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  • The Occurrence and Role of Tetrasphaera in Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Systems
    • Jeremiah Otieno
    • Przemysław Kowal
    • Jacek Mąkinia
    2022 Pełny tekst Water

    The application of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has commonly been utilized worldwide. However, the optimum efficiency has not been realized over the past decades, prompting many studies and publications. The limitations, especially comprehension of the abundance and actual potential of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs), are not fully understood. Recently identified putative PAOs, Tetrasphaera, present a vast metabolic versatility compared to Candidatus Accumulibacter. The characterisation of Tetrasphaera unique abilities to utilize various carbon substrates, volatile fatty acids production and consistent high abundance, presents potential boosts towards the process efficiency improvement. This paper provides the existing knowledge on the physiology, morphology and genetic description of PAOs with a special attention to the current state of research on Tetrasphaera and its potential. In addition, process conditions and their influence on the microbial activities in EBPR systems are discussed.

  • The phenomenon of increasing capacitance induced by 1T/2H-MoS2 surface modification with Pt particles – Influence on composition and energy storage mechanism
    • Zuzanna Zarach
    • Mariusz Szkoda
    • Konrad Trzciński
    • Marcin Łapiński
    • Grzegorz Trykowski
    • Andrzej Nowak
    2022 Pełny tekst ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA

    In this paper, several approaches to the synthesis of molybdenum-based electrode materials for supercapacitors are presented, including anodization, hydrothermal process and annealing. For the material prepared via anodization of a molybdenum plate, followed by a hydrothermal process in thiourea aqueous solution, a thorough study of the Pt-surface modification through repetitive cycling in 1 M sulfuric acid with Pt acting as a counter electrode is performed, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and energy storage mechanism contribution. Along with the increasing number of cycles, an increase of the capacitance value is observed up to 1.064 F cm−2 after 60 000 cycles, resulting in more than tenfold growth (by over 1 150%). The analysis reveals progressive changes in the electrode material's chemical composition and the increasing pseudocapacitance contribution in energy storage processes, which is strictly caused by the formation of mixed molybdenum oxides with oxygen vacancies. Thus, Pt-surface modification effectively improves the electrochemical performance of the electrode material with excellent coulombic efficiency and capacitance retention. In a symmetric two-electrode configuration with Pt-modified electrode materials, the areal capacitance of 140.5 mF cm−2 is obtained after 50 000 cycles (with capacitance retention of 123%) indicating that Pt-surface modification of MoS2 may provide a novel approach for electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors.

  • The Physical Activity Environment Policy Index for monitoring government policies and actions to improve physical activity
    • Catherine B Woods
    • Liam Kelly
    • Kevin Volf
    • Peter Gelius
    • Sven Messing
    • Sarah Forberger
    • Jeroen Lakerveld
    • Nicolette R den Braver
    • Joanna Żukowska
    • Enrique García Bengoechea
    2022 Pełny tekst EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH

    Background A multifaceted response, including government action, is essential to improve population levels of physical activity (PA). This article describes the development process of the ‘Physical Activity Environment Policy Index’ (PA-EPI) monitoring framework, a tool to assess government policies and actions for creating a healthy PA environment. Methods An iterative process was undertaken. This involved a review of policy documents from authoritative organizations, a PA policy audit of four European countries, and a systematic review of scientific literature. This was followed by an online consultation with academic experts (N = 101; 20 countries, 72% response rate), and policymakers (N = 40, 4 EU countries). During this process, consensus workshops were conducted, where quantitative and qualitative data, alongside theoretical and pragmatic considerations, were used to inform PA-EPI development. Results The PA-EPI is conceptualized as a two-component ‘policy’ and ‘infrastructure support’ framework. The two-components comprise eight policy and seven infrastructure support domains. The policy domains are education, transport, urban design, healthcare, public education (including mass media), sport-for-all, workplaces and community. The infrastructure support domains are leadership, governance, monitoring and intelligence, funding and resources, platforms for interaction, workforce development and health-in-all-policies. Forty-five ‘good practice statements’ or indicators of ideal good practice within each domain conclude the PA-EPI. A potential eight-step process for conducting the PA-EPI is described. Conclusions Once pre-tested and piloted in several countries of various sizes and income levels, the PA-EPI good practice statements will evolve into benchmarks established by governments at the forefront of creating and implementing policies to address inactivity.

  • The possibility of application of the potentiometric sensor with all-solid-state electrodes containing lipid-polymer membranes for classification of tested black leaf teas in terms of their quality
    • Ewa Marjańska
    • Maria Szpakowska
    • Przemysław Dmowski
    2022 Pełny tekst Desalination and Water Treatment

    Potentiometric sensor with all-solid-state electrodes containing lipid-polymer membranes for a set of black leaf teas coming from four countries (China, India, Sri Lanka and Kenia) classification was applied. The tested tea samples were reassigned to quality classes marked with numbers I–V according to the information available. The sensor results of tea samples are presented in the form of radar charts. It was observed that, in the majority of cases samples with a similar radar chart shape belong to the same quality class. Based on principal component analysis and agglomerative hierarchical clustering analyses four groups of leaf tea samples and two separate items were distinguished. The first group was constituted by the highest quality Yunnan teas. The second group is made up of high-quality Indian teas and one tea sample of undeclared quality. The third group includes tea samples of unknown quality assigned to quality Class IV. The last group distinguished is constituted by the sample of Indian Madras and Ceylon tea, which are imported for retail trade for blends. This grouping largely corresponds to the quality classes of tested tea samples. The obtained results suggest that potentiometric sensor with all-solid-state electrodes containing lipid-polymer membranes might be used for discrimination of black leaf teas of different quality and also for determination of quality class of an unknown tea sample.

  • The potential interaction of environmental pollutants and circadian rhythm regulations that may cause leukemia
    • Francisco Alejandro Lagunas-Rangel
    • Błażej Kudłak
    • Wen Liu
    • Michael Williams
    • Helgi B. Schiöth
    2022 Pełny tekst CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

    Tumor suppressor genes are highly affected during the development of leukemia, including circadian clock genes. Circadian rhythms constitute an evolutionary molecular machinery involving many genes, such as BMAL1, CLOCK, CRY1, CRY2, PER1, PER2, REV-ERBa, and RORA, for tracking time and optimizing daily life during day-night cycles and seasonal changes. For circulating blood cells many of these genes coordinate their proliferation, output, and function, and therein lies their importance for the development of leukemia. Recent findings suggest that environmental pollutants may affect circadian rhythms and thus affect cancer development and treatment. Such environmental pollutants are often found in mixtures and include benzene, tobacco smoke, pesticides and microplastics. Our understanding of the molecular basis for the interaction mechanisms within complex mixtures is also growing, confirming the plausible occurrence of synergistic (superadditive effect) and antagonistic (cancellation effect) actions of pollutant cocktails. In this work, we discuss the relationship of environmental pollutants and the alteration of circadian rhythms that potentially may cause leukemia. We highlight the need of additional dimensions and perhaps a paradigm shift for future studies in relation to continuously growing magnitude of environmental pollution using multitude of disciplines such as development of high throughput reporter cell lines, other cell screening methods, contaminant measurements in leukemia patients, advanced pharmacology and toxicological measurement of mixtures and highly efficient computer analysis including artificial intelligence, among others.

  • The potential of computational methods for the categorization of architectural objects on the example of media architecture
    • Karolina Życzkowska
    • Marcin Życzkowski
    2022 Pełny tekst TASK Quarterly

    The paper presents an example of the categorization of architectural objects and assessment of the characteristics of urban space, based on the analysis of specific features of architectural objects and urban landscape. The conducted analysis refers to media architecture and is presented in the complex context of the development of media solutions. The field of influence of IT on architecture is also stressed, both on the architect’s work and the image of the city, including with regard to smart city strategies. Agradual simplification approach was proposed for atargeted analysis. Data on media architecture were collected and, on their basis, significant features of each architectural object and its surrounding space were identified. The qualification of representative categories of media solutions was made based on the function of the object and the role of the media archi-tecture object in the visual structure of the space, indicating the method of determining the degree of legibility of the space for agiven category. The proposed process of categorization is astarting point in the discussion about the need and opportunities to use computational methods and databases supporting the assessment of the architectural typologies and characteristics of space, in reference to urban development.

  • The Practice of Dyadic Interviewing: Strengths, Limitations and Key Decisions
    • Joanna Szulc
    • Nigel King
    2022 Pełny tekst Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research (FQS)

    Dyadic interviews, in which two participants are interviewed together, are becoming more popular in qualitative research, but are much less discussed in the methodological literature than individual and group forms. In this article, we consider the nature and value of dyadic interviews, recognizing them as active, relational encounters, shaped by what all parties bring to them, and infused with issues of power. Drawing on our research on altruistic motivation which involved 47 dyadic interviews conducted with 94 individuals and post-interview feedback from participants, we demonstrate the strengths and point out some of the potential pitfalls associated with the dyadic format, focusing on the practical and ethical issues in defining and recruiting dyads and the practice of conducting such interviews. We provide recommendations for researchers interested in using this method, and suggest research priorities for the further development of dyadic interviewing.

  • THE PROTECTIVE MEASURES AGAINST SARS-COV-2 INFECTION IN THE SEAFOOD COMPANY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE EMPLOYEES
    • Piotr Grudowski
    • Tomasz Grybek
    • Małgorzata Wiśniewska
    2022 Pełny tekst Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

    Purpose: To identify and discuss the protective measures implemented to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection among employees. Design/methodology/approach: The four-stage course of research. Case study and structured interviews with all employees, directly and indirectly, involved in food processing. Research questions: (R1) What measures have been taken to prevent the risk of infection among employees? (R2) What activities and responsibilities were the most difficult and easiest for employees to follow when implementing these measures? Findings: Administrative protective measures dominate in the organization. Wearing additional protective equipment, keeping distance, and following new hygienic procedures are the most difficult issues. Temperature self-measurement and signing of health declarations are not a problem for employees. It is a need to listen to employees about the protective measures. Research limitations/implications: The results refer to one unique case and should not be generalized. However, it is clear that protective measures and their implementation seem to make employees more aware of potential hazards. Therefore, the questions included in our interview can be recommended for use in other organizations, not only in food companies. Originality/value: The article fills in the research gap. According to the authors' knowledge, this is the first study in Poland that is based on the experience of a food company.

  • The role and scope of architectural and conservation research procedures in the process of restoring the splendour of an architectural monument created after 1945 on the example of the Suburban Railway Station in Gdynia
    • Anna Orchowska-Smolińska
    • Anna Kriegseisen
    2022 Pełny tekst Architectus

    Modern Movement buildings, despite their relatively recent construction, are sometimes affected by radical transformations of layout and form. The railway stations being one of the most important public buildings in the city are a special group of them. Due to long-term and intensive use they may bear the signs of exploitation of parts of its substance and have secondary transformations disharmony with the building. The subject of the article are architectural and conservation studies of the Suburban Railway Station in Gdynia, built in the mid-1950s. The authors of the article set themselves the goal of presenting the research procedures developed for it in the years 2016–2022, which are an introduction to revaluation process. The research methods used during the field work made it possible to identify the originally used techniques of execution and finishing methods and to determine the procedures for their reconstruction using conservation methods. The results of the conducted research became the basis for determining the scope of conservation protection of the station building, as well as the possibility of interfering with its partly “functionless” substance through adaptation and modernization activities.

  • The role of centrifugal partition chromatography in the removal of β-asarone from Acorus calamus essential oil
    • Paweł Szczeblewski
    • Mateusz Wróblewski
    • Julia Borzyszkowska-Bukowska
    • Tetiana Bairamova
    • Justyna Górska
    • Tomasz Laskowski
    • Anna Samulewicz
    • Michał Kosno
    • Łukasz Sobiech
    • Justyna Polit
    • Wirginia Kukula-Koch
    2022 Pełny tekst Scientific Reports

    Β-asarone is a phenylpropane derivative present in the rhizomes of Acorus calamus, that was proved to exhibit toxic effects in humans. Because of its presence the whole plant that is commonly used in traditional medicine for its sedative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and other properties has limited application nowadays. In the study, qualitative and quantitative analysis of a collection of nine essential oil (EO) samples of European and Asian origin was performed. The final content of β-asarone in the tested samples ranged between 0.265 and 1.885 mg/mL. Having in mind a possible application of the EO as a biopesticide, this research aimed at the development of CPC-based purification protocol that could help remove β-asarone from EO. It was proved that the biphasic solvent system composed of n-hexane/EtOAc/MeOH/water, 9:1:9:1 (v/v/v/v) was capable of the removal of the toxic constituent in the CPC chromatograph operated in the ascending elution mode with 2200 rpm and a flow rate of 5 mL/min. The chromatographic analysis that lasted only 144 min effectively separated β-asarone (purity of 95.5%) and α-asarone (purity of 93.7%) directly from the crude Acorus calamus rhizome EO.

  • The role of electrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis treatment in the enhancement of the electrochemical properties of 3D-printed carbon black/poly(lactic acid) structures
    • Adrian Koterwa
    • Iwona Kaczmarzyk
    • Szymon Mania
    • Mateusz Cieślik
    • Robert Tylingo
    • Tadeusz Ossowski
    • Robert Bogdanowicz
    • Pawel Niedzialkowski
    • Jacek Ryl
    2022 Pełny tekst APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE

    Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is beginning to play an unprecedented role in developing many applications for industrial or personalized products. The conductive composite structures require additional treatment to achieve an electroactive surface useful for electrochemical devices. In this paper, the surfaces of carbon black/poly(lactic acid) CB-PLA printouts were activated by electrolysis or enzymatic digestion with proteinase K, or a simultaneous combination of both. The proposed modification protocols allow the tailoring of electrochemically active surfaces and electron transfer kinetics determined by electrochemical techniques (CV, EIS) by [Fe(CN)6]4-/3- redox probe. X-ray photon spectroscopy and SEM imaging were applied to determine the delivered surface chemistry. CB-PLA hydrolysis under alkaline conditions and anodic polarization greatly impacted the charge transfer kinetics. The enzymatic hydrolysis of PLA with proteinase K led to highly efficient results, yet requires an unsatisfactory prolonged activation duration of 72 h, which can be efficiently reduced by electrolysis carried out in the presence of the enzyme. Our studies hint that the activation protocol originates from surface electropolymerization rather than a synergistic interaction between the electrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis. The detailed mechanism of CB-PLA hydrolysis supported by electrolysis is a promising new route to achieve time-efficient and environmentally-friendly activation procedure.

  • The role of the One-Belt One-Road initiative in China's exports and global value chains
    • Joanna Wolszczak-Derlacz
    • Yuxin Lu
    2022 Pełny tekst EQUILIBRIUM Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

    Research background: China is regarded as the “world factory” highly involved in international trade and plays an increasingly important role in the global value chains (GVC). Additionally, the “One-Belt One-Road” (OBOR) initiative was proposed by the Chinese government to further promote China in the international market. Purpose of the article: The article explores the role of the OBOR in China’s exports and global value chain. It aims at: 1) verifying how OBOR impacts the volume of China's export and valueadded export to its partners. 2) checking whether or not OBOR strengthens the industrial connection between China and its participants at the GVC level. 3) examining the different roles of corridors in China's exports and GVC. Methods: The empirical analysis is based on the augmented gravity model of international trade, which comprises China and its 197 partners in the period 2000–2018. The model is estimated for gross export as well GVC measured by domestic value added in export and the value contributed by a partner to China’s exports. Findings & value added: In general, there is a significant positive correlation between OBOR and the volumes of China’s export, domestic value-added trade and the value of partner’s contributed in China’s export. However, some of the results are blurred by OLS and FE methods. The author points out that FE-PPML estimation methods are more adequate. Among the six economic corridors, Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar (BCIM), China-Pakistan (CP) and China IndochinaPeninsula (CIP) were proven to play a prominent role in promoting China’s export, DVA and strengthening the links of global value chains. It is worth noting that the China-Mongolia-Russian Federation (CMRF) corridor harms China's export and DVA trade, and at the same time promotes countries in its region that benefit from trade with China

  • The Rule-Based Model of Negentropy for Increasing the Energy Efficiency of the City’s Digital Transformation Processes into a Smart City
    • Cezary Orłowski
    • Piotr Cofta
    • Aleksander Orłowski
    2022 Pełny tekst ENERGIES

    The aim of the article is to build a rule-based model (RMFDN) for increasing the energy efficiency of Smart Cities’ digital transformation processes. The problem that arises during the implementation of digital transformation processes concerns the measures that should be assigned to estimate the duration of the digital transformation. Previous studies of digital transformation have been based on the analysis of design processes based on key performance indicators (KPIs), their place and role in the digital transformation processes, and their monitoring with the use of information architecture. The analysis of the digital transformation processes of cities into Smart Cities shows that they seem inappropriate to the complexity and uncertainty of the digital transformation carried out. The new approach presented in the article is based on three key aspects: rule-based description of the state of digital transformation processes enabling their energy assessment, introducing energy maturity capsules to describe the state of these processes and application of measures based on project negentropy increments for maturity capsules.

  • The use of a two-phase Monte Carlo material model to reflect the dispersion of asphalt concrete fracture parameters
    • Cezary Szydłowski
    • Łukasz Smakosz
    • Marcin Stienss
    • Jarosław Górski
    2022 Pełny tekst THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS

    The work covers comprehensive laboratory tests of semi-circular bending (SCB) of asphalt concrete samples. The results of two test series, including four and 32 SCB specimens, indicate a substantial scatter of force–deflection (F-d) histories. The numerical analysis is aimed to reflect the maximum breaking load and fracture energy of the samples, pointing out their random character. The original simulation-based fictitious Monte Carlo material model was introduced. The authors’ algorithm randomly assigns asphalt mortar and coarse aggregate parameters to the finite elements of the numerical model. As a result, sets of random fields are generated to reflect the two-phase material distribution in the samples. The model parameters are numerically adjusted based on laboratory test results of the initial four SCB specimens. In the course of model verification, the 32-sample computations were compared with the laboratory data. The results of FEM simulations are consistent with laboratory test results, including dispersion of fracture parameters. The proposed computational algorithm with a two-phase material model is ready to be implemented in the analysis of actual road pavement constructions and may support the design process.

  • The Use of Direct Shear Test for Optimization of Interlayer Bonding Under a Poroelastic Layer
    • Piotr Jaskuła
    • Dawid Ryś
    • Marcin Stienss
    • Cezary Szydłowski
    2022

    Poroelastic Road Surfaces (PERS) are characterised by porous structure with air void content of 20% or higher and stiffness almost 10 times lower than that of a standard asphalt course. Such properties enable noise reduction by up to 12 dB in comparison to SMA 11 mixture. However, the disadvantage of a poroelastic pavement is its low durability, which partially results from delamination from the lower layer. The paper aims to investigate the effect of type and amount of tack coat used as well as the texture of the lower layer on interlayer bonding, to better recognise the issue of bonding under the poroelastic layer. For this purpose, direct shear test with monotonic and cyclic load was performed for 44 types of layer interfaces. The effect of type and amount of bituminous emulsion used for tack coat as well as the impact of lower layer surface were distinguished. The results of the analysis indicated that tack coats made from softer residual bitumen (70/100) exhibited better fatigue resistance, while polymer modification had minor effect. Moreover, milling of the lower layer resulted in a significant increase in shear strength. Finally, several types of layer interfaces were selected to be constructed in the full-scale test sections.

  • The use of GFRP tubes as load-bearing jackets in concrete-composite columns
    • Marcin Abramski
    • Błażej Chmielnicki
    2022 Pełny tekst Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

    The paper presents the fields of applications of polymer composites in building structures. The use of composite glass fibre tubes is discussed in more detail. The laboratory methods used to test the mechanical properties of these pipes are presented. An original research program is presented, including six concrete-filled glass fibre tubes. The cylinders and columns made in this way were tested for their axial load capacity. Conclusions were formulated regarding the relationship between the load-bearing capacity of the test elements and their length, as well as the angle of glass fibres arrangement in the tube composite.

  • The use of machine learning for face regions detection in thermograms
    • Mariusz Kaczmarek
    • Julia Guzik
    2022

    The aim of this study is to analyse the methods of detecting characteristic points of the face in thermographic images. As part of the implementation an extensive analysis of scientific publications covering similar issues both for the analysis of images made in visible light and thermographic images was carried out. On the basis of this analysis, 3 models were selected and then they were implemented and tested on the basis of test images. Finally, two models were selected, the operation of which was documented on thermographic images - DAN and AAM, as well as one model that was tested for RGB images - the ERT model. Satisfactory detection parameters were achieved in the experiment.

  • The valance state of vanadium-key factor in the flexibility of potassium vanadates structure as cathode materials in Li-ion batteries
    • M. Prześniak-Welenc
    • Małgorzata Nadolska-Dawidowska
    • Kacper Jurak
    • J. Li
    • K. Górnicka
    • A. Mielewczyk-Gryń
    • M. Rutkowska
    • A. P. Nowak
    2022 Pełny tekst Scientific Reports

    Potassium hexavanadate (K2V6O16·nH2O) nanobelts have been synthesized by the LPE-IonEx method, which is dedicated to synthesis of transition metal oxide bronzes with controlled morphology and structure. The electrochemical performance of K2V6O16·nH2O as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries has been evaluated. The KVO nanobelts demonstrated a high discharge capacity of 260 mAh g−1, and long-term cyclic stability up to 100 cycles at 1 A g−1. The effect of the vanadium valence state and unusual construction of the nanobelts, composed of crystalline and amorphous domains arranged alternately were also discussed in this work. The ex-situ measurements of discharged electrode materials by XRD, MP-AES, XAS and XPS show that during the subsequent charge/discharge cycle the potassium in the K2V6O16·nH2O structure are replacing by lithium. The structural stability of the potassium hexavandate during cycling depends on the initial vanadium valence state on the sample surface and the presence of the “fringe free” domains in the K2V6O16·nH2O nanobelts.

  • The vibration-based assessment of the influence of elevated temperature on the condition of concrete beams with pultruded GFRP reinforcement
    • Beata Zima
    • Marcin Krajewski
    2022 Pełny tekst COMPOSITE STRUCTURES

    Concrete beams reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars subjected to elevated temperature have been experimentally studied. The influence of high temperatures on GFRP-reinforced concrete beams condition has been check both, destructively and nondestructively. The nondestructive tests foresaw vibration-based tests to obtain the natural frequency values after exposure to varying temperatures. The vibration-based tests allowed for the indirect observation of beams stiffness reduction after exposure to elevated temperature. The approach based on frequency response function (FRF) turned out to be efficient even in the case of relatively low temperatures (120⁰C). The investigation involved also destructive tests which were conducted in various conditions: once the bending load and elevated temperature were applied at the same time and in the next case, the destructive tests were conducted after heating and cooling down the experimental objects. The study proved that the increase of the temperature causes the reduction of characteristic mechanical parameters, regardless the beams were cooled down or not. However, the simultaneous action of bending load and elevated temperature resulted in a greater reduction of the ultimate strength of tested objects.

  • The Way One Defines Specification Matters: On the Performance Criteria for Efficient Antenna Optimization in Aggregated Bi-Objective Setups
    • Adrian Bekasiewicz
    • Michał Czyż
    2022 Pełny tekst

    Design of antenna structures for real-world applications is a challenging task that often involves addressing multiple design requirements at a time. Popular solution approaches to this class of problems include utilization of composite objectives. Although configuration of such functions has a significant effect on the cost and performance of the optimization, their specific structure is normally determined based on engineering experience and does not involve auxiliary investigations oriented towards adjustment of process efficiency. In this work, the effects of used functions and their composition on performance and cost of the bi-objective optimization process are investigated. The balance between the requirements is tailored to the problem at hand based on visual inspection of functional landscapes. The analyses are performed on a case study basis using a planar, multi-parameter antenna optimized for minimization of footprint and reflection within the 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz range. The numerical results show significant differences between the performance of the obtained solutions, as well as the computational cost of the optimization. The best geometry found using one of the considered objective functions is characterized by an in-band reflection of –9.6 dB and the footprint of only 171 mm2.