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Cold plasma treatment of tannic acid as a green technology for the fabrication of advanced cross-linkers for bioactive collagen/gelatin hydrogels
- Beata Kaczmarek-Szczepańska
- Marcin Wekwejt
- Anna Pałubicka
- Anna Michno
- Lidia Zasada
- Amir M. Alsharabasy
2024 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
Tannic acid (TA) is a natural compound studied as the cross-linker for biopolymers due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds. There are different methods to improve its reactivity and effectiveness to be used as a modifier for biopolymeric materials. This work employed plasma to modify tannic acid TA, which was then used as a cross-linker for fabricating collagen/gelatin scaffolds. Plasma treatment did not cause any significant changes in the structure of TA, and the resulting oxidized TA showed a higher antioxidant activity than that without treatment. Adding TA to collagen/gelatin scaffolds improved their mechanical properties and stability. Moreover, the obtained plasma-treated TA-containing scaffolds showed antibacterial properties and were non-hemolytic, with improved cytocompatibility towards human dermal fibroblasts. These results suggest the suitability of plasma treatment as a green technology for the modification of TA towards the development of advanced TA-crosslinked hydrogels for various biomedical applications.
Collaborative development model and strategies of multi-energy industry clusters: Multi-indicators analysis affecting the development of coastal energy clusters
- Chen Xiu
- Anna Lis
2024 ENERGY
The paper explores Coastal Energy-Based Industrial Clusters (EBICs) and their role in advancing energy efficiency and sustainability through collaborative innovation. Economic growth theory and energy sustainability have been introduced into industrial clusters to illustrate indicators that have a greater impact on the development of EBICs. This paper proposes an EBICs development model based on the Cobb-Douglas function, in which accounts for various factors that drive the progress of such clusters. The outcomes of the economic model also provide insights into how the interaction of various factors affects the economic growth of EBICs and their eventual dominance in the energy market of coastal regions, dependent on gradually investing in areas such as research and development (R&D). Different development strategies demonstrate that the final development of a cluster has low dependence on the cluster's initial advantages. The study also illustrates how clusters can gradually monopolize the energy market, even with initial disadvantages. Through quantitative analysis, it showcases the transformation process of developing advantageous clusters into sub-clusters. Next, an energy symbiosis framework for coastal is proposed, which places greater emphasis on the multi-energy complementary system and reduces production costs. Finally, this paper also sheds light on shaping energy strategies for public authorities who shape economic policies at various levels of aggregation and in diverse dimensions.
Collaborative planning? Not yet seen in Poland. Identifying procedural gaps in the planning system 2003–2023
- Izabela Mironowicz
- Michał Marek Ciesielski
2024 Pełny tekst Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series
Collaborative planning aims to increase the legitimacy of decision-making in spatial development. In this approach, planning involves debate and engagement in discourse, and participation and interaction between actors are thus at the heart of the planning process. This article examines whether the planning system in Poland as defined for the period 2003–2025 provides a level of participation and deliberation and other qualities that together allow it to be classified as a collaborative model. The legal procedures in the most commonly used planning instruments are therefore analysed in detail to determine whether they provide honest, open, equal and transparent access to the decision-making process to all stakeholders. The analysis reveals numerous deficiencies in the planning procedures that undermine the collaborative nature of spatial planning in Poland. The study summarises the experience of twenty years of spatial planning practice in Poland and provides a useful starting point for assessing the new planning system that has gradually been being implemented since 2023.
Comment on permeability conditions in finite element simulation of bone fracture healing
- Agnieszka Sabik
2024 COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
The most popular model of the bone healing considers the fracture callus as poroelastic medium. As such it requires an assumption of the callus’ external permeability. In this work a systematic study of the influence of the permeability of the callus boundary on the simulated bone healing progress is performed. The results show, that these conditions starts to play significant role with the decrease of the callus size. Typically enforced impermeability inhibits the progress of healing during simulation. A remedy for this effect is imposing drainage conditions at the callus’ boundary.
Compact Substrate-Integrated Hexagonal Cavity-Backed Self-Hexaplexing Antenna for Sub-6 GHz Applications
- Vijay Jayaprakash
- Chandu Ds
- Rusan Kumar Barik
- Sławomir Kozieł
2024 Pełny tekst IEEE Access
A self-multiplexing SIW antenna based on hexagonal SIW cavity is proposed. The self-hexaplexing antenna consists of different sizes of resonating elements, which provide the hexaband operations. The antenna resonates at 5 GHz, 5.17 GHz, 5.32 GHz, 5.53 GHz, 5.62 GHz, and 5.72 GHz by employing different slot lengths between the resonating elements. The proposed antenna provides the individual tunable characteristics of the operating frequencies without changing the other resonant frequencies. The self-hexaplexing antenna exhibits a port isolation of > 29 dB between the resonating elements with a low frequency ratio of 1.14. The simulated gains of the antenna are 5.32 dBi, 5.68 dBi, 5.41 dBi, 5.91 dBi, 5.43 dBi and 5.14 dBi at the corresponding operating frequencies. The proposed self-hexaplexer operates in the NR band (n46) that can be suitable for communication system applications.
Comparative Analysis of Laboratory-Made and Industrial-Made Sewage Sludge Ash: Implications for Effective Management Strategy Development
- Bartłomiej Cieślik
- Oskar Ronda
- Grządka Elżbieta
- Jolanta Orzeł
- Justyna Płotka-Wasylka
2024 Pełny tekst Toxics
first_pageDownload PDFsettingsOrder Article Reprints Open AccessArticle Comparative Analysis of Laboratory-Made and Industrial-Made Sewage Sludge Ash: Implications for Effective Management Strategy Development by Bartłomiej Michał Cieślik 1,*ORCID,Oskar Ronda 1ORCID,Elżbieta Grządka 2ORCID,Jolanta Orzeł 2 andJustyna Płotka-Wasylka 1 1 Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland 2 Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Skłodow-9 ska Sq 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Toxics 2024, 12(5), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050344 (registering DOI) Submission received: 13 March 2024 / Revised: 30 April 2024 / Accepted: 7 May 2024 / Published: 8 May 2024 (This article belongs to the Section Metals and Radioactive Substances) Downloadkeyboard_arrow_down Browse Figures Versions Notes Abstract In the pursuit of environmentally and economically sustainable sewage sludge ash (SSA) management methods, researchers often employ laboratory-made SSA (L-SSA) as a substitute for industrial-made SSA (I-SSA) produced in fluidized bed furnaces. To check whether L-SSA is a material that imitates I-SSA well, the fractionation of metals whose presence is a significant problem during SSA management was performed. In addition, the grain distribution, specific surface area, and textural properties of the tested materials were examined. Differences in total Pb and Hg content and mobility of Cu, Ni, Mn, and Zn were observed between I-SSA and L-SSA. Larger particle sizes of L-SSA compared to I-SSA were confirmed, while comparable textural properties and specific surface area of both types of materials were maintained. Based on the results, it was concluded that L-SSA is chemically different compared to I-SSA, and that L-SSA should not be used as a reference in research focused on the design of SSA management methods. Moreover, fractionation of metals was performed in disposed fluidized beds (FBs), which are diverted to non-hazardous waste landfills without prior analysis. It has been proven that studied metals are present in FBs as abundantly as in SSA, while Cu, Mn, and Ni may show higher mobility than in I-SSA.
Comparative analysis of mechanical conditions in bone union following first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis with varied locking plate positions: A finite element analysis
- Agnieszka Sabik
- Karol Daszkiewicz
- Wojciech Witkowski
- Piotr Łuczkiewicz
2024 Pełny tekst PLOS ONE
First metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis is a typical medical treatment performed in cases of arthritis or joint deformity. The gold standard for this procedure is arthrodesis stabilisation with the dorsally positioned plate. However, according to the authors’ previous studies, medially positioned plate provides greater bending stiffness. It is worth to compare the mechanical conditions for bone formation in the fracture callus for both placements of the locking plate. Two finite element models of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with the dorsally and medially positioned plate were defined in the Abaqus software to simulate differentiation of the fracture callus. A simplified load application, i.e. one single step per each day and the diffusion of the mesenchymal stem cells into the fracture region were assumed in an iterative hardening process. The changes of the mesenchymal stem cells into different phenotypes during the callus stiffening were governed by the octahedral shear strain and interstitial fluid velocity according to Prendergast mechanoregulation theory. Basing on the obtained results the progress of the cartilage and bone tissues formation and their distribution within the callus were compared between two models. The obtained results suggest that after 6 weeks of simulation the healing progress is in general comparable for both plates. However, earlier closing of external callus was observed for the medially positioned plate which had greater vertical bending stiffness. This process enables faster internal callus hardening and promotes symmetrical bridging.
Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical Profiles and Selected Biological Activities of Various Morphological Parts of Ligustrum vulgare
- Szymon Litewski
- Izabela Koss-Mikołajczyk
- Barbara Kusznierewicz
2024 Pełny tekst MOLECULES
Ligustrum vulgare (LV), widely cultivated in Europe and often used in hedges, has been histori-cally recognized in folk medicine for its potential health benefits. This study focused on exploring the untargeted identification of secondary metabolites in ethanol extracts (70% v/v) from differ-ent morphological parts (young shoots, leaves, flowers and fruits) of LV at various stages of plant development, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Additionally, the selected biological activities (antioxidant ac-tivity, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition (COX-2), α-amylase inhibition and cytotoxicity) of the tested extracts were determined. Untargeted metabolomics showed that LV extracts were a rich source of phenylethanoid compounds, flavonoids, iridoids and their derivatives. The flowers of LV had the highest content of oleuropein (33.43 ± 2.48 mg/g d.w.). The lowest antioxidant activity was obtained for ripe and post-seasonal fruits, while in the case of other samples, the activity was at a similar level. All tested extracts showed α-amylase and COX-2 inhibitory activity. In addition, LV extracts showed strong antiproliferative properties in colorectal (HT29) and liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines. The obtained results show the difference in the content of bioactive compounds in various morphological parts of Ligustrum vulgare. These differences may influence the multifac-eted medicinal potential of this plant.
Comparative analysis of seismic response reduction in multi-storey buildings equipped with base isolation and passive/active friction-tuned mass dampers
- Morteza Akbari
- Mohammad Seifi
- Tomasz Falborski
- Robert Jankowski
2024 ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
This study presents an innovative approach to mitigating seismic responses in multi-storey buildings equipped with a base-isolation (BI) system and passive friction-tuned mass dampers (PFTMDs). The key innovation lies in the combined use of a BI system and a PFTMD system, as well as the activation of this mechanical system by controllers. Additionally, the research design optimizes the parameters of these devices specifically for each earthquake scenario and compares the results to the average of the optimal parameters, which has not been investigated in previous studies. In this study, a 10-storey structure is modeled, featuring a BI system beneath the first floor and a PFTMD system on the roof. The parameters for the BI, PFTMD, BI-PFTMD, and BI-active FTMD (BI-AFTMD) systems are independently optimized using a multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm. To enhance the passive BI-PFTMD system, a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is incorporated into the friction-tuned mass damper system, resulting in the BI-AFTMD hybrid control system that adjusts the final control force transmitted to the structure. The seismic performance of these systems is assessed for the 10-storey building under both far-field and near-field earthquakes. The findings reveal that these control systems significantly decrease average peak displacement, acceleration, and inter-storey drift as compared to an uncontrolled structure, especially when system parameters are optimized for the same earthquake scenario. Using average optimal parameters, the BI-AFTMD system achieves the most substantial reduction in average peak displacement, while the BI system offers the greatest reduction in average peak acceleration and inter-storey drift.
Comparative analysis of three‐phase dual active bridge converter with different transformer topology and modern universal control for DC microgrids
- Serafin Bachman
- Marek Turzyński
- Marek Jasiński
2024 Pełny tekst IET Power Electronics
The presented work discusses issues related to the use of modern multiphase topologies of Dual Active Bridge (DAB)-type converters. Converters of this type are widely used in most DC microgrid applications. The introduction emphasizes a comparative analysis between single-phase and multi-phase DAB topologies within high-power DC microgrids, delving into their respective advantages, drawbacks, design procedures, and considerations based on the latest knowledge. The publication explores the comparison and selection of viable topologies for deployment in high-power and high-efficiency DC microgrids. The unified method of controlling 1-phase and multi-phase DAB converters was proposed in this design, simplifying the issues of DC microgrid control. All topologies were tested on the same controller concept. The study performs laboratory investigation of DAB 1-phase and 3-phase: Star–Star, and Star–Delta topologies. Attention was paid to maintaining uniform operating conditions of the system, contrary to studies known from the literature, all tests were carried out on the same laboratory stand and the same magnetic components in different configurations. Analytical and laboratory analyses of the Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) region were performed, accounting for non-linear phenomena. Based on these findings, an assessment of the system’s performance in soft switching was carried out. The pre- sented results were implemented in a simulation model and subsequently validated through tests on a constructed laboratory setup to ensure the proper operation of the system. This work meticulously presents and discusses variations in efficiency, dynamic response, phase current harmonic distribution, phase shift distribution, ZVS switching region, and more among the examined topologies. To ensure a fair comparison, the converter configuration for both simulation and laboratory models utilized identical components across all configurations.
Comparative study of numerical modelling and experimental investigation for vessel-docking operations
- Xueliang Wen
- Jianan Zhang
- Muk Chen Ong
- Aleksander Kniat
2024 Pełny tekst MARINE STRUCTURES
A comparative study between numerical modelling and experimental investigation is performed to validate the developed numerical method for simulating floating dock operations with a vessel on board. Both model-scale and full-scale experimental tests are performed on floating docks with a vessel on board, and the draughts using draught meters, floating positions and bending of the floating dock are measured. The present numerical method is proposed based on a quasi-static assumption during vessel-docking operations. A static analysis model is built to determine the static response of a floating dock under a specific ballast water distribution based on a hydrostatic force model and a Newton-Raphson method. A bending model is proposed to calculate the deflection of the floating dock along the longitudinal direction. Results of the mode-scale tests show that the draught measurements and the floating positions of the dock and vessel predicted using the present numerical method agree well with the corresponding experimental results. It proves the accuracy of the present numerical method for simulating vessel-docking operations. Moreover, a well-designed ballast plan enables successful de-ballasting operations on the model-scale dock, even in the event of one to three pump failures. The comparison of the deflection changes of the floating dock in the field test measurements further proves the accuracy of the present bending model. Therefore, the validated numerical model tested on both model-scale and full-scale docks provides a reliable foundation for creating digital twin of floating docks in shipyards.
Comparative study on fracture evolution in steel fibre and bar reinforced concrete beams using acoustic emission and digital image correlation techniques
- Shahzad Ashraf
- Magdalena Rucka
2024 Pełny tekst Case Studies in Construction Materials
In recent decades, the demand for sustainable construction practices has increased, but raw materials such as reinforcing steel remain scarce. Therefore, steel fibres have emerged as a popular and sustainable choice in the construction industry, offering a cost-effective alternative to traditional steel bar reinforcement for both flatwork and elevated structures. The purpose of this study is therefore to compare the performance of fracture behaviour between steel fibre-reinforced concrete (SFRC) and steel bar-reinforced concrete (SBRC) beams subjected to three-point bending. The fracture process was monitored by using two non-invasive techniques: acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC). The damage level was identified by characterizing the parameter-based AE data such as hit rate, energy release, count, rise time, amplitude, and signal strength. DIC images were employed to visualise the crack propagation in parallel with the AE data. To further understand the fracture characteristics, the integration of 2D source localization of AE events (based on local AE fracture energies) with DIC results was investigated. The parameter-based AE results showed that SBRC beam experienced a high density of AE hits with large peak amplitude events that were accelerated during the pre-peak loading phase. The Ib-value analysis revealed that SBRC beam exhibited a higher degree of fracture magnitude during the primary crack development process than SFRC beam. Following the main cracking stage, SFRC beam demonstrated an improved post-cracking softening behavior and superior ability to arrest crack propagation compared to SBRC beam. The integration of local AE fracture energy and DIC results provided a novel approach for a better understanding of the fracture behaviour in both SFRC and SBRC beams. This study’s findings contribute to more precise monitoring of fracture evolution in SFRC and SBRC beams, ultimately improving the selection process for primary reinforcement in flatwork and elevated structures.
Comparison of 2D and 3D culture models in the studies of the biological response induced by unsymmetrical bisacridines in cancer cells
- Jolanta Kulesza
2024 Pełny tekst
Multicellular tumor spheroids are a good tool for testing new anticancer drugs, including those that may target cancer stem cells (CSCs), responsible for cancer progression, metastasis, and recurrence. Therefore, following the initial evaluation of the impact of antitumor unsymmetrical bisacridines (UAs) on lung and colon cancer cells using traditional monolayer cultures, I extended my investigations and applied the spherical model. This approach aimed to uncover the cellular response induced by UAs in these cancer cells, with an additional focus on the CSC-like population. In my research, I showed that UAs affected the viability of the studied cells, as well as their spherogenic potential in 2D and 3D. Furthermore, I proved that the most promising UAs (C-2045 and C-2053) induced apoptosis in HCT116 colon and A549 lung cancer spheroids, to a similar, or even higher extent than in monolayer. Finally, I identified the population of CSC-like cells in 2D and 3D cultures of the studied cell lines by determining the levels of CD166, CD133, CD44, and EpCAM markers and I showed that selected UAs affected the CSC-like population in both cell lines, in A549 more profoundly in 3D than 2D. Thus, I have proven that UAs exhibit high antitumor properties in both 2D and 3D conditions and affect the CSC-like population, which makes them promising candidates for future therapeutic applications.
Comparison of 3D Point Cloud Completion Networks for High Altitude Lidar Scans of Buildings
- Marek Kulawiak
2024 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING
High altitude lidar scans allow for rapid acquisition of big spatial data representing entire city blocks. Unfortunately, the raw point clouds acquired by this method are largely incomplete due to object occlusions and restrictions in scanning angles and sensor resolution, which can negatively affect the obtained results. In recent years, many new solutions for 3D point cloud completion have been created and tested on various objects; however, the application of these methods to high-altitude lidar point clouds of buildings has not been properly investigated yet. In the above context, this paper presents the results of applying several state-of-the-art point cloud completion networks to various building exteriors acquired by simulated airborne laser scanning. Moreover, the output point clouds generated from partial data are compared with complete ground-truth point clouds. The performed tests show that the SeedFormer network trained on the ShapeNet-55 data set provides promising shape completion results.
Comparison of Deep Neural Network Learning Algorithms for Mars Terrain Image Segmentation
- Wojciech Wicki
- Wiktor Burblis
- Miłosz Tkaczeń
- Jerzy Demkowicz
2024 Pełny tekst
This paper is dedicated to the topic of terrain recognition on Mars using advanced techniques based on the convolutional neural networks (CNN). The work on the project was conducted based on the set of 18K images collected by the Curiosity, Opportunity and Spirit rovers. The data were later processed by the model operating in a Python environment, utilizing Keras and Tensorflow repositories. The model benefits from the pretrained backbones trained for analysis of the RGB images. The project achieves an accuracy of 83.5% when extending the scope of classification to unknown objects and 94.2% when omitting unknown results. The results were compared with related projects of Zooniverse and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientific group. From amongst the evaluated configurations, the best results and resource utilization were achieved by applying the UNet architecture with resnext_50 backbone and Adam optimizer.
Comparison of Doppler Effect Estimation Methods for MFSK Transmission in Multipath Hydroacoustic Channel
- Agnieszka Czapiewska
- Andrzej Łuksza
- Ryszard Studański
- Łukasz Wojewódka
- Andrzej Żak
2024 Pełny tekst IEEE Access
Underwater wireless communication remains a challenging topic, particularly for applications such as wreck penetration where multipath and Doppler effects are very intense. These effects are becoming even more difficult to mitigate for fast data transmission systems that utilize wideband signals. Due to the low propagation speed of acoustic wave in the water, there is a significant difference between the Doppler shift for lower and upper frequencies of the utilized spectrum. To address these challenges, this paper describes various methods for determining the Doppler frequency shift for MFSK signals, including cross-correlation, double FFT, pilots, and additional Up-Down chirp signals. The reception quality of the transmitted data in a real environment was used as an evaluation criterion for each method. The tests were carried out in motion within the towing tank for different movement speeds of the transmitter relative to the receiver. The tank’s limited dimensions created conditions for multipath signal propagation. Under very difficult multipath signal propagation conditions, the pilots method was found to be the most effective. It gave over two times lower BER than the well-known Up-Down chirp method.
Comparison of heat transfer from single- and double-sided heated horizontal plate under free convection in air with constant heat flux condition
- Michał Ryms
- Krzysztof Tesch
- Witold Lewandowski
2024 Pełny tekst INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS IN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
This paper presents the results of an experimental and numerical study of convective heat transfer from a newly designed double-sided heated horizontal plate in air. To ensure equal heat transfer from both surfaces, the plate was equipped with two independently supplied electric heaters and resistance thermometers on each side. Minimizing the plate's thickness reduced lateral heat loss and improved measurement accuracy. The study used the balance method for convective heat transfer analysis, and results were validated through standard numerical calculations for q = const. Additionally, results were compared with experimental literature for intermediate cases, such as a cuboid, where convection occurs from both horizontal and vertical sides. Experimental results for the plate showed a 15.5–18.0% difference from numerical ones and a 24.7–29.3% difference from average extreme cases. These findings, presented as the Nusselt-Rayleigh relationship, were positively verified by numerical calculations, confirming their reliability. This advancement enables separate studies of free convection from the upper and lower parts of horizontal plates.
Comparison of Tire Rolling Resistance Measuring Methods for Different Surfaces
- Jerzy Ejsmont
- Grzegorz Ronowski
- Lisa Ydrefors
- Wojciech Owczarzak
- Sławomir Sommer
- Beata Świeczko-Żurek
2024 Pełny tekst INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY
The rolling resistance of car tires is one of the most important parameters characterizing tires today. This resistance has a very significant contribution to the energy consumption of wheeled vehicles. The climate crisis has forced tire and car manufacturers to place great emphasis on the environmental impact of their products. Paradoxically, the development of electric vehicles has led to an even greater importance of rolling resistance, because in electric vehicles, a large part of the influence of grade resistance and inertial resistance has been eliminated due to re-generative braking, which resulted in rolling resistance and air resistance remain as the most important factors. What is more, electric and hybrid vehicles are usually heavier, so the rolling resistance is increased accordingly. To optimize tires for rolling resistance, representative test methods must exist. Unfortunately, the current standards for measuring rolling resistance assume that tests are carried out in conditions that are far from real road conditions. This article compares the results of rolling resistance tests conducted in road conditions with the results of laboratory tests conducted on roadwheel facilities. The overview of results shows that the results of tests conducted in accordance with ISO and SAE standards on steel drums are very poorly correlated with more objective results of road tests. Significant differences occur both in the Coefficients of Rolling Resistance (CRR) and in the tire ranking. Only covering the drums with replicas of road surfaces leads to a significant improvement in the results obtained. For investigations of rolling resistance in non-steady-state conditions, the flat track testing machine (TTF), equipped with asphalt cassettes, is shown to provide measurement data in agreement with the road test data.
Completely entangled subspaces of entanglement depth k
- Maciej Demianowicz
- Kajetan Vogtt
- Remigiusz Augusiak
2024 Pełny tekst PHYSICAL REVIEW A
We introduce a class of entangled subspaces: completely entangled subspaces of entanglement depth k (k-CESs). These are subspaces of multipartite Hilbert spaces containing only pure states with an entanglement depth of at least k. We present an efficient construction of k-CESs of any achievable dimensionality in any multipartite scenario. Further, we discuss the relation between these subspaces and unextendible product bases (UPBs). In particular, we establish that there is a nontrivial bound on the cardinality of a UPB whose orthocomplement is a k-CES. Further, we discuss the existence of such UPBs for qubit systems.
Composite 2D Material-Based Pervaporation Membranes for Liquid Separation: A Review
- Roberto Castro Munoz
2024 Pełny tekst MOLECULES
Today, chemistry and nanotechnology cover molecular separations in liquid and gas states by aiding in the design of new nano-sized materials. In this regard, the synthesis and application of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are current fields of research in which structurally defined 2D materials are being used in membrane separation either in self-standing membranes or composites with polymer phases. For instance, pervaporation (PV), as a highly selective technology for liquid separation, benefits from using 2D materials to selectively transport water or other solvent molecules. Therefore, this review paper offers an interesting update in revising the ongoing progress of PV membranes using 2D materials in several applications, including solvent purification (the removal of water from organic systems), organics removal (the removal of organic molecules diluted in water systems), and desalination (selective water transport from seawater). In general, recent reports from the past 3 years have been discussed and analyzed. Attention has been devoted to the proposed strategies and fabrication of membranes for the inclusion of 2D materials into polymer phases. Finally, the future trends and current research gaps are declared for the scientists in the field.