Wojciech Mech
- Sergij Chusnutdinow
- Marta Sobanska
- Kamil Klosek
- Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz
- Wojciech Sadowski
2020 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH
Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) are commonly used for the fabrication of organic photovoltaics (OPV). Efficiency limitations of OPVs could be circumvented by incorporation of inorganic nanostructures into organic blends. Again, integration of organic solar cells with well-developed silicon photovoltaic technology is ultimately desirable. In present work, GaN nanowires with diameters of 25-50 nm and two lengths (200 and 500 nm) have been grown using molecular beam epitaxy technique. Solar-grade monocrystalline silicon wafers were used as substrates for nanowire synthesis. GaN nanostructures were incorporated into P3HT:PCBM photoactive layer in order to facilitate charge transfer between P3HT:PCBM and Si. Samples with and without nanowires were compared. Addition of nanowires led to improvement in photovoltaic performance. Open circuit voltage has risen by 72% and short circuit current density – by 200%. Rs have decreased 50 times and PCE rose 20.7 times. Additional maxima could be observed in photocurrent spectrum corresponding to carriers being generated near GaN absorption edge. Moreover, External Quantum Efficiency pikes near GaN absorption edge, indicating the formation of current transfer channel via P3HT/GaN/Si cascade heterojunction. Mechanism explaining source of abovementioned improvement is proposed.
Hybrid Technique for the EM Scattering Analysis with the Use of Ring Domain Decomposition
- Michał Baranowski
- Sebastian Dziedziewicz
- Rafał Lech
- Piotr Kowalczyk
2020
A hybrid technique combining finite-element and mode-matching methods for the analysis of scattering problems in open space is presented here. The main idea is based on impedance matrix descriptions of the boundary surrounding the discrete computational domain and combine it with external field described analytically. The discrete analysis, which is the most time- and memory-consuming, is limited here only to the close proximity of the posts or fragments of post which geometry is complex. All the obtained results have been verified by comparison with simulations performed using alternative methods or commercial software.
Hybrid TiO2–Polyaniline Photocatalysts and their Application in Building Gypsum Plasters
- Agnieszka Sulowska
- Izabela Wysocka
- Daniel Pelczarski
- Jakub Karczewski
- Anna Zielińska-Jurek
2020 Pełny tekst Materials
Hybrid materials of conjugated polymer and titanium(IV) oxide have attracted considerable attention concerning their potential benefits, including (i) ecient exploitation of visible light, (ii) a high adsorption capacity for organic contaminants, (iii) and eective charge carriers separation. The new class of the photocatalysts is promising for the removal of environmental pollutants in both aqueous and gaseous phases. For the first time, in this study, the polyaniline (PANI)–TiO2 hybrid composite was used for the degradation of phenol in water and toluene in the gas phase. Polyaniline–TiO2 was prepared by the in situ polymerization of aniline on the TiO2 surface. The obtained hybrid material was characterized by diuse reflectance spectroscopy (DR/UV-Vis), X-ray diraction (XRD), fast-Fourier transformation spectroscopy (FTIR), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, microscopy analysis (SEM/TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). An insight into the mechanism was shown based on the photodegradation analysis of charge carrier scavengers. Polyaniline is an ecient TiO2 photosensitizer for photodegradation in visible light ( > 420 nm). The trapping experiments revealed that mainly h+ and OH were the reactive oxygen species that were responsible for phenol degradation. Furthermore, the PANI–TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite was used in gypsum plaster to study the self-cleaning properties of the obtained building material. The eect of PANI–TiO2 content on the hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties and crystallographic structure of gypsum was studied. The obtained PANI–TiO2-modified gypsum plaster had improved photocatalytic activity in the reaction of toluene degradation under Vis light
Hybridization of valuation procedures as a medicine supporting the real estate market and sustainable land use development during the covid-19 pandemic and afterwards
- Małgorzata Renigier-Biłozor
- Sabina Źróbek
- Marek Walacik
- Artur Janowski
2020 LAND USE POLICY
Currently we are facing the pandemic situation that occur all over the world. Regardless the country or even the region, the negative consequences that are expected could be very big and the level of crisis is not predictable. This situation is the challenge for the real estate market as well. Due to this fact, the authors believe that there is the time when deep transformation of approaches, procedures and awareness related to valuation domain becomes. Today, due to the fact of the global COVID-19 and pandemic restrictions is the best time to implement the automated models and advanced technological solutions to the valuation world. The authors proposed the hybrid approach that is the way to reconcile the participants on the property market. Hybrid approach is understanding as the synergy in combining aspects of new (automated solutions) and traditional components that are developed in the agile mode system creation. The proposed solutions can be treated as a cure for some symptoms of the real estate market infection but also as a vaccine, which should to a large extent prevent restrictions and nuisance in real estate valuation in case of repeated infection.
Hybrid‐mode single‐slope ADC with improved linearity and reduced conversion time for CMOS image sensors
- Miron Kłosowski
2020 Pełny tekst INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIRCUIT THEORY AND APPLICATIONS
In the paper, a single‐slope analog‐to‐digital converter (ADC) for integrated CMOS image sensor applications with an improved technique of conversion has been proposed. The proposed hybrid‐mode ADC automatically uses one of the following conversion techniques: time based (i.e. PWM) or voltage based (i.e. single‐slope). During the ADC operation, the clock frequency and reference voltage are modified in order to reduce the conversion time and achieve the optimal linearity. Owing to this, the pixel using a photodiode working in the integration mode achieves a linear photoconversion characteristics (irradiance to digital number), and the conversion period, which is determined by the darkest parts of a scene, is reduced by an order of magnitude comparing with known ADC solutions. The proposed conversion technique has been validated with the ASIC prototype of a CMOS imager containing photosensors integrated with the ADCs. The ASIC was fabricated in standard 0.18 μm CMOS technology. A specialized measurement system has been used to optimize linearity in the hybrid‐mode conversion (integral nonlinearity below 2 LSB). The conversion period has been reduced 15 times compared with the standard technique. Measurements confirm functionality of the proposed approach, implemented within a small pixel area.
Hydration of Oxometallate Ions in Aqueous Solution
- Maciej Śmiechowski
- Ingmar Persson
2020 Pełny tekst INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The strength of hydrogen bonding to and structure of hydrated oxometallate ions in aqueous solution have been studied by double difference infrared (DDIR) spectroscopy and large-angle X-ray scattering (LAXS), respectively. Anions are hydrated by accepting hydrogen bonds from the hydrating water molecules. The oxygen atom of the permanganate and perrhenate ions form weaker and longer hydrogen bonds to water than the hydrogen bonds in bulk water (i.e., they act as structure breakers), while the oxygen atoms of the chromate, dichromate, molybdate, tungstate, and hydrogenvanadate ions form hydrogen bonds stronger than those in bulk water (i.e., they act as structure makers). The oxometallate ions form one hydration shell distinguishable from bulk water as determined by DDIR spectroscopy and LAXS. The hydration of oxoanions results in X−O bond distances ca. 0.02 Å longer than those in unsolvated ions in the solid state not involved in strong bonding to counterions. The oxygens of oxoanions with a central atom from the second and third series in the periodic table and the hydrogenvanadate ion hydrogen bind three hydrating water molecules, while oxygens of oxoanions with a heavier central atom only form hydrogen bonds to two water molecules.
Hydrodynamic cavitation based advanced oxidation processes: Studies on specific effects of inorganic acids on the degradation effectiveness of organic pollutants
- Michał Gągol
- Elvana Cako
- Kirill Fedorov
- Reza Soltani
- Andrzej Przyjazny
- Grzegorz Boczkaj
2020 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
The use of cavitation in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to treat acidic effluents and process water has become a promising trend in the area of environmental protection. The pH value of effluents – often acidified using an inorganic acid, is one of the key parameters of optimization process. However, in the majority of cases the effect of kind of inorganic acid on the effectiveness of degradation is not studied. The present study describes the results of investigations on the use of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) for the treatment of a model effluent containing 20 organic compounds, representing various groups of industrial pollutants. The effluent was acidified using three different mineral acids. It was demonstrated that the kind of acid used strongly affects the effectiveness of radical processes of oxidation of organic contaminants as well as formation of harmful secondary pollutants. One of important examples is a risk of formation of p-nitrotolune. Sulfuric acid was the only chemical used for acidification which caused effective treatment with lack of formation of monitored type of secondary pollutants. The best treatment effectiveness – during a 6-hour cavitation process - in most cases much above 80% along with 90% TOC removal was obtained in the case of sulfuric acid. Nitric acid provided lower effectiveness (above 60% for most of the compounds). The worst performance are reported for hydrochloric acid – below 50% of degradation for most of the compounds.
Hydrodynamic Model of the New Waterway through the Vistula Spit
- Michał Szydłowski
- Tomasz Kolerski
2020 Pełny tekst Polish Maritime Research
The decision to build a new waterway (strait) in the Polish part of the Vistula Spit was made in 2017. The new connection between the Gulf of Gdańsk and the Vistula Lagoon is planned as an artificial navigable channel with a lock and a small port. During storm surges and wind tides in the gulf or in the lagoon, sluicing will be re-quired for vessels to tackle the Vistula Spit. This procedure does not require significant water flow through the channel in normal conditions. However, in the case of a lock failure or in the case of controlled opening of the gate to increase water exchange in the lagoon or to reduce flood risk in the Vistula Lagoon, high flow rates may occur in the navigable channel and in the neighboring port basin. In order to investigate the hydraulic conditions in such extraordinary situations, numerical modeling of the hydrodynamics during water damming in the gulf or in the lagoon is performed. To analyse the hydrodynamics of the artificial connection between the sea and the lagoon during periods of high water stages, mathematical modeling is required. This paper presents the shallow water equations (SWE) model adapted to simulate the flow through the port basin and the navigable channel.
Hydrogen Embrittlement and Oxide Layer E ect in the Cathodically Charged Zircaloy-2
- Grzegorz Gajowiec
- Michał Bartmański
- Beata Majkowska-Marzec
- Andrzej Zieliński
- Bartosz Chmiela
- Marek Derezulko
2020 Pełny tekst Materials
The present paper is aimed at determining the less investigated effects of hydrogen uptake on the microstructure and the mechanical behavior of the oxidized Zircaloy-2 alloy. The specimens were oxidized and charged with hydrogen. The different oxidation temperatures and cathodic current densities were applied. The scanning electron microscopy, X-ray electron diffraction spectroscopy, hydrogen absorption assessment, tensile, and nanoindentation tests were performed. At low oxidation temperatures, an appearance of numerous hydrides and cracks, and a slight change of mechanical properties were noticed. At high-temperature oxidation, the oxide layer prevented the hydrogen deterioration of the alloy. For nonoxidized samples, charged at different current density, nanoindentation tests showed that both hardness and Young’s modulus revealed the minims at specific current value and the stepwise decrease in hardness during hydrogen desorption. The obtained results are explained by the barrier effect of the oxide layer against hydrogen uptake, softening due to the interaction of hydrogen and dislocations nucleated by indentation test, and hardening caused by the decomposition of hydrides. The last phenomena may appear together and result in hydrogen embrittlement in forms of simultaneous hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity and delayed hydride cracking.
Hydrogen embrittlement of X2CrNiMoCuN25-6-3 super duplex stainless steel welded joints under cathodic protection
- Aleksandra Świerczyńska
- Dariusz Fydrych
- Michał Landowski
- Grzegorz Rogalski
- Jerzy Łabanowski
2020 CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
The effect of cathodic polarization conditions on hydrogen degradation of X2CrNiMoCuN25-6-3 super duplex stainless steel welded joints, obtained using flux cored arc and submerged arc welding methods, was evaluated. Slow strain rate tensile tests of base material and welded specimens, ferrite content measurements, scanning electron microscopy observations, and statistical analysis were performed. It was found that hydrogenation of super duplex steel welded joints under the conditions of cathodic protection in artificial seawater environment leads to hydrogen embrittlement and that the weld area shows the highest degree of degradation. Welded joints made with higher heat input and under higher current density tend to cause an increase in the degradation of mechanical properties. A series of models to analyze the relationship between conditions and properties of material under extreme environmental conditions were successfully elaborated and evaluated.
Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents in microextraction techniques–A review
- Patrycja Makoś
- Edyta Słupek
- Jacek Gębicki
2020 Pełny tekst MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
Over the past decade, deep eutectic solvents (DES) have been widely studied and applied in sample preparation techniques. Until recently, most of the synthesized DES were hydrophilic, which prevented their use in the extraction of aqueous samples. However, after 2015 studies on the synthesis and application of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) has rapidly expanded. Due to unique properties of HDES i.e. density, viscosity, acidity or basicity, polarity and volatility, good extractabilities for various target analytes, which could be altered by careful selection of the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) components, HDES are promising alternatives to the traditional organic solvents employed in sample preparation. Moreover, the possibility HDES synthesis of non-toxic ingredients, makes HDES meet all the standards of green analytical chemistry. Practical applications of HDES in sample preparation include conventional liquid-liquid extraction, and several types of liquid-phase microextraction, as well as solid phase extraction. The present review covers a comprehensive summarizing of available literature data on the most important physicochemical properties of HDES playing a key role in aqueous sample preparation methods, their limitations as well as challenges in this area, and a perspective of their future are described.
HYGRO-MAGNETIC VIBRATION OF THE SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE WITH NONLINEAR TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION BASED ON A MODIFIED BEAM THEORY AND NONLOCAL STRAIN GRADIENT MODEL
- Jena Subrat Kumar
- S. Chakraverty
- Mohammad Malikan
- Hamid M. Sedighi
2020 Pełny tekst International Journal of Applied Mechanics
In this study, vibration analysis of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) has been carried out by using a refined beam theory, namely one variable shear deformation beam theory. This approach has one variable lesser than a contractual shear deformation theory such as first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and acts like classical beam approach but with considering shear deformations. The SWCNT has been placed in an axial or longitudinal magnetic field which is also exposed to both the hygroscopic as well as thermal environments. The thermal environment is considered as nonlinear thermal stress field based on the Murnaghan’s model whereas the hygroscopic environment is assumed as a linear stress field. The size effect of the SWCNT has been captured by both the nonlocal and gradient parameters by employing the Nonlocal Strain Gradient Theory (NSGT). Governing equation of motion of the proposed model has been developed by utilizing the extended Hamilton’s principle and the non- dimensional frequency parameters have been computed by incorporating the Navier’s approach for Hinged-Hinged (HH) boundary condition. The proposed model is validated with the existing model in special cases, by comparing the non- dimensional frequency parameters, displaying an excellent agreement. Further, a parametric study has been conducted to analyze the impact of nonlocal parameter, gradient parameter, thermal environment, hygroscopic environment, and magnetic field intensity on the non-dimensional frequency parameters. Also, results for some other theories like Classical Elasticity Theory (CET), Nonlocal Elasticity Theory (NET), and Strain Gradient Theory (SGT) have been presented along with the NSGT.