2020 - Repozytorium publikacji - Politechnika Gdańska

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Hyperbolic Asynchronous Method of a Radio Navigation Technique
- Ryszard Katulski
- Jarosław Sadowski
- Jacek Stefański
- Wojciech Siwicki
2020 Pełny tekst Applied Sciences-Basel
Humans have always wanted to determine position in an unknown environment. At the beginning methods were simple. They were based on the observation of characteristic points, in the case of shipping additional observations of the coastline. Then came navigation based on astronomical methods (astronavigation). At the beginning of the XX-century a new way of determining the current location was developed. It has used radiowave signals. First came radio-beacons. Then ground-based systems came. Currently satellite systems are being used. At present, the most popular one is Global Positioning System (GPS). This system is fully controlled by the Department of Defense, and only the U.S. forces and their closest allies have been guaranteed accuracy offered by the system. Armies of other countries can only use the civilian version. This situation has engendered the need for an independent radiolocation system. This article describes the construction and operation of such a technology demonstrator that was developed at Gdansk University of Technology. The main advantage of the system is managing without the chain organization of the reference stations, which work now with each other asynchronously. This article demonstrates the functionality of such system. It also presents results and analysis of its effectiveness.
Hysteresis curves for some periodic and aperiodic perturbations in magnetosonic flow
- Anna Perelomova
2020 Pełny tekst PHYSICS OF PLASMAS
A thermodynamic relation between perturbations of pressure and mass density in the magnetohydrodynamic flow is theoretically studied. Planar magnetohydrodynamic perturbations with the wave vector, which forms a constant angle with the equilibrium magnetic field, are under study. The theory considers thermal conduction of a plasma and the deviation from adiabaticity of a flow due to some kind of heating–cooling function. It also considers nonlinear distortion of a waveform and nonlinear excitation of the entropy mode in the field of intense magnetosonic perturbations. In some conditions, the total density of a plasma enlarges over a cycle of magnetosonic perturbations. These conditions depend on the type of magnetosonic waveform, heating–cooling function, thermal conduction, and equilibrium parameters of a plasma. They depend also on the angle between the wave vector and the magnetic field. The diagrams in the plane of total variation of pressure vs total variation of density indicate the nonlinear phenomena and irreversible processes in a flow. Harmonic perturbation and a bipolar impulse of pressure are considered as magnetosonic exciters of the entropy mode. Exemplary diagrams are plotted and discussed for these particular cases of exciters.
I, Robot: between angel and evil
- Magdalena Popowska
2020
The boosting of most digital innovations within recent technology progress by artificial intelligence (AI) constitutes a growing topic of interest. Besides its technical aspects, increasing research activity may be observed in the domain of security challenges, and therefore of responsibility related to the controlled or hypothetically uncontrolled or autonomous emergence of AI solutions. Consequently, responsibility and ethics in the creation of AI-based systems, and thus also solutions (machine ethics), have been, especially recently, at the center of debates and regulatory activities. The present chapter, after a short introduction to the AI concept, next provides an overview of considerations on ethical aspects of AI’s wide deployment. It explores ethical considerations based on a literature review and provides some recommendations emanating both from regulatory effort at international level, and from the work of experts and scholars.
IATUL Seminar 2019 – ważne wydarzenie wpisujące się w rozwój działań Biblioteki Politechniki Gdańskiej na polu współpracy międzynarodowej.
- Urszula Szybowska
2020 Pełny tekst Pismo PG
Celem IATUL Seminar 2019 (Organizing the Open Science Framework – Strategies and Legal Aspects) było podsumowanie aktualnego stanu otwartości w nauce w Polsce i na świecie. Problematyka podejmowana na konferencji skupiała się na przeglądzie polityki repozytoriów instytucjonalnych i usług związanych z zarządzaniem danymi badawczymi. Poruszano także zagadnienia dotyczące aspektów prawnych związanych ze zbieraniem, przechowywaniem i wykorzystywaniem danych badawczych. IATUL Seminar 2019 zostało zorganizowane przez Bibliotekę Politechniki Gdańskiej we współpracy z IATUL (International Association of University Libraries), międzynarodowym Stowarzyszeniem Bibliotek Uniwersyteckich.
ICT and social development. Conceptual considerations.
- Ewa Lechman
- Franciszek Kutrzeba
- Kai Mustakoski
2020
This chapter is intended to provide basic ideas and concepts related to technology, technological progress and society. It explains how and why technology and society are interrelated, forming a dynamic, complex and interdependent evolutionary system. It introduces the terms Digital (ICT) Revolution and information and communication technologies (ICTs), showing elementary features of new technologies. The chapter explains why ICTs are labelled as general purpose technologies. Finally, it briefly discusses the potential channels through which information and communication technologies may affect society, emphasizing some potential benefits but also threats and challenges that society meets along with fast worldwide adoption of technologies.
Idea urbanistyczna Juliana Rummla i jej wpływ na międzywojenne plany Gdyni = The Urban Idea of Jukiab Rummel and Its Influence on the Interwar Plans of Gdynia
- Maria Sołtysik
2020
Julian Rummel nie był ani architektem ani urbanistą. Był inżynierem budowy okrętów, działaczem gospodarczym, jednym w wielkich orędowników budowy portu i miasta Gdyni oraz współtwórcą polskiej polityki morskiej II Rzeczypospolitej. W połowie 1924 roku, kiedy rozpoczęto w Gdyni przebudowę otwartego zaledwie rok wcześniej Portu Tymczasowego na wielki, uniwersalny port stały, Julian Rummel był pierwszym którzy zwracali uwagę na pilną potrzebę budowy miasta przy powstającym porcie. W artykule napisanym w grudniu 1924 roku zaprezentował swoją wizję urbanistyczną nowego miasta i pomimo że koncepcja ta została zaprezentowana jedynie w formie opisowej, przedstawiała bardzo nowoczesne podejście do problematyki przestrzennej. Artykuł ten został zatytułowany Miasto Gdynia. Przyczynek do opracowania planu miasta. Autor odnosi się w nim do jednej z najważniejszych teorii urbanistycznych początków XX stulecia – do idei miasta-ogrodu, proponując zastosowanie jej do konstruowania planu ogólnego całego zespołu miejskiego Gdyni. Poza tym, Rummel w sposób bardzo sugestywny zarysował w tym artykule przyszły kształt Dzielnicy Reprezentacyjnej miasta, z dużym placem nadmorskim, Bazyliką Morską i ratuszem. Trzeba przy tym zaznaczyć, że naszkicowana przez niego w 1924 roku wizja została opublikowana półtora roku przed sporządzeniem pierwszych planów urbanistycznych Gdyni. W rezultacie też, okazała się ona stanowić inspirację dla wielu architektów-urbanistów projektujących miasto w okresie międzywojennym, a zwłaszcza dla projektantów planów z lat 1926 i 1938. W ich właśnie projektach znaleźć możemy w sposób najpełniejszy realizację wizji urbanistycznej Gdyni, przedstawionej przez Juliana Rummla już w pierwszej połowie lat dwudziestych.
Identification of Parameters Influencing the Accuracy of the Solution of the Nonlinear Muskingum Equation
- Dariusz Gąsiorowski
- Romuald Szymkiewicz
2020 Pełny tekst WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Two nonlinear versions of the Muskingum equation are considered. The difference between both equations relates to the exponent parameter. In the first version, commonly used in hydrology, this parameter is considered as free, while in the second version, it takes a value resulting from the kinematic wave theory. Consequently, the first version of the equation is dimensionally inconsistent, whereas the proposed second one is consistent. It is shown that the difference between the results provided by both versions of the nonlinear Muskingum equation depends on the longitudinal bed slope of a channel. For an increasing slope, when a propagating wave becomes more kinematic, the value of the exponent considered as the free parameter tends to its value resulting from the kinematic wave theory. Consequently, when the character of an open channel flow tends to a kinematic one, the dimensionally inconsistent version of the nonlinear Muskingum equation becomes a consistent one. The results of the numerical analysis suggest that apart from the parameters involved in the Muskingum equation, usually considered as free, the parameters of the numerical method of the solution (the number of reservoirs and the time step) should be considered also as free parameters. This conclusion results from the fundamental property of the Muskingum equation, relating to the numerical roots of the wave attenuation process. All numerical examples and tests relate to the solutions of the system of Saint Venant equations, considered as the benchmark.
Identification of Substrates of Cytoplasmic Peptidyl-Prolyl Cis/Trans Isomerases and Their Collective Essentiality in Escherichia Coli
- Gracjana Klein-Raina
- Paweł Wojtkiewicz
- Daria Biernacka
- Anna Stupak
- Patrycja Gorzelak
- Satish Raina
2020 Pełny tekst INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Protein folding often requires molecular chaperones and folding catalysts, such as peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIs). The Escherichia coli cytoplasm contains six well-known PPIs, although a requirement of their PPIase activity, the identity of their substrates and relative enzymatic contribution is unknown. Thus, strains lacking all periplasmic and one of the cytoplasmic PPIs were constructed. Measurement of their PPIase activity revealed that PpiB is the major source of PPIase activity in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, viable Δ6ppi strains could be constructed only on minimal medium in the temperature range of 30–37 °C, but not on rich medium. To address the molecular basis of essentiality of PPIs, proteins that aggregate in their absence were identified. Next, wild-type and putative active site variants of FkpB, FklB, PpiB and PpiC were purified and in pull-down experiments substrates specific to each of these PPIs identified, revealing an overlap of some substrates. Substrates of PpiC were validated by immunoprecipitations using extracts from wild-type and PpiC-H81A strains carrying a 3xFLAG-tag appended to the C-terminal end of the ppiC gene on the chromosome. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, RpoE, RseA, S2, and AhpC were established as FkpB substrates and PpiC’s PPIase activity was shown to be required for interaction with AhpC.
Identification of the Agile Mindset and Its Comparison to the Competencies of Selected Agile Roles
- Jakub Miler
- Paulina Gaida
2020
In this paper we present the results of the identification and evalua-tion of the elements of an agile mindset as well as its comparison to the compe-tence models for the roles of Scrum Master, Product Owner and agile analyst. We have identified 70 unique agile mindset elements from literature and 5 in-terviews with experts. Based on an opinion survey among 52 agile practitioners we evaluated the importance of 26 selected elements of the agile mindset to the effectiveness of an agile team. The competence models contain 29 competen-cies of a Scrum Master, 16 competencies of a Product Owner and 40 competen-cies of an agile analyst, divided into behavioral, technical and contextual ones. We discuss which agile mindset elements are important to each agile role. This paper is an extended version of the paper titled “On the Agile Mindset of an Ef-fective Team – An Industrial Opinion Survey” presented at the 3nd International Conference on Lean and Agile Software Development LASD 2019 [28]
Il"valore aggiunto" delle biografie imprenditoriali
- Luciano Segreto
2020
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Image Representation for Cognitive Systems Using SOEKS and DDNA: A Case Study for PPE Compliance
- Caterine Silva de Oliveira
- Cesar Sanin
- Edward Szczerbicki
2020 Pełny tekst
Cognitive Vision Systems have gained significant interest from academia and industry during the past few decade, and one of the main reasons behind this is the potential of such technologies to revolutionize human life as they intend to work under complex visual scenes, adapting to a comprehensive range of unforeseen changes, and exhibiting prospective behavior. The combination of these properties aims to mimic the human capabilities and create more intelligent and efficient environments. Nevertheless, preserving the environment such as humans do still remains a challenge in cognitive systems applications due to the complexity of such process. Experts believe the starting point towards real cognitive vision systems is to establish a representation which could integrate image/video modularization and virtualization, together with information from other sources (wearable sensors, machine signals, context, etc.) and capture its knowledge. In this paper we show through a case study how Decisional DNA (DDNA), a multi-domain knowledge structure that has the Set of Experience Knowledge Structure (SOEKS) as its basis can be utilized as a comprehensive embedded knowledge representation in a Cognitive Vision System for Hazard Control (CVP-HC). The proposed application aims to ensure that workers remain safe and compliant with Health and Safety policy for use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and serves as a showcase to demonstrate the representation of visual and non-visual content together as an experiential knowledge in one single structure.
Immittance Studies of Bi6Fe2Ti3O18 Ceramics
- Agata Lisińska-Czekaj
- Dionizy Czekaj
- Barbara Garbarz-Glos
- Wojciech Bąk
2020 Pełny tekst Materials
Results of studies focusing on the electric behavior of Bi6Fe2Ti3O18 (BFTO) ceramics are reported. BFTO ceramics were fabricated by solid state reaction methods. The simple oxides Bi2O3, TiO2, and Fe2O3 were used as starting materials. Immittance spectroscopy was chosen as a method to characterize electric and dielectric properties of polycrystalline ceramics. The experimental data were measured in the frequency range D = (101–107) Hz and the temperature range DT = (120–200) C. Analysis of immittance data was performed in terms of complex impedance, electric modulus function, and conductivity. The activation energy corresponding to a non-Debye type of relaxation was found to be EA = 0.573 eV, whereas the activation energy of conductivity relaxation frequency was found to be EA = 0.570 eV. An assumption of a hopping conductivity mechanism for BFTO ceramics was studied by ‘universal’ Jonscher’s law. A value of the exponents was found to be within the “Jonscher’s range” (0.54 n 0.72). The dc-conductivity was extracted from the measurements. Activation energy for dc-conductivity was calculated to be EDC = 0.78 eV, whereas the dc hopping activation energy was found to be EH = 0.63 eV. The obtained results were discussed in terms of the jump relaxation model.
Immunosuppressive properties of amino acid and peptide derivatives of mycophenolic acid
- Agnieszka Siebert
- Grzegorz Cholewiński
- Piotr Trzonkowski
- Janusz Rachoń
2020 Pełny tekst EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) was coupled with amino acids and biologically active peptides including derivatives of tuftsin to modify its immunosuppressive properties. Both amino acid unit in the case of simple MPA amides and modifications within peptide moiety of MPA - tuftsin conjugates influenced the observed activity. Antiproliferative potential of the obtained conjugates was investigated in vitro and MPA amides with threonine methyl ester and conjugate of MPA with retro-tuftisin occurred to be more selective against PBMC in comparison to parent MPA. Both amino acid and peptide derivatives of MPA acted as inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitors.
Impact of Spatial Noise Correlation on Bearing Accuracy in DIFAR Systems
- Mariusz Rudnicki
- Jacek Marszal
- Roman Salamon
2020 Pełny tekst Archives of Acoustics
DIFAR type underwater passive systems are one of the more commonly used tools for detecting submarines. At the design stage, which usually uses computer simulations, it is necessary to generate acoustic noise of the sea. It has been shown that correlating noise significantly reduces these errors compared to the assumption that noise is uncorrelated. In addition, bearing errors have been shown to be the same in systems with a commonly used antenna containing five hydrophones, as in a system without a central hydrophone, which may be useful in some DIFAR system design solutions.
Impact of the anion and chalcogen on the crystal structure and properties of 4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimido(thio)nium halides
- Andrzej Okuniewski
- Damian Rosiak
- Jarosław Chojnacki
2020 Pełny tekst Acta Crystallographica Section C-Structural Chemistry
By the reaction of urea or thiourea, acetylacetone and hydrogen halide (HF, HBr or HI), we have obtained seven new 4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimido(thio)nium salts, which were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, namely, 4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-1-ium bifluoride, C₆H₉N₂O⁺·HF₂⁻ or (dmpH)F₂H, 4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-1-ium bromide, C₆H₉N₂O⁺·Br⁻ or (dmpH)Br, 4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-1-ium iodide, C₆H₉N₂O⁺·I⁻ or (dmpH)I, 4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-1-ium iodide–urea (1/1), C₆H₉N₂O⁺·I⁻·CH₄N₂O or (dmpH)I·ur, 4,6-dimethyl-2-sulfanylidene-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-1-ium bifluoride–thiourea (1/1), C₆H₉N₂S⁺·HF₂⁻·CH₄N₂S or (dmptH)F₂H·tu, 4,6-dimethyl-2-sulfanylidene-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-1-ium bromide, C₆H₉N₂S⁺·Br⁻ or (dmptH)Br, and 4,6-dimethyl-2-sulfanylidene-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-1-ium iodide, C₆H₉N₂S⁺·I⁻ or (dmptH)I. Three HCl derivatives were described previously in the literature, namely, 4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-1-ium chloride, (dmpH)Cl, 4,6-dimethyl-2-sulfanylidene-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-1-ium chloride monohydrate, (dmptH)Cl·H₂O, and 4,6-dimethyl-2-sulfanylidene-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-1-ium chloride–thiourea (1/1), (dmptH)Cl·tu. Structural analysis shows that in 9 out of 10 of these compounds, the ions form one-dimensional chains or ribbons stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Only in one compound are parallel planes present. In all the structures, there are charge-assisted N⁺—H∙∙∙X⁻ hydrogen bonds, as well as weaker Cₐᵣ⁺—H∙∙∙X⁻ and π⁺∙∙∙X⁻ interactions. The structures can be divided into five types according to their hydrogen-bond patterns. All the compounds undergo thermal decomposition at relatively high temperatures (150–300°C) without melting. Four oxopyrimidinium salts containing a π⁺∙∙∙X⁻∙∙∙π⁺ sandwich-like structural motif exhibit luminescent properties.
Impact of the trap–assisted recombination in the perovskite solar cells
- Damian Głowienka
- Dong Zhang
- Mehrdad Najafi
- Francesco Di Giacomo
- Jędrzej Szmytkowski
- Yulia Galagan
2020 Pełny tekst
To achieve the highest performance using perovskite solar cells it is necessary to understand all the dominant mechanisms which affect the operation of solar cell. Here, we have investigated the bulk and interface trap–assisted recombination processes in the solar cells with p–i–n architecture. These studies are based on the numerical and experimental methods to get better understanding of these physical processes. The following results are useful for optimization of the performance of perovskite solar cells.
Impact performance of novel multi-layered prepacked aggregate fibrous composites under compression and bending
- G. Murali
- Sallal R. Abid
- Y.H. Mugahed Amran
- Hakim Abdelgader
- Roman Fediuk
- Arikatla Susrutha
- K. Poonguzhali
2020 Structures
Multi-layered Prepacked aggregate fibrous composite (MLPAFC) is a new type of concrete, which is prepared in two subsequent stages of aggregate-fibre skeleton prepacking and cementitious grouting. In this study, ten MLPAFC mixtures were prepared in three subsequent layers incorporating different contents of four different types of steel fibres. Long and short hooked-end and crimped steel fibers were adopted with 3.0 and 1.5% dosages for the outer and interior layers, respectively. In-between the three MLPAFC layers, two layers of Glass Fiber Mesh (GFM) were inserted in five of the ten mixtures. The impact response of the MLPAFC mixtures was evaluated using two test methods. In the first, the ACI 544-2R repeated free-falling weight test was followed using disk specimens, while flexural free-falling weight on prism specimens was the second adopted impact test. Moreover, Weibull distribution was used to statistically analyse the discrepancies of the obtained experimental impact records. The impact tests results revealed that MLPAFC can absorb significantly high energy under falling weight impact due to its structure and the dual crack arresting activity of both steel fibers and GFM. The cracking number of impacts of MLPAFC cylindrical specimens without GFM was increased by approximately 530–870% compared reference specimens, while increment percentages reaching 1350% were recorded at failure stage. The impact resistance of MLPAFC prisms under flexural impact was noticeably improved, yet with lower percentages than cylindrical specimens. The insertion of intermediate GFMs let to additional developments in the impact strength of both cylindrical and prism specimens.
Impact response of two-layered grouted aggregate fibrous concretecomposite under falling mass impact
- M. K. Haridharan
- S. Matheswarana
- G. Murali
- Sallal R. Abid
- Roman Fediuk
- Y.h. Mugahed Amran
- Hakim Abdelgader
2020 CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Two-layered Grouted Aggregates Fibrous Concrete Composite (TGAFCC) is a new category concrete which became popular recently and attracted the attention of researchers globally. Recent studies indicated that TGAFCC has notable improvement in mechanical properties, which has been sufficiently documented. However, the impact behaviour of TGAFCC when combined with Glass Fibre Mesh (GFM) and Textile Fibre Mesh (TFM) is still unexplored. The research objective is to study the effect of GFM and TFM insertion in TGAFCC against the drop hammer impact. Twenty one TGAFCC mixtures were prepared and divided into two series; non-fibrous concrete and fibrous concrete. The combined action of GFM and TFM of various diameters were inserted between the two layers and tested experimentally against drop mass impact. Additionally, all fibrous specimens were reinforced with a constant 3% dosage of 5D hooked end fibre. All specimens were tested under repeated drop mass impact as per ACI Committee 544. The impacts number or number of blows till the first visible crack and failure, impact energy at the first visible crack and failure, impact ductility index and cracking configuration were examined. Besides, Weibull distribution was used to examine the variations in the test results, where impact numbers were presented using the reliability function. The research findings indicate that inserting GFM and TFM between the two layers combined with 5D hooked end steel fibres, provided high impact resistance, higher absorbed energy and prolonged failure duration. Increasing the diameters of the GFM and TFM insertions, in both non-fibrous and fibrous concrete resulted in increasing the impact numbers till the first visible crack and failure. The experimental findings confirm that the major contribution of impact resistance comes from the 5D hooked end steel fibres, while the share of the intermediate meshes was significantly lower.
Implant system for treatment of the orbital floor defects of blowout fractures in the maxillofacial region using polypropylene yarn and bioactive bone cement
- Marcin Wekwejt
- Damroka Etmańska
- Aleksandra Halman
- Anna Pałubicka
- Beata Świeczko-Żurek
- Grzegorz Gajowiec
2020 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS
Fractures in the craniofacial region are a serious problem in terms of treatment. The most reasonable solution is the use of individual implants dedicated to a specific patient. The aim of this study was to develop the implant system specifically for treatment of the orbital floor defects of blowout fractures of maxillofacial region, using polypropylene yarn and bone cement. Three types of bone cement were used to fix the polypropylene yarn: unmodified, antibiotic‐loaded, and modified with nanometals. The following research was carried out: selection of cement production parameters, assessment of the curing time, measurement of polymerization temperature, an analysis of microstructure and surface topography, evaluation of wettability, measurement of microhardness, and studies of bactericidal effectiveness. The research confirms the possibility of using bone cement and polypropylene yarn for an individual implant, dedicated to the fractures treatment in the maxillofacial region. Moreover, the bactericidal properties of the proposed modifications for bone cement have been verified; hence, bioactive cements are recommended for use in the case of infectious complications.
Implementation of advanced micropollutants removal technologies in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) - Examples and challenges based on selected EU countries
- Klaudia Kosek
- Aneta Łuczkiewicz
- Sylwia Fudala-Książek
- Katarzyna Jankowska
- Małgorzata Szopińska
- Ola Svahn
- Jens Tränckner
- Alena Kaiser
- Valdas Langas
- Erland Björklund
2020 Pełny tekst ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY
The accumulation of micropollutants (MPs) and their increasing concentration in the aquatic environment are an emerging issue for water quality in the world. The complex web of exposure pathways, as well as the variety in the chemical structure and potency of MPs, represents enormous challenges for researchers and policy initiatives. In order to manage MPs, it has to be decided which of them have to be reduced and to what extent, where in the water cycle this would be the most efficient and which technical means that should be applied to be sustainable. All of these aspects require a knowledge of MPs abundance, properties, fate and impact in the environment, which is essentially determined by two related features: the sources and the physico-chemical characteristics of MPs. Micropollutants including pharmaceuticals, antibiotics and hormones can enter the aquatic environment through both diffuse and point sources, but in urbanised regions wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a crucial role in their dissemination. Conventional WWTPs are effective in removal of macropollutants (e.g. nutrients, suspended solids and some trace elements), while MPs may go through the treatment unchanged or be removed at different rates. Most of the EU countries are convinced that the presence of MPs in the environment poses a serious problem, particularly in highly populated regions where surface water resources serve as a source of potable water. Presently, various technical solutions are available and have been proven possible to integrate with existing treatment processes in an expedient manner. The solutions that have been evaluated are mainly based on ozonation and/or activated carbon treatment technologies which may definitely be considered the most effective compared to the costs incurred.