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Biodiversity of microorganisms in the Baltic Sea: the power of novel methods in the identification of marine microbes
- Beata Krawczyk
- Aneta Łuczkiewicz
- Katarzyna Jankowska
2024 FEMS MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS
Until recently, the data on the diversity of the entire microbial community from the Baltic Sea were relatively rare and very scarce. However, modern molecular methods have provided new insights into this field with interesting results. They can be summarized as follows. (i) Although low salinity causes a reduction in the biodiversity of multicellular species relative to the populations of the North–East Atlantic, no such reduction occurs in bacterial diversity. (ii) Among cyanobacteria, the picocyanobacterial group dominates when considering gene abundance, while filamentous cyanobacteria dominate in means of biomass. (iii) The diversity of diatoms and dinoflagellates is significantly larger than described a few decades ago; however, molecular studies on these groups are still scarce. (iv) Knowledge gaps in other protistan communities are evident. (v) Salinity is the main limiting parameter of pelagic fungal community composition, while the benthic fungal diversity is shaped by water depth, salinity, and sediment C and N availability. (vi) Bacteriophages are the predominant group of viruses, while among viruses infecting eukaryotic hosts, Phycodnaviridae are the most abundant; the Baltic Sea virome is contaminated with viruses originating from urban and/or industrial habitats. These features make the Baltic Sea microbiome specific and unique among other marine environments.
Biological and antibacterial properties of chitosan-based coatings with AgNPs and CuNPs obtained on oxidized Ti13Zr13Nb titanium alloy
- Michał Bartmański
- Anna Ronowska
- Szymon Mania
- Adrianna Banach-Kopeć
- Justyna Kozłowska
2024 MATERIALS LETTERS
Despite numerous studies, the antibacterial efficiency and cytotoxicity of chitosan-based coatings with nanometals need further studies. The purpose of this research was to determine the biological properties of chitosan coatings implemented with either silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) or copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), that were electrophoretically deposited on electrochemically oxidized Ti13Zr13Nb alloy. The SEM tests were used to examine the surface uniformity. The biological tests against human osteoblast cells hFOB 1.19 and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria were performed. The release of Cu2+ from coating dependent on the pH of medium. The highest was at pH 3.0 and it achieved 47.73 mg/ml. No cytotoxic effects of the chitosan-AgNPs coatings were observed in direct and indirect contact studies, as there was 20 % inhibition of cell growth but no LDH release which indicate the cell breakdown. Antibacterial properties were proven for all modifications, but this effect was stronger for coatings with implemented AgNPs (log degree of bacteria number reduction >3.75 for E. coli and S. aureus).
Bismuth-based nanomaterials-assisted photocatalytic water splitting for sustainable hydrogen production
- Zohaib Saddique
- Muhammad Imran
- Ayesha Javaid
- Farah Kanwal
- Shoomaila Latif
- José Eudes L. Santos
- Tak H. Kim
- Grzegorz Boczkaj
2024 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
The rapidly increase in the world's population has resulted in a corresponding increase in the energy demand. This demand is largely being met by fossil fuels for power generation, industrial fuel and transportation. However, due to the limited availability of fossil fuels and their negative effects on the environment. The use of fossil fuels results in by-products such as carbon, nitrogen and sulfur oxides which have negative impacts on the environment. Therefore. There is an urgent need to develop alternative greener energy sources that are sustainable and have minimal environmental impacts. Hydrogen is one such alternative energy source of attention. Harvesting sunlight through the use of solar panels is already being employed at domestic and commercial levels. Photocatalytic water splitting, which aims to produce hydrogen by utilizing unlimited sources including water and sunlight, is another potential process for alternative energy production. The conversion of water into hydrogen and oxygen through sunlight is an innovative process that directly converts sunlight into chemical energy in the form of hydrogen and oxygen via photocatalytic water splitting. Numerous photocatalytic materials are available for photocatalytic hydrogen production, but bismuth-based materials are the most suitable as they are non-toxic, economical, opto-electronically active, have suitable band positions for photocatalysis, and exhibit excellent photo-stability. To provide summary of latest research in the field of photocatalytic water splitting, a comprehensive review is favorable to suggest future research directions aimed at discovering solutions to current challenges. This review emphasizes the need for alternative energy sources and the competitiveness of photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production. The mechanism and thermodynamics of the photocatalytic water splitting have been discussed, along with the properties of an ideal photocatalyst for photocatalytic hydrogen production with a special focus on the bismuth-based photocatalysts. The optimization of synthetic and photocatalytic processes is crucial for commercial use with much improved hydrogen production in terms of cost and quantity without harming environment at any stage. Furthermore, current challenges and future perspectives have been presented for upcoming research in this domain.
Bismuth-based nanomaterials-assisted photocatalytic water splitting for sustainable hydrogen production
- Zohaib Saddique
- Muhammad Imran
- Ayesha Javaid
- Farah Kanwal
- Shoomaila Latif
- José Eudes L. Santos
- Tak H. Kim
- Grzegorz Boczkaj
2024 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
The rapidly increase in the world's population has resulted in a corresponding increase in the energy demand. This demand is largely being met by fossil fuels for power generation, industrial fuel and transportation. However, due to the limited availability of fossil fuels and their negative effects on the environment. The use of fossil fuels results in by-products such as carbon, nitrogen and sulfur oxides which have negative impacts on the environment. Therefore. There is an urgent need to develop alternative greener energy sources that are sustainable and have minimal environmental impacts. Hydrogen is one such alternative energy source of attention. Harvesting sunlight through the use of solar panels is already being employed at domestic and commercial levels. Photocatalytic water splitting, which aims to produce hydrogen by utilizing unlimited sources including water and sunlight, is another potential process for alternative energy production. The conversion of water into hydrogen and oxygen through sunlight is an innovative process that directly converts sunlight into chemical energy in the form of hydrogen and oxygen via photocatalytic water splitting. Numerous photocatalytic materials are available for photocatalytic hydrogen production, but bismuth-based materials are the most suitable as they are non-toxic, economical, opto-electronically active, have suitable band positions for photocatalysis, and exhibit excellent photo-stability. To provide summary of latest research in the field of photocatalytic water splitting, a comprehensive review is favorable to suggest future research directions aimed at discovering solutions to current challenges. This review emphasizes the need for alternative energy sources and the competitiveness of photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production. The mechanism and thermodynamics of the photocatalytic water splitting have been discussed, along with the properties of an ideal photocatalyst for photocatalytic hydrogen production with a special focus on the bismuth-based photocatalysts. The optimization of synthetic and photocatalytic processes is crucial for commercial use with much improved hydrogen production in terms of cost and quantity without harming environment at any stage. Furthermore, current challenges and future perspectives have been presented for upcoming research in this domain.
Bisphenol A analogues and metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
- Joanna Majewska
- Andrzej Berg
- Joanna Jurewicz
- Katarzyna Owczarek
- Radosław Zajdel
- Anna Kilanowicz
- Andrzej Wasik
- Dominik Rachoń
2024 Pełny tekst REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY
Bisphenols (BPs) have become a chemical group of special interest due to their ability to interfere with the endocrine system and their ubiquitous presence in the environment. As some of them possess mild estrogenic and anti-androgenic effects, they might be associated with the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Acting on multiple tissues, BPs exposure may lead to metabolic derangements characteristic for metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the potential relationship between exposure to some BPA analogues and features of the MetS in women with PCOS. Serum BPE, BPC, BPG, BPM, BPP, BPZ, BPFL, and BPBP concentrations did not differ significantly between the PCOS (n = 135) and the control subjects (n = 104). However, women whose serum BPM and BPP concentrations were in the highest tertile were more likely to be diagnosed with PCOS (adjusted OR; [95%CI] 0.43; [0.20; 0.89], P < 0.001 and 0.56; [0.27; 0.96], P = 0.049, consequently). Serum concentrations of BPs were not associated with the MetS diagnosis in the PCOS group. There was a negative correlation between the concentrations of serum BPBP and total serum cholesterol (r = – 0.153; P = 0.019), BPE and serum testosterone (r = – 0.160; P = 0.014) as well as BPC and HDL-cholesterol (r = – 0.138; P = 0.036). There was a positive correlation between the concentrations of BPP and serum triglycerides (r = 0.138; P = 0.036). Our results point to the potential association between exposure to BPM, BPP, and the diagnosis of PCOS, along with the impact of BPBP, BPE, BPC, and BPP on the metabolic features of the MetS.
Biuro Młodych Naukowców – z myślą o młodych naukowcach PG
- Agnieszka Lendzion
2024 Pełny tekst Pismo PG
Biuro Młodych Naukowców to jednostka administracji centralnej powstała w lutym 2024 r. z myślą o szerokim wsparciu młodych naukowców Politechniki Gdańskiej. Do zadań Biura należą m.in.: inicjowanie i prowadzenie szeroko rozumianych działań na rzecz młodych naukowców, wsparcie Zespołu Młodych Naukowców, ale także koordynowanie działań zaplanowanych w Strategii HR4R PG oraz innych związanych z utrzymaniem przez Uczelnię wyróżnienia HR Excellence in Research oraz nadzór merytoryczny nad realizacją projektów Funduszy Europejskich dla Rozwoju Społecznego (FERS).
Blended natural and synthetic coagulants for the COD and BOD removal from surface water; optimization by response surface methodology: The case of Gibe river
- Abreham Bayu
- Yared Endale
- Zerihun Asmelash Samuel
- Seifu Kebede
2024 Pełny tekst Heliyon
A novel wastewater treatment method is presented in this study. It combines natural coagulants derived from watermelon seeds with the commonly used synthetic coagulant alum. This research demonstrates a remarkable synergy between these two coagulants in removing nutrients from Gibe River wastewater. Combining natural and chemical coagulants often improves water treatment by enhancing particle destabilization, accelerating floc formation, and broadening the range of removable contaminants, resulting in lower chemical dosage requirements. The optimal mixing ratio, found to be 1 part watermelon seed coagulant to 3 parts alum, leads to improved treatment efficiency. At this ratio, the process achieves impressive removal rates: 98.26 % for total dissolved solids (TDS), 96.10 % for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and 95.26 % for chemical oxygen demand (COD). These findings not only validate the use of watermelon seeds as a coagulant but also highlight the combined approach’s environmental and economic benefits. This integrated method offers a more sustainable and cost-effective solution for wastewater treatment.
Błędy projektowe i wykonawcze płyty fundamentowej garażu podziemnego
- Maciej Niedostatkiewicz
- Tomasz Majewski
2024 Przegląd Budowlany
W artykule przedstawiono opis uszkodzeń płyty fun- damentowej garażu podziemnego, która została błędnie zaprojek- towana, a następnie wykonana w sposób niezgodny z zasadami wiedzy technicznej. Bezpośrednio po zakończeniu realizacji płyty fun- damentowej na jej powierzchni wystąpiły intensywne zarysowania, które miały charakter nieustabilizowany i ulegały dalszemu rozwo- jowi w czasie. Wykonana na płycie fundamentowej w ramach prac wykończeniowych posadzka również uległa zarysowaniu. W pracy przedstawiono propozycje zakresu prac naprawczych zarówno sa- mej płyty fundamentowej, jak i uszkodzonej posadzki, tj. górnej po- wierzchni wykończonej zasypką utwardzoną powierzchniowo
Błędy projektowe i wykonawcze płyty fundamentowej garażu podziemnego
- Maciej Niedostatkiewicz
- Tomasz Majewski
2024
W artykule przedstawiono opis uszkodzeń płyty fundamentowej garażu podziemnego, która została błędnie zaprojektowana, a następnie wykonana w sposób niezgodny z zasadami wiedzy technicznej. Bezpośrednio po zakończeniu realizacji płyty fundamentowej na jej powierzchni wystąpiły intensywne zarysowania, które miały charakter nieustabilizowany i ulegały rozwojowi w czasie. Wykonana w ramach prac wykończeniowych posadzka również uległa zarysowaniu. W pracy przedstawiono propozycje zakresu prac naprawczych zarówno samej płyty fundamentowej, jak i uszkodzonej posadzki tj. górnej powierzchni wykończonej zasypką utwardzoną powierzchniowo.
Bodybuilders and high-level meat consumers’ behavior towards rabbit, beef, chicken, turkey, and lamb meat: A comparative review
- Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Shuva Bhowmik
- Maliha Afreen
- İlknur Ucak
- Ali Ikram
- Francesca Gerini
- Mohammad Mehdizadeh
- Raphael D. Ayivi
- Roberto Castro Munoz
2024 NUTRITION
In bodybuilders’ diets, protein plays a crucial role in supporting muscle growth and repairing damaged muscle tissue. These individuals meet their protein needs by combining dietary sources with supplements. Animal-based proteins are often preferred over plant-based proteins because they are believed to better support muscle protein synthesis. This review explores the meat consumption patterns of bodybuilders and high-level meat consumers, focusing on rabbit, beef, chicken, turkey, and lamb. We describe and compare the types of meat bodybuilders commonly consume and provide an overview of protein supplements, including meat-based options, plant-based alternatives, and whey-based products. Our aim is to gain insight into the dietary preferences of bodybuilders and high-level meat consumers, considering their nutritional requirements and the potential effect on the meat industry. We conducted an extensive search across various databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar. We found that individual choices vary based on factors such as attitudes, trust, taste, texture, nutritional content, ethical considerations, and cultural influences. Nutritional factors, including protein content, amino acid profiles, and fat levels, significantly influence the preferences of bodybuilders and high-level meat consumers. However, it is crucial to maintain a balance by incorporating other essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals to ensure a complete and balanced diet. The findings from this review can inform strategies and product development initiatives tailored to the needs of bodybuilders and discerning meat enthusiasts.
Bone healing under different lay‐up configuration of carbon fiber‐reinforced PEEK composite plates
- Agnieszka Sabik
2024 JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS
Secondary healing of fractured bones requires an application of an appropriate fixa-tor. In general, steel or titanium devices are used mostly. However, in recent years,composite structures arise as an attractive alternative due to high strength to weightratio and other advantages like, for example, radiolucency. According to Food andDrug Administration (FDA), the only unidirectionally reinforced composite allowed tobe implanted in human bodies is carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK). In this work, the healing process of long bone assembled withCF/PEEK plates with cross- and angle-ply lay-up configurations is studied in theframework of finite element method. The healing is simulated by making use of themechanoregulation model basing on the Prendergast theory. Cells transformation isdetermined by the octahedral shear strain and interstitial fluid velocity. The processruns iteratively assuming single load cycle each day. The fracture is subjected to axialand transverse forces. In the computations, the Abaqus program is used. It is shownthat the angle-ply lamination scheme of CF/PEEK composite seems to provide betterconditions for the transformation of the soft callus into the bone tissue.
Bounding conditional entropy of bipartite states with Bell operators
- Jan Horodecki
- Piotr Mironowicz
2024 PHYSICAL REVIEW A
Quantum information theory explores numerous properties that surpass classical paradigms, offering novel applications and benefits. Among these properties, negative conditional von Neumann entropy (CVNE) is particularly significant in entangled quantum systems, serving as an indicator of potential advantages in various information-theoretic tasks, despite its indirect observability. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between CVNE and the violation of Bell inequalities. Our goal is to establish upper bounds on CVNE through semidefinite programming applied to entangled qubits and qutrits, utilizing selected Bell operators. Our findings reveal that a semi-device-independent certification of negative CVNE is achievable and could be practically beneficial. We further explore two types of robustness: robustness against detection efficiency loopholes, measured by relative violation, and robustness against white noise and imperfections in state preparation, measured by critical visibility. Additionally, we analyze parametrized families of Bell inequalities to identify optimal parameters for different robustness criteria. This study demonstrates that different Bell inequalities exhibit varying degrees of robustness depending on the desired properties, such as the type of noise resistance or the target level of negative CVNE. By bridging the gap between Bell inequalities and CVNE, our research enhances understanding of the quantum properties of entangled systems and offers insights for practical quantum information processing tasks.
Brewery spent grain valorization through fermentation: Targeting biohydrogen, carboxylic acids and methane production
- Jacobo Pérez-Barragán
- Cristina Martínez-Fraile
- Raúl Muñoz
- Guillermo Quijano
- Rafael Maya-Yescas
- Elizabeth León-Becerril
- Roberto Castro Munoz
- Octavio García-Depraect
2024 PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
This study investigated three different fermentation approaches to explore the potential for producing biohydrogen, carboxylic acids, and methane from hydrolysates of thermally dilute acid pretreated brewer's spent grains (BSG). Initially, the research focused on maximizing the volumetric hydrogen production rate (HPR) in the continuous dark fermentation (DF) of BSG hydrolysates by varying the hydraulic retention time (HRT). The highest HPR reported to date of 5.9 NL/L-d was achieved at 6 h HRT, with a Clostridium-dominated microbial community. The effect of the operational pH (4, 5, 6, and 7) on the continuous acidogenic fermentation was then investigated. A peak carboxylic acid concentration of 17.3 g CODequiv./L was recorded at pH 6, with an associated volumetric productivity of 900.5 ± 13.1 mg CODequiv./L-h and a degree of acidification of 68.3 %. Lactic acid bacteria such as Limosilactobacillus and Lactobacillus were dominant at pH 4–5, while Weissella, Enterococcus, and Lachnoclostridium appeared at pH 6 and 7. Finally, this study evaluated the biochemical methane potential of the DF broth and the unfermented hydrolysates and found high methane yields of 659 and 517 NmL CH4/g-VSadded, respectively, both within one week. Overall, the results showed that pretreated BSG can be a low-cost feedstock for the production of bioenergy and valuable bio-based chemicals in a circular economy.
Bridging the Gap Between Legitimacy and Neutralisation Strategies in Sustainability Reporting
- Eljas Johansson
2024
Amid global sustainability challenges, such as climate change, companies operating in different industries face increasing demands for accountability and transparency. To meet these demands, sustainability reporting (SR) has become a mainstream business practice in communicating companies’ positive and negative sustainability impacts. This short paper aims to increase our understanding of how companies may release negative information while seeking to maintain their legitimacy. For this purpose, the paper bridges the gap between legitimacy strategies, impression management and neutralisation techniques by reviewing their associated literature. The nature of neutralisation techniques and how organisations use them in the SR context is underexplored by scholars. Finally, the paper presents prospective discussions of an ongoing study that examines negative sustainability disclosure in the tourism transportation context, namely the airlines.
Building new competencies of architects and civil engineers through an educational offer in timber construction: a case study of Polish and Lithuanian students
- Justyna Borucka
- Tomasz Zybała
- Rosita Norvaisiene
2024 Pełny tekst Global Journal of Engineering Education
The article outlines an innovative approach by schools of architecture and civil engineering to educate professionals skilled in hybrid timber building construction and design, thereby filling the educational gap in the area of timber construction. To answer the question of what student competencies should be developed in the design and construction of sustainable, high-performance hybrid wood structures, a survey was conducted among several wood product design and manufacturing companies in Europe. Then, in an attempt to prepare an innovative educational course programme on sustainable design of hybrid timber buildings, the current educational offerings of selected architecture and civil engineering faculties of European universities were examined. The article presents the survey results from Poland and Lithuania. The results of the survey show a lack of comprehensive education subjects to shape the competencies of architecture and civil engineering students. The offered subjects need to be improved in relation to modern hybrid timber structures to provide the graduates with the required competencies. This research was carried out as part of the EU project Sustainable, High-Performance Hybrid Timber Building (HiHTC).
Business Process Management education in Poland: A manifesto for academic teaching
- Piotr Sliż
- Justyna Berniak-Woźny
- Edyta Brzychczy
- Renata Gabryelczyk
- Katarzyna Gdowska
- Marzena Grzesiak
- Aneta Napieraj
- Marta Podobińska-Staniec
- Natalia R. Potoczek
- Marek Szelągowski
- Piotr Senkus
- Krzysztof Kluza
2024 Pełny tekst e-mentor
This paper critically assesses Business Process Management (BPM) education in Poland and provides evidence-based recommendations for improvement. Through a survey of 44 BPM educators, the study evaluates BPM lifecycle coverage, IT tool utilization, and incorporation of the Six Core Elements of BPM. The findings reveal a focus on process modeling and analysis, identifying gaps in the way the entire BPM lifecycle is addressed. Despite the utilization of various IT tools, there is a notable absence of coverage for emerging topics such as process mining, AI, and Robotic Process Automation. Only 12% of courses cover all Six Core Elements of BPM, and there is a critical gap in student education, which is the underrepresentation of the People and Culture elements. The paper concludes with a manifesto for greater alignment between academic education and industry needs through comprehensive BPM curricula, dedicated software tools, and more robust coverage of the strategic and governance aspects of BPM. This will bridge the gap between academic education and real-world BPM applications, so that graduates can be better prepared for the challenges of the modern business landscape, which can enhance the quality and effectiveness of BPM education, thereby aligning it with the evolving demands of the business environment and contributing to the growth and competitiveness of organizations in Poland.
Calculation of electron scattering lengths on Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn and Og atoms
- Paweł Syty
- Michał Piłat
- Józef Sienkiewicz
2024 JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS
Focusing on the noble gases, we calculate the scattering potential using the Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian supplemented with a model polarization potential. We determine the scattering lengths using two methods, namely phase shifts for very small scattering energies and the shape of the wave function for zero scattering energy. We compare our theoretical electron scattering length results on Ar, Kr and Xe atoms with existing experimental and theoretical data. In turn, the results obtained for the first time for Rn and Og atoms require independent confirmation. The analysis conducted indicates that the source of the greatest uncertainty in the obtained results is the literature values of dipole polarizability. The study used the GRASP2018 computational package for bound states and the modified COWF code for continuum states.
Calculation of Maximum Permissible Load of Underground Power Cables–Numerical Approach for Systems with Stabilized Backfill
- Seweryn Szultka
- Stanisław Czapp
- Adam Tomaszewski
- Hanan Tariq
2024 Pełny tekst Applied Sciences-Basel
The maximum permissible load of underground power cables (known in U.S. engineering as “ampacity”) is a function of many parameters, in particular, the thermal resistivity of the native soil. If this resistivity is relatively high, thermal/stabilized backfill is applied, i.e., another material is placed around the cables, providing favourable conditions for heat transfer to the environment. It has a positive impact on the reliability of the power supply and favours the operational durability of the cables. In design practice, however, there is a difficult task – correct determination of the ampacity of the cable line depending on the thermal parameters and the geometry of the backfill. Therefore, this article presents the results of a numerical analysis to determine the ampacity of cable lines in which stabilized backfill is used. A new mathematical relationship is proposed that allows the correction of the ampacity of cable lines depending on their cross-section as well as the thermal and geometric parameters of the cable surroundings.
Can we really solve an arch stability problem?
- Jacek Chróścielewski
- Victor Eremeev
2024 Pełny tekst INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE
We bring attention to the problem of solving nonlinear boundary-value problems for elastic structures such as arches and shells. Here we discuss a classical problem of a shear-deformable arch postbuckling. Considering a postbuckling behaviour of a circular arch we discuss the possibility to find numerically a solution for highly nonlinear regimes. The main attention is paid to the problem of determination of all solutions. The main conclusion that there is no guarantee to find all solutions, in general.
Capital Structure and Firm Performance Global Financing Decisions among Listed Companies
- Ewelina Sokołowska
- Milad Zargartalebi
2024
In the complex world of finance, understanding the relationship between a company's capital structure and its overall performance is crucial. This book offers a comprehensive exploration of the interdependence between capital structure decisions and business performance, with a specific focus on German-listed companies. It provides valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of corporate finance. Through a blend of theoretical frameworks, empirical research, and practical applications, the book presents readers with a thorough understanding of how capital structure decisions impact a company's profitability, risk profile, and long-term sustainability. From traditional theories of capital structure to cutting-edge empirical methodologies, the book outlines the latest developments in the field, offering practical tools and strategies for optimising financial decision-making. Moreover, the book explores how different regions and global trends influence capital structure decisions, providing a comprehensive examination of varying practices and the factors that shape them. It delves into specific aspects influencing global capital structures, including an analytical comparison of capital structures across key global markets such as the United States, the European Union, and China. This comparison highlights how economic, cultural, and market dynamics influence corporate leverage decisions. The impact of technological innovations and their role in reshaping financial strategies are also discussed. Designed for scholars, researchers, and advanced students in finance and economics, this book serves as a definitive reference for understanding the complex dynamics of corporate finance. With its rigorous analysis and practical insights, it equips readers with the knowledge and analytical tools needed to navigate the challenges of capital structure decision-making in today's dynamic business environment.