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  • Polish Adaptation of the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire—Revised 2 for All Pregnant Women
    • Anna Michalik
    • Lucyna Wójcicka
    • Agata Zdun-Ryżewska
    • Agnieszka Czerwińska-Osipiak
    • Michał Krzemiński
    • Jolanta Olszewska
    • Dagmara Klasa-Mazurkiewicz
    • Anja C. Huizink
    2021 Pełny tekst Healthcare

    Pregnancy-related anxiety (PrA) is a specific type of anxiety characteristic of the perinatal period. PrA can affect pregnancy and birth. However, no validated tool exists to measure PrA in Polish obstetric practice. The aim of this study was to translate the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire—Revised 2 (PRAQ-R2) into Polish and to evaluate its reliability and factorial and construct validity. This study was conducted in Poland as an online questionnaire in April 2020 and included 175 healthy women. To validate the PRAQ-R2, we used standardized tools for the measurement of general anxiety: the modified Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Scale reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Concurrent validity was evaluated by calculating Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients. Statistical analyses were performed using R ver. 4.0.2. Values for comparative fit index >0.90, Tucker–Lewis index >0.90, and root mean square error of approximation <0.08 indicated acceptable model fit, confirming the reliability of the three-factor structure of the translation. The subscales and total scores had good consistency (α > 0.7), and convergent validity was demonstrated. The PRAQ-R2 as translated into Polish represents the first validated tool in Poland to measure PrA for all pregnant women.

  • POLISH PUBLISHERS OPEN ACCESS POLICIES DATABASE - FUNCTIONALITIES AND ROLE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF OPENNESS POLICIES
    • Agnieszka Leszczewicz
    • Magdalena Stankevič
    • Jacek Sikora
    2021 Pełny tekst TASK Quarterly

    The aim of the article is to present a base of Polish Publishers Open Access Policies as a tool supporting the scientific community in the implementation of openness policies. It is the first national platform to gather and analyze a publishing policy in the field of Open Access to Polish scientific journals. For scientists, it is a tool for searching for a Polish journal meeting certain criteria. It enables grant recipients to verify whether the journal meets the principles of Plan S. The database also provides information on the principles of using intellectual property.The functionalities of the database were analyzed based on NCN’s policy comparing them with the principles of publishing research results in Open Access. The specific criteria used in thePolish Publishers Open Access Policies database were compared with other databases: Arianta, SHERPA/RoMEO. The analysis shows that the Polish Publishers Open Access Policy is the only national database for Polish scientific journals, bringing together in one place information necessary for the scientific community on publication in Open Access. The database facilitates project preparation and implementation. Academic librarians, promoting the idea of Open Science, support the scientific community at each stage of the activity described, providing tools, knowledge base and competences.

  • Polyisocyanates from Sustainable Resources
    • Ewa Głowińska
    • Paulina Parcheta
    • Paulina Kasprzyk
    • Janusz Datta
    2021

    Isocyanates, next to polyols, constitute the major components essential for polyurethane (PU) production. They have a significant impact on physicochemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of PU materials. They also have an impact on those materials’ purposes, forms, textures, and other features. The available and used isocyanates are of a petrochemical origin. With the development of a trend toward green chemistry in the science and chemical industry, there are available biobased isocyanates that allow obtaining green PUs. Nevertheless, compared with the development of other basic ingredients for PUs (like polyols or chain extenders), the development of biobased isocyanates is still not well pursued. The main aim of this chapter is to present information about research development into biobased isocyanates, methods for obtaining them, and examples of materials prepared with their use in the synthesis of PU materials.

  • Polymeric metal‐containing ionic liquid sorbent coating for the determination of amines using headspace solid‐phase microextraction
    • Kateryna Yavir
    • Philip Eor
    • Adam Kloskowski
    • Jared Anderson
    2021 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE

    This study describes the design, synthesis, and application of polymeric ionic liquid sorbent coatings featuring nickel metal centers for the determination of volatile and semivolatile amines from water samples using headspace solidphase microextraction. The examined polymeric ionic liquid sorbent coatings were composed of two ionic liquid monomers (tetra(3-vinylimidazolium)nickel bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide [Ni2+(VIM)4] 2[NTf2–] and 1-vinyl-3- hexylimidazolium [HVIM+][NTf2–]), and an ionic liquid cross-linker (1,12-di(3- vinylimidazolium)dodecane [(VIM)2C12 2+] 2[NTf2 –]). With these ionic liquid monomers and cross-linkers, three different types of coatings were prepared: PIL 1 based on the neat [Ni2 (VIM)4] 2[NTf2 –] monomer, PIL 2 consisting of the [Ni2+(VIM)4] 2[NTf2 –] monomer with addition of cross-linker, and PIL 3 composed of the [HVIM+][NTf2–] monomer and cross-linker. Analytical performance of the prepared sorbent coatings using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was compared with the polydimethylsiloxane and polyacrylate commercial coatings. The PIL 2 sorbent coating yielded the highest enrichment factors ranging from 5500 to over 160 000 for the target analytes. The developed headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method was applied for the analysis of real samples (the concentration of amines was 200 μg/L), producing relative recovery values in the range of 90.9–120.0% (PIL 1) and 83.0–122.7% (PIL 2) from tap water, and 84.8–112.4% (PIL 1) and 79.2–119.3% (PIL 2) from lake water.

  • Polymodal Method of Improving the Quality of Photogrammetric Images and Models
    • Paweł Burdziakowski
    2021 Pełny tekst ENERGIES

    Photogrammetry using unmanned aerial vehicles has become very popular and is already commonly used. The most frequent photogrammetry products are an orthoimage, digital terrain model and a 3D object model. When executing measurement flights, it may happen that there are unsuitable lighting conditions, and the flight itself is fast and not very stable. As a result, noise and blur appear on the images, and the images themselves can have too low of a resolution to satisfy the quality requirements for a photogrammetric product. In such cases, the obtained images are useless or will significantly reduce the quality of the end-product of low-level photogrammetry. A new polymodal method of improving measurement image quality has been proposed to avoid such issues. The method discussed in this article removes degrading factors from the images and, as a consequence, improves the geometric and interpretative quality of a photogrammetric product. The author analyzed 17 various image degradation cases, developed 34 models based on degraded and recovered images, and conducted an objective analysis of the quality of the recovered images and models. As evidenced, the result was a significant improvement in the interpretative quality of the images themselves and a better geometry model.

  • Polynomial description of dynamic impedance spectrogram—introduction to a new impedance analysis method
    • Kazimierz Darowicki
    • Artur Zieliński
    • Michał Mielniczek
    • Ewa Janicka
    • Łukasz Gaweł
    2021 Pełny tekst ELECTROCHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS

    This paper presents a polynomial description of spectrograms obtained using Dynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. A method to fit the polynomial degree correctly is discussed. A simple electrical system of a diode connected in parallel with a capacitor was used for testing. Dynamic impedance measurements during potentiodynamic polarization were conducted. This paper presents an alternative analysis method that allows the determination of system electrochemical characteristics. This method was compared to classical analysis based on equivalent circuit fitting. An alternative method of analysis yielded many advantages in describing impedance results—the potential to obtain an infinite number of impedance spectra over a various range and the possibility to show the resistance and capacitance characteristics as a function of frequency and control of electrochemical energy sources. The polynomial description marks a step forward in analysis automation, facilitating easy and reliable automation and control of electrochemical energy sources.

  • Polypropylene structure alterations after 5 years of natural degradation in a waste landfill
    • Marta Potrykus
    • Vladyslav Redko
    • Katarzyna Głowacka
    • Agnieszka Piotrowicz-Cieślak
    • Paweł Szarlej
    • Helena Janik
    • Lidia Wolska
    2021 SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT

    Up to 25% of plastic waste in Europe is still disposed of in landfills, despite recycling efforts. The plastic waste in the landfill plot may be exposed both to abiotic and biotic degradation processes, although it is thought that most of the plastic materials tend to be resistant to biodegradation or biodeterioration even after a long time. To verify if polypropylene (PP) can undergo the process of short-term biodegradation and how this process is manifested in a municipal waste landfill, we collected a plastic sample from an already closed landfill plot estimating its age at approximately 5 years. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy led to sample identification as PP as well as showed additional bands which are not specific to polymer structure but rather result from microbial metabolism. Differential Scanning Calorimetry was performed to examine the influence of the environmental degradation process on the degree of crystallisation of the tested PP. Moreover, significant changes on the surface of an old PP packaging were observed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showing clear signs of PP delamination which resulted in microplastic particles formation (smaller than 5 μm in diameter). Additionally, several round and oval shaped structures were observed with SEM leading to the suspicion of biofilm formation on the PP surface. Indeed, the microorganisms were present in a vast amount on the old PP surface and possibly formed a viable biofilm as it was confirmed with fluorescence microscopy. These data show that plastic waste can be inhabited by microorganisms from the ambient environment which may probably lead to its faster degradation. However, this process should be investigated in more detail in order to shed light upon the possible risk factors of plastic biodegradation in waste landfills to the environment and human health. Even after five years, polypropylene can undergo deterioration/biodegradation in a waste landfill with viable microbial cells on its surface, possibly involved in its degradation.

  • Polytypism and superconductivity in the NbS2 system
    • Catherine Witteveen
    • Karolina Górnicka
    • Johan Chang
    • Martin Månsson
    • Tomasz Klimczuk
    • Fabian von Rohr
    2021 Pełny tekst DALTON TRANSACTIONS

    We report on the phase formation and the superconducting properties in the NbS2 system. Specifically, we have performed a series of standardized solid-state syntheses in this system, which allow us to establish a comprehensive synthesis map for the formation of the two polytypes 2H-NbS2 and 3R-NbS2, respectively. We show that the identification of two polytypes by means of X-ray diffraction is not always unambiguous. Our physical property measurements on a phase-pure sample of 3R-NbS2, on a phasepure sample of 2H-NbS2, and a mixed phase sample confirm earlier reports that 2H-NbS2 is a bulk superconductor and that 3R-NbS2 is not a superconductor above T = 1.75 K. Our results clearly show that specific heat measurements, as true bulk measurements, are crucial for the identification of superconducting materials in this and related systems. Our results indicate that for the investigation of van der Waals materials great care has to be taken on choosing the synthesis conditions for obtaining phase pure samples.

  • Polyurethanes
    • Hanna Fałtynowicz
    • Helena Janik
    • Justyna Kucińska-Lipka
    • Maciej Sienkiewicz
    2021

    Handbook of Thermoset Plastics, Fourth Edition provides complete coverage of the chemical processes, manufacturing techniques and design properties of each polymer, along with its applications. This new edition has been expanded to include the latest developments in the field, with new chapters on radiation curing, biological adhesives, vitrimers, and 3D printing. This detailed handbook considers the practical implications of using thermoset plastics and the relationships between processing, properties and applications, as well as analyzing the strengths and weakness of different methods and applications. The aim of the book is to help the reader to make the right decision and take the correct action on the basis of informed analysis – avoiding the pitfalls the authors’ experience has uncovered. In industry, the book supports engineers, scientists, manufacturers and R&D professionals working with plastics. The information included will also be of interest to researchers and advanced students in plastics engineering, polymer chemistry, adhesives and coatings.

  • Polyurethanes for Coating, Adhesives, and Other Applications
    • Paulina Kosmela
    • Adam Olszewski
    • Paweł Nowak
    • Łukasz Piszczyk
    2021

    An interesting group of polyurethane (PU) materials are coatings, adhesives, sealants, and thickeners. A wide base of raw materials and various methods of PU synthesis allows production of materials with a wide range of properties that can be commonly used in many industries. This chapter describes the main types of PU coatings and adhesives and special application PUs and the methods of their production. The materials described in this chapter can be obtained from one-component and two-component systems using organic solvents, aqueous dispersions, powders, or solvent-free systems. There has been a growing interest in ecological solutions aimed at the elimination of organic solvents. For this reason, the interest in obtaining PUs from aqueous dispersions and other proecological solutions is still growing.

  • Pomiar sił w wantach mostu podwieszonego
    • Krzysztof Żółtowski
    • Mikołaj Binczyk
    • Przemysław Kalitowski
    2021 Pełny tekst Materiały Budowlane

    W artykule przedstawiono metodę oraz wyniki badań sił w wantach Mostu III Tysiąclecia im. Jana Pawła II w Gdańsku. Do identyfikacji sił wykorzystano trzy metody: wibracyjną; z wykorzystaniem siłownika jednosplotowego (lift-off) oraz pomiaru strzałki ugięcia. Przedstawione wyniki badań dowodzą, że wszystkie metody mogą być z powodzeniem wykorzystywane do identyfikacji rzeczywistej siły w wancie. Każda z metod ma jednak ograniczenia i w związku z tym jest obarczona pewnymi błędami, których wpływ zależy m.in. od układu geometrycznego wanty. W artykule podjęto próbę analizy wiarygodności przedstawionych metod pomiarowych.

  • Pore Water Pressure Development in Soft Soil due to Installation and Loading of Controlled Modulus Columns
    • Lech Bałachowski
    • Jakub Konkol
    2021 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

    Excess pore water pressure (EPWP) development and decay due to the installation and static loading tests of controlled modulus columns (CMC) in soft soil was measured with piezometers equipped with low air entry (LAE) filters and a piezocone (CPTU) equipped with a high air entry (HAE) filter. The HAE filter allows for detailed detection of EPWP in short time intervals during construction of CMC. The influence zone due to the installation of the CMC group extends up to 40D (D = column diameter) with significant installation effects and high EPWP within the zone of 7D. The influence zone during the static loading test is much narrower and does not exceed 2D. The presented research shows the applicability of using a CPTU in EPWP monitoring during CMC construction and clarifies some effects of CMC group installation.

  • Porous material-based sorbent coatings in Solid-phase microextraction technique: Recent trends and future perspectives
    • Karolina Delińska
    • Paulina Rakowska
    • Adam Kloskowski
    2021 TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

    The use of porous materials as sorbents in sample preparation techniques has gained recent scientific attention in the context of developing novel fibers for the Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique. SPME requires the appropriate selection of a robust sorbent for successful utilization under variable conditions. A deeper understanding of the nature of newly developed porous SPME coatings and the impact of their structures on their analytical parameters is crucial for ensuring their successful use as potential sorption media for specific purposes. This review presents a thorough discussion of currently popular SPME-based porous materials in the context of their structures.

  • Porous Phantoms Mimicking Tissues—Investigation of Optical Parameters Stability Over Time
    • Paulina Listewnik
    • Monika Ronowska
    • Michał Wąsowicz
    • Valery Tuchin
    • Małgorzata Szczerska
    2021 Pełny tekst Materials

    Optical phantoms are used to validate optical measurement methods. The stability of their optical parameters over time allows them to be used and stored over long-term periods, while maintaining their optical parameters. The aim of the presented research was to investigate the stability of fabricated porous phantoms, which can be used as a lung phantom in optical system. Measurements were performed in multiple series with an interval of 6 months, recreating the same conditions and using the same measuring system consisting of an integrating sphere, a coherent light source with a wavelength of 635 nm and a detector. Scattering and absorption parameters were determined on the basis of the measured reflectance and transmittance. The tested samples were made of silicone and glycerol in various proportions

  • Porównanie efektów nauczania przed i w czasie nauki zdalnej spowodowanej pandemią SARS-CoV-2 na przykładzie przedmiotu Metrologia
    • Sylwia Babicz-Kiewlicz
    2021 Pełny tekst

    Przedmiot Metrologia jest wykładany na semestrze drugim na trzech kierunkach na Wydziale Elektroniki, Telekomunikacji i Informatyki Politechniki Gdańskiej. W ramach wykładu studenci poznają problematykę dokonywania pomiarów. W kolejnym semestrze, przekładają zdobytą teoretycznie wiedzę na praktykę, wykonując pomiary w laboratorium. Z uwagi na wybuch pandemii SARS-CoV-2 w 2020 roku oraz wprowadzone ograniczenia od połowy marca, studenci i wykładowcy zostali zmuszeni do nauki zdalnej wykładu. Laboratoria prowadzone od października 2020 również musiały zmienić swoją formę z uwagi na mniejszą liczbę studentów w sali laboratoryjnej oraz zmniejszoną liczbę terminów przy porównywalnej liczbie studentów ogółem. Część zajęć odbyła się w skróconej formie stacjonarnie, część – zdalnie. Praca prezentuje różnice w sposobie przeprowadzenia zajęć oraz analizę efektów nauczania. Celem przeprowadzonych badań jest określenie skuteczności nauki zdalnej oraz hybrydowej – stacjonarno-zdalnej na przedmiocie Metrologia. Przeprowadzona analiza ma za zadanie określić kierunki przyszłego rozwoju prowadzenia przedmiotu, by możliwie najlepiej przygotować studentów do nauki na kolejnych semestrach. Do analizy wykorzystano prace studentów dwóch grup. Do grupy A zakwalifikowano studentów uczących się stacjonarnie w latach akademickich 2018/19/20. Do grupy B zakwalifikowano studentów uczących się przedmiotu Metrologia w czasie pandemii w formie zdalnej (semestr 2 – wykład) i w formie hybrydowej (semestr 3 – laboratorium) w latach akademickich 2019/20/21. Analizie poddano wyniki w sumie ponad 450 osób. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że nauczanie zdalne powoduje większą polaryzację wyników studentów oraz zmniejsza ich zdolności praktyczne. Jednocześnie podjęta analiza ujawnia problemy natury etycznej przeprowadzania zaliczeń i egzaminów w formie zdalnej. Praca prezentuje możliwości wykorzystania nauczania zdalnego w celu przygotowania studentów do zajęć praktycznych.

  • Port Cities within Port Regions: Shaping Complex Urban Environments in Gdańsk Bay, Poland
    • Karolina Krośnicka
    • Piotr Lorens
    • Eliza Michałowska
    2021 Pełny tekst Urban Planning

    Port cities located within various metropolitan or functional regions face very different development scenarios. This applies not only to entire municipalities but also to particular areas that play important roles in urban development—including ports as well as their specialized parts. This refers also to the various types of maritime industries, including the processing of goods, logistics operations, shipbuilding, or ship repairing, to name just a few. Since each of these activities is associated with a different location, any transformation process that creates changes in geographic borders or flows will dynamically affect the port cityscape. Municipalities may evolve in different directions, becoming ‘major maritime hubs,’ ‘secondary service centers,’ ‘specialized waterfront cities,’ or just distressed urban areas. Within each metropolitan area, one can find several cities evolving in one of the above‐mentioned directions, which results in the creation of a specific regional mosaic of various types of port cities. These create specific ‘port regions’ with specific roles assigned to each of these and shape the new (regional) dimension of the geography of borders and flows. As a result, these port regions are created as porous structures where space is discontinuous. To further develop the issue of the creation and evolution of port regions, the authors present the case study of the Gdańsk Bay port region. This study in particular allowed for the development of both the theoretical background of this phenomenon and the presentation of a real‐life example

  • Possibilities for Developing Electromobility by Using Autonomously Powered Trolleybuses Based on the Example of Gdynia
    • Mikołaj Bartłomiejczyk
    • Marcin Połom
    2021 Pełny tekst ENERGIES

    Trolleybus transport refers to contemporary challenges related to a reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases and CO2 into the atmosphere formulated by international institutions, such as the United Nations, the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, or the European Union. Departure from fossil fuels in urban transport is one of the key challenges for the coming years. Trolleybuses are an important tool in this task, even though their importance was declining in the past. Nowadays, due to, among others, technological development, in particular the availability of high-capacity batteries, their long life and low weight, trolleybus transport is becoming popular again. The use of the existing overhead contact infrastructure of the trolleybus network and small on-board batteries allow expanding the spatial accessibility of zero-emission public transport. Thus, this reduces the social differentiation in access to environmentally friendly transport that does not emit pollutants at the place of operation. The article presents possibilities of using on-board batteries in shaping trolleybus connections with the optimal use of the existing overhead contact lines (OHL). It presents a procedure that allows for the evaluation of the extent to which the OHL should cover the routes of bus lines in order to qualify for trolleybus service in the In-Motion-Charging (IMC) technology. Analysis of the literature shows inadequate scientific studies on combining the advantages of overhead wiring and the development of on-board battery technology in popularising zero-emission transport. This article addresses the key issues related to the use of partially autonomous trolleybuses.

  • Post-Effort Changes in Autophagy- and Inflammation-Related Gene Expression in White Blood Cells of Healthy Young Men
    • Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak
    • Alicja Trzeciak-Ryczek
    • Paweł Wityk
    • Danuta Cerembrowsa-Lech
    • Robert Nowak
    2021 Pełny tekst Cells

    Acute, strenuous physical exertion requiring high levels of energy production induces the production of reactive oxygen species and metabolic disturbances that can damage the mitochondria. Thus, selective autophagic elimination of defective mitochondria may improve resistance to oxidative stress and potentially to inflammation. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the impacts of intense effort on changes in the expression of select genes related to post-effort inflammation and autophagy. Thirty-five men aged 16–21 years were recruited to the study. The impacts of both aerobic (endurance) and anaerobic (speed) efforts on selected genes encoding chemokines (CXCL5, 8–12) were analyzed. Significant increases in the expression of all studied genes excluding CXCL12 were observed. Moreover, both types of effort induced an increase in the expression of genes encoding IL-2, -4, -6, -10, IFN-γ and TNF-α, excluding IL-17A. Generally, these efforts caused a significant increase in the relative expression of apoptosis- (BCL2 and BAX) and autophagy- (BNIP3, BECN1, MAP1LC3B, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12, ATG16L1 and SQSTM1) related genes. It seems that the duration of physical activity and its bioenergetic cost has an important impact on the degree of increase in expression of this panel of autophagy-related genes. Anaerobic effort is more strenuous than aerobic effort and requires a higher bioenergetic investment. This may explain the stronger impact of anaerobic effort on the expression of the studied genes. This observation seems to support the protective role of autophagy proposed in prior studies.

  • Post-match recovery profile of leukocyte cell subsets among professional soccer players
    • Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak,
    • Paweł Wityk
    • Andrzej Ciechanowicz
    • Robert Nowak
    2021 Pełny tekst Scientific Reports

    This study assessed the impact of cumulative match time on the distribution of CD45+ cell subtests in the capillary blood of professional soccer players. Twenty-two males (aged 18–30 years) took part in the 36-week study. Participants playing up to 540 in cumulative match time and less than 30 min in each single match during the observation period formed the control group. White blood cell (WBC) phenotyping and creatine kinase (CK) plasma activity analyses were performed. Also, counts for WBC subsets were determined. No significant differences in the hematological parameters or lymphocyte and NK cell percentages were observed between the control and study groups. Changes in the T cell percentage were significant during weeks 11 and 30 and in Th and Tc cell percentages during weeks 2 and 26. Significant correlations were found between the cumulative match time and Th, NK, and B cell percentages; monocyte counts; and CK activity in the control group. However, for the study group, correlations were found between cumulative match time and Th, Tc, and B cell percentages; CK activity; and the CK ratio. Our study suggests that the distribution of CD45+ cells might be a useful tool for monitoring the immune status of professional soccer players.

  • Potencjał energetyczny gmin województwa pomorskiego w kontekście możliwości budowy wysp energetycznych
    • Andrzej Szajner
    • Paweł Bućko
    • Katarzyna Grecka
    • Ludmiła Wach
    2021

    Przedstawiono analizę potencjału województwa pomorskiego w zakresie możliwości powstawania mikrosystemów energetycznych w celu wykorzystania lokalnych zasobów energetycznych. Przedstawiono przykłady funkcjonowania mikrosystemów energetycznych na świecie. Omówiono ich formy organizacyjne. Przedstawiono koncepcję funkcjonowania spółdzielni energetycznych i klastrów energii. Zestawiono lokalne zasoby energii odnawialnej. Omówiono problemy współpracy mikrosystemów energetycznych z systemem elektroenergetycznym.

  • Potential applications of by-products from the coffee industry in polymer technology – Current state and perspectives
    • Aleksander Hejna
    2021 WASTE MANAGEMENT

    Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world, and its popularity is continuously growing, which can be expressed by almost doubling production over the last three decades. Cultivation, processing, roasting, and brewing coffee are known for many years. These processes generate significant amounts of by-products since coffee bean stands for around 50% of the coffee cherry. Therefore, considering the current pro-ecological trends, it is essential to develop the utilization methods for the other 50% of the coffee cherry. Among the possibilities, much attention is drawn to polymer chemistry and technology. This industry branch may efficiently consume different types of lignocellulosic materials to use them as fillers for polymer composites or as intermediate sources of particular chemical compounds. Moreover, due to their chemical composition, coffee industry by-products may be used as additives modifying the oxidation resistance, antimicrobial, or antifungal properties of polymeric materials. These issues should be considered especially important in the case of biodegradable polymers, whose popularity is growing over the last years. This paper summarizes the literature reports related to the generation and composition of the coffee industry by-products, as well as the attempts of their incorporation into polymer technology. Moreover, potential directions of research based on the possibilities offered by the coffee industry by-products are presented.

  • Potential of novel atomic emission techniques as a tool for investigation of the possibilities of using industrial waste as additives in construction materials
    • Aleksandra Liczbińska
    • Bartłomiej Cieślik
    2021

    Nowadays, due to the global ecological crisis and ways to prevent a climate disaster, more and more attention is paid to green techno-logies and green Chemistry, which are part of the so-called “The Green Deal.” The main assumption is the optimization of the processes of producing necessary goods and the implementation of methods of managing postproduction waste in the least environmentally harmful manner. In the presented research, the alternative bricks were made in “Brickyard Plecewice” from clay with 20% addition of wastes (by mass). As additive mineral wool from “Isoroc,” cellulose from ”Manufacturing Pulp and Paper” in Kwidzyn, filter ash, and hearth ash from “Brickyard Plecewice” were used. During the experimental work, the leachability of heavy metals, sodium, and calcium salts was evaluated. To perform the analysis, microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES) and cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) were used. Based on the obtained results, the possibility of using bricks doped with the above-mentioned wastes in the construction sector without negative influence on the environ-ment was evaluated.

  • Potential of Silver Nanoparticles in Overcoming the Intrinsic Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Secondary Metabolites from Carnivorous Plants
    • Marta Krychowiak-Maśnicka
    • Miroslawa Krauze-Baranowska
    • Sylwia Godlewska
    • Zbigniew Kaczyński
    • Aleksandra Bielicka-giełdoń
    • Natalia Grzegorczyk
    • Magdalena Narajczyk
    • Joanna E. Frackowiak
    • Aleksandra Krolicka
    2021 Pełny tekst INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES

    Carnivorous plants are exemplary natural sources of secondary metabolites with biological activity. However, the therapeutic antimicrobial potential of these compounds is limited due to intrinsic resistance of selected bacterial pathogens, among which Pseudomonas aeruginosa represents an extreme example. The objective of the study was to overcome the intrinsic resistance of P. aeruginosa by combining silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with secondary metabolites from selected carnivorous plant species. We employed the broth microdilution method, the checkerboard titration technique and comprehensive phytochemical analyses to define interactions between nanoparticles and active compounds from carnivorous plants. It has been confirmed that P. aeruginosa is resistant to a broad range of secondary metabolites from carnivorous plants, i.e., naphthoquinones, flavonoids, phenolic acids (MBC = 512 µg mL−1) and only weakly sensitive to their mixtures, i.e., extracts and extracts’ fractions. However, it was shown that the antimicrobial activity of extracts and fractions with a significant level of naphthoquinone (plumbagin) was significantly enhanced by AgNPs. Our studies clearly demonstrated a crucial role of naphthoquinones in AgNPs and extract interaction, as well as depicted the potential of AgNPs to restore the bactericidal activity of naphthoquinones towards P. aeruginosa. Our findings indicate the significant potential of nanoparticles to modulate the activity of selected secondary metabolites and revisit their antimicrobial potential towards human pathogenic bacteria.

  • Potential Skyrmion Host Fe(IO3)3: Connecting Stereoactive Lone-Pair Electron Effects to the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction
    • Ebube E. Oyeka
    • Michał Winiarski
    • Artur Błachowski
    • Keith M. Taddei
    • Allen Scheie
    • Thao Tran
    2021 CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS

    Magnetic skyrmions, which are topologically distinct magnetic spin textures, are gaining increased attention for their unique physical properties and potential applications in spintronic devices. Here we present a design strategy for skyrmion host candidates based on combinations of magnetic spin, asymmetric building units having stereoactive lone-pair electrons, and polar lattice symmetry. To demonstrate the viability of the proposed rational design principles, we successfully synthesized a Fe(IO3)3 polycrystalline sample and single crystals by using a new simplified low-temperature pathway, which is experimentally feasible for extending materials growth of transition metal iodates. Single crystal X-ray and powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements demonstrated that Fe(IO3)3 crystallizes in the polar chiral hexagonal lattice with space group P63. The combined structural features of the macroscopic electric polarization along the c-axis stemming from the coalignment of the stereoactive lone-pairs of the IO3– trigonal pyramid and the magnetic Fe3+ cation residing on the 3-fold rotation axis were selected to promote asymmetric exchange coupling. We find evidence of a predicted skyrmion phase at 14 K ≤ T ≤ 16 K and 2.5 T ≤ μ0H ≤ 3.2 T driven by a Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya (DM) interaction, a conclusion supported by the appreciable DM exchange and the zero-field spiral antiferromagnetic ground state of Fe(IO3)3 deduced from neutron diffraction experiments. The associated magnetic modulation wavelength of the putative skyrmions is expected to be short ∼18 nm, comparable to the period of the DM-driven incommensurate order. This work links stereoactive lone-pair electron effects to enhanced DM interaction, demonstrating a new approach for chemical guidelines in the search for skyrmionic states of matter.

  • Potential Toxic Effects of Airport Runoff Water Samples on the Environment
    • Anna Maria Sulej-Suchomska
    • Piotr Przybyłowski
    • Żaneta Polkowska
    2021 Pełny tekst Sustainability

    Despite the positive aspects of the intensive development of aviation, airports are considered large-scale polluters. Pollution caused by runoff water (stormwater) is one of the major problems related to airport operations. The aim of this study was to characterize the potential toxic impact on aquatic life from runoff water discharges from four international airports in Europe. Samples of stormwater were collected at airports with different capacities of passenger movement in four seasons of the year from 2011 to 2013. Within the ecotoxicological analyses, a battery of biotests incorporating organisms of different trophic levels (Microtox® test, Thamnotoxkit F™) were used. A relatively high number of runoff water samples collected at the investigated airports in Europe was recorded as having very high acute hazard (16.8%), acute hazard (27.7%), and slight acute hazard (18.1%) levels. The results of the research indicate that winter and autumn present a greater toxic threat than the rest of the year. The highest number of toxic samples was observed for samples collected in the de-icing area, the runway and the vicinity of airport terminals. The ecotoxicological assessment applied in this research can be used as a tool for assessing the environmental effect of airports.

  • Potentiometric sensor with lipid-polymer membranes for quality assessment of French red wines
    • Elwira Brodnicka
    • Maria Szpakowska
    2021 Desalination and Water Treatment

    The quality of wines resulting from vineyard management is important for consumers due to the taste and price of wines. In this work, the quality of red wines of three vintages has been investigated by potentiometric sensors with six all-solid-state electrodes. Two series of experiments were carried out. The first involved a qualitative analysis of wine of different vintages from freshly opened bottles. The second consisted of measurements on wine samples of different vintages that had been in contact with air for 15 min every day during 15 or 21 d. This sensor is characterized by good sensitivity to malic acid solutions of different concentrations. The polyphenol content and organoleptic acidity of red wines from different vintages have been established. The older the wine, the more polyphenol compounds it contains. The same sequence of polyphenol content can be observed in wine samples of different vintages that had been in contact with air for 15 min every day during 21 d. The samples of wine from freshly opened bottles from 2013 were more acidic than the wines between 2012 and 2014. The potentiometric results submitted to principal component analysis and cluster analysis have shown that wine samples from different vintages can be grouped according to their organoleptic acidity. The wine samples from freshly opened bottles and wine samples in contact with air belong to separate groups. It seems that the contact of wine with air influences its quality and plays the main role in wine grouping.

  • Potrzebujemy nowego języka rozmowy o mieście
    • Gabriela Rembarz
    • Ida Bocian
    2021

    Tekst jest dwugłosem specjalistów od kwestii poprawy jakości przestrzeni miejskiej widzących miasto jak przestrzeń społeczną osadzoną w zmiennych uwarunkowaniach zbudowanego środowiska życia. Aktorka/reżyser/animator kultury i architektka/urbanistka rozmawiają o sposobie komunikowania się wokół przestrzeni. W rozmowach na temat przyszłych miast blokuje nas w dużej mierze nasz język. Tu wizja podwórek i kamienic rodem z pozytywistycznych nowel, a tu spolszczone anglosaskie zapożyczenia, importowane z amerykańskich miast. To kiepska platforma budowania dialogu, a tym bardziej wzajemnego zaufania. Ogranicza nas to i nie pozwala na wzajemną empatię . Bez niej nie ma szans na autentyczna relację, w której rodzi się konstruktywny dialog.

  • Pounding between high-rise buildings founded on different soil types
    • Mahmoud Miari
    • Robert Jankowski
    2021 Pełny tekst

    Earthquake-induced pounding is a phenomenon that has been often experienced in previous earthquakes. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the soil type on high-rise buildings experiencing earthquake induced-pounding. Pounding between 7-storey and 9-storey buildings is examined under five soil types defined in the ASCE 7-10 code which are hard rock, rock, very dense soil and soft rock, stiff soil and soft clay soil. The results of this study indicate that higher displacements at all storeys, peak storey shears and pounding forces were experienced in buildings founded on the soft clay soil, then for buildings founded on the stiff soil, then for buildings founded on very dense soil and soft rock, and finally for buildings founded on the rock and hard rock. This means that considering the soil-structure interaction and the soil type in pounding studies is apparent rather than considering fixed-base building or considering SSI in general without giving attention to the soil type used.

  • Power System Stabilizer as a Part of a Generator MPC Adaptive Predictive Control System
    • Paweł Sokólski
    • Tomasz Rutkowski
    • Bartosz Ceran
    • Dariusz Horla
    • Daria Złotecka
    2021 Pełny tekst ENERGIES

    In this paper, a model predictive controller based on a generator model for prediction purposes is proposed to replace a standard generator controller with a stabilizer of a power system. Such a local controller utilizes an input-output model of the system taking into consideration not only a generator voltage Ug but also an additional, auxiliary signal (e.g., α, Pg, or ωg). This additional piece of information allows for taking oscillations into account that occur in the system and minimizing their impact on the overall system performance. Parameters of models used by the controller are obtained on the basis of the introduced black-box models both for a turbine and a synchronous generator, parameters of which are estimated in an on line fashion using a RLS method. The aim of this paper is to compare the behaviour of the classical generator control system with a power system stabilizer and a model predictive control with an additional feedback signal. The novelty of the paper is related to the use of the predictive controller instead of the classical controller/stabilizer system and its possibility of stabilizing the power system. Contrary to the solutions found in the literature, which are commonly-based on a fuzzy logic approach, the authors propose the use of an adaptive model predictive controller, which takes advantage of the knowledge concerning the plant in the form of a model and adapts itself to the operating point of the system using the model parameters estimation mechanism. Moreover, the adaptive predictive controller, unlike other solutions, automatically adjusts signal levels to changes in the plant. The proposed solution is able to calculate the best control signal regardless of whether these changes of the plant are caused by a change in the operating point, or resulting from operation, e.g., wear of mechanical parts.

  • Pozwolić odejść, czyli... Granice interwencji
    • Grzegorz Bukal
    2021 Pełny tekst Ochrona Dziedzictwa Kulturowego

    Celem tekstu jest zwrócenie uwagi na problem ostatecznej granicy interwencji konserwatorskich wobec zabytków architektury w kontekście holistycznej koncepcji ochrony dziedzictwa. Tekst adresowany jest do polskich czytelników ze względu na szczególne odniesienia do sytuacji polskiego systemu ochrony dziedzictwa. Choć architektura należy do sfery sztuk użytkowych, większość budynków nie powstawała jako dzieła sztuki. Racją ich bytu była i jest możliwość realizacji zadań technicznych w sposób ściśle odpowiadający oczekiwaniom użytkowników. Były w większości podporządkowane zasadom techniki i ekonomii. Ich cykl życiowy zakładał nawet estetycznie degradujące przekształcenia, zużycie oraz planowaną lub nieplanowaną śmierć. Koniec egzystencji zwykłego budynku jest tak naturalny, jak dążenie do „wiecznego”, w stanie oryginalnym, zachowania klasycznie rozumianego dzieła sztuki. Powinien być postrzegany jako naturalny, a w pewnych okolicznościach nawet z konserwatorskiego punktu widzenia. Polskie prawo umożliwia, poprzez bezkrytyczne przyjęcie koncepcji „dziedzictwa”, objęcie ochroną każdego budynku pochodzącego z niezdefiniowanej „ przeszłej epoki”. Bez względu na jego stan, bez pytań o techniczną wykonalność interwencji. Wobec braku systemu obiektywnego wartościowania prowadzi to do wzrostu liczby budynków uznawanych za zabytkowe oraz nieefektywności ochrony. Pogarsza także możliwości ochrony istniejących i bardzo zaniedbanych obiektów o rzeczywistej wartości.

  • Pozytywne doświadczenia zakupowe w kreowaniu lojalności nabywczej
    • Anna Dembicka
    2021 Pełny tekst Problemy Jakości

    Doświadczenie zakupowe to rodzaj mentalnej podróży, pozostawiającej niematerialne wrażenia, w postaci wiedzy i śladu emocjonalnego [69], będące kluczowym elementem w zrozumieniu zachowań konsumentów, jak również istotnych zmian zachodzących we współczesnym marketingu [10]. Cel: Celem głównym badań było ukazanie wpływu pozytywnych doświadczeń zakupowych na kształtowanie satysfakcji i lojalności nabywczej oraz sposobów budowania pozytywnych, angażujących nabywcę doświadczeń. Cel pośredni objął systematyzację aparatu terminologicznego dotyczącego wzajemnych zależności pomiędzy pojęciami: doświadczenie zakupowe, satysfakcja i jakość postrzegana przez klienta. Projekt badania/metodyka/koncepcja: W publikacji zastosowano metodę analizy krytycznej literatury przedmiotu oraz metodę syntezy. Autorka odniosła się również do wniosków z badań własnych, przeprowadzonych w ramach dysertacji doktorskiej [13]. Wyniki/wnioski: Znajomość mechanizmów powstawania pozytywnych doświadczeń nabywczych wpływa na efektywność procesów biznesowych oraz utrzymanie przewagi konkurencyjnej. Ograniczenia: Wśród publikacji omawiających problematykę Customer Experience jedynie nieliczne z nich odnoszą się do kwestii doświadczeń klientów wewnętrznych przedsiębiorstw (pracowników), ponadto specyfika poszczególnych branż utrudnia wnioskowanie na temat całej populacji pracowniczej. Jednakże niezależnie od gałęzi gospodarki formułowanie strategii wspierających proces budowy pozytywnych doświadczeń klienta zewnętrznego uwzględniać powinno aspekt realizacji funkcjonalnych i emocjonalnych oczekiwań występujących w cyklu życia pracownika (kreatora doświadczeń nabywczych), na etapie doboru pracowniczego, w procesach motywacji, komunikacji wewnętrznej, rozwoju i derekrutacji. Zastosowanie praktyczne: Zaprezentowane w artykule wnioski posłużyć mogą firmom produkcyjnym i/lub usługowym, priorytetowo traktującym budowanie i umacnianie relacji między nabywcami a przedsiębiorstwem. Oryginalność/wartość poznawcza: Publikacja ukazuje obecne oraz przyszłe kierunki badań nad rolą pozytywnych doświadczeń zakupowych, stanowiących czynnik popytu, poddawanej coraz szerszym analizom, gospodarki (ekonomii) doświadczeń.

  • Pożywki stosowane do oznaczania bakterii powodujących biokorozję metali
    • Edyta Malinowska-Pańczyk
    2021

    W rozdziale podano skład pożywek stosowanych do oznaczania mikroorganizmów powodujących biokorozję

  • Prace doktorskie, habilitacje oraz profesury o tematyce chemii analitycznej i pokrewnej w 2020 r.,
    • Marek Biziuk
    • Żaneta Polkowska
    2021 Analityka: Nauka i Praktyka

    Zestawienie prac doktorskich, habilitacyjnych oraz profesur o tematyce chemii analitycznej i pokrewnej w 2020 r.,

  • Practical Eco-Driving Strategy for Suburban Electric Multiple Unit
    • Aleksander Jakubowski
    • Leszek Jarzębowicz
    2021 Pełny tekst

    In this paper, a practical approach to velocity profile optimization for electric multiple unit was presented. The study focuses on a case of fast urban railway, which is a popular mean of transport across Tricity, Poland. Based on observations and measurements, a potential for improvement of energy efficiency by modifying the speed profile was recognized. In order to conduct necessary calculations, simulation model of railway vehicle was developed using Matlab/Simulink software. Accuracy of results provided by the model was proven against values registered during real train run. Various velocity profiles, including constant-speed and coasting were considered, indicating room for improvement of both vehicle drivetrain efficiency and total energy consumption. Next, velocity profile optimization algorithm was proposed, using Matlab Optimization Toolbox. Calculated optimal run was compared with the measured data, showing notable savings in both running time and energy. Applicability of the developed algorithm was discussed, underlining advantages of the presented approach.

  • Prawne aspekty gospodarki obiegu zamkniętego
    • Roksana Bochniak
    • Aleksandra Gołąbek
    • Paweł Dąbrowski
    • Dariusz Mikielewicz
    2021 Przegląd Komunalny

    Rozmaite organizacje od lat podejmują szereg prac mających na celu skierowania gospodarki na model o obiegu zamkniętym. Tego typu działania mają pomóc w ograniczeniu negatywnego wpływu przemysłu na środowisko. Jakie są słabe i mocne strony sytuacji prawnej w tym zakresie i jakie niesie to za sobą skutki? W ostatnich latach obserwuje się dynamiczny rozwój światowej gospodarki, który wpływa nie tylko na stale rosnący poziom życia, ale także na środowisko naturalne, którego degradacja gwałtownie postępuje. Aby spowolnić ten proces, na świecie zaczęto wprowadzać szeroko zakrojone zmiany legislacyjne oraz rozpoczęto prace nad rozwiązaniami technologicznymi przyjaznymi środowisku. Rosnące zużycie surowców i nieodnawialnych źródeł energii zmusza przedsiębiorców na całym świecie do poszukiwania nowych zamienników, najlepiej pochodzenia naturalnego. Organizacje takie jak Unia Europejska od lat podejmują działania mające na celu skierowanie gospodarki na model o obiegu zamkniętym, co mogłoby pomóc w ograniczeniu negatywnego wpływu przemysłu na środowisko.

  • Preconcentration and Analytical Methods for Determination of Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether and Other Fuel Oxygenates and Their Degradation Products in Environment: A Review
    • Sayyed Hossein Hashemi
    • Massoud Kaykhaii
    • Majid Mirmoghaddam
    • Grzegorz Boczkaj
    2021 CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

    Fuel oxygenates (FOs) are mainly ethers or alcohols which are added to gasoline either to boost the octane number or to make the fuel burning process more "cleaner" with increasing the oxygen content, or to obtain a combination of both effects. FOs are water soluble with high mobility in the environment which presence even at very low concentrations lower the quality of water making it unsafe or unpleasant due to their objectionable taste and/or odor. Thus, their determination at trace in environmental samples is of high importance because of their sparingly bio-degradability and their biological hazards. Instruments such as gas chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ion mobility spectrometry are mainly used for the determination of FOs. However, the main challenge for determination of such oxygenates relates to proper sample preparation. Dilute or complex samples often demand a specific treatment to ensure effective enrichment of FOs before their detection. The main techniques used for this purpose are purge and trap, membrane extraction, and solid phase microextraction. This review presents a comprehensive evaluation of extraction/preconcentration techniques and analytical methods for determination of FOs in environmental samples. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed in details along with critical evaluation of currently available methods.

  • Predicting the peak structural displacement preventing pounding of buildings during earthquakes
    • Seyed Mohammad Khatami
    • Hosein Naderpour
    • Alireza Mortezaei
    • S T. Tafreshi
    • Anna Jakubczyk-Gałczyńska
    • Robert Jankowski
    2021 Pełny tekst Journal of Physics : Conference Series

    The aim of the present paper is to verify the effectiveness of the artificial neural network (ANN) in predicting the peak lateral displacement of multi-story building during earthquakes, based on the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and building parameters. For the purpose of the study, the lumped-mass multi-degree-of-freedom structural model and different earthquake records have been considered. Firstly, values of stories mass and stories stiffness have been selected and building vibration period has been automatically calculated. The ANN algorithm has been used to determine the limitation of the peak lateral displacement of the multi-story building with different properties (height of stories, number of stories, mass of stories, stiffness of stories and building vibration period) exposed to earthquakes with various PGA. Then, the investigation has been focused on critical distance between two adjacent buildings so as to prevent their pounding during earthquakes. The proposed ANN has logically predicted the limitation of the peak lateral displacement for the five-story building with different properties. The results of the study clearly indicate that the algorithm is also capable to properly predict the peak lateral dis-placements for two buildings so as to prevent their pounding under different earthquakes. Subsequently, calculation of critical distance can also be optimized to save the land and provide the safety space between two adjacent buildings prone to seismic excitations.

  • Predicting the seismic collapse capacity of adjacent SMRFs retrofitted with fluid viscous dampers in pounding condition
    • Farzin Kazemi
    • Benyamin Mohebi
    • Robert Jankowski
    2021 Pełny tekst MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING

    Severe damages of adjacent structures due to structural pounding during earthquakes have emphasized the need to use some seismic retrofit strategy ‎to enhance the structural performance. ‎The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of using linear and nonlinear Fluid Viscous Dampers (FVDs) on the seismic collapse capacities of adjacent structures prone to pounding and proposing modification factors to modify the ‎median collapse capacity of structures considering the effects of pounding. The factors can be used ‎to predict the collapse capacity of structures in pounding ‎condition. A seismic retrofit strategy employs FVDs installed in ‎‎3-, 6- and 9-story Special Moment Resisting Frames (SMRFs). The‏ ‏SMRFs‎‏‎ were assumed to have ‏different values of separation distance according to the seismic code. To ‎‏model pounding phenomenon, ‏linear viscoelastic contact elements were used in the OpenSees software. Furthermore, to determine the seismic collapse capacities of each structure, the proposed algorithm was applied to remove the collapsed structure during the incremental dynamic analysis. The results of the analyses illustrate that the ‎existence of FVDs can substantially improve the seismic behavior of structures having a significant influence ‎on the collapse capacities of colliding structures. Moreover, considering the ‎adjacent SMRFs in one or two ‎sides of the main structure can significantly affect the median collapse ‎‏capacity of the main‎ structure itself. ‎‎Finally, the proposed modification ‎factors can be successfully used to estimate the effects of pounding on the ‎collapse capacities of adjacent structures.

  • Prediction of energy consumption and evaluation of affecting factors in a full-scale WWTP using a machine learning approach
    • Faramarz Bagherzadeh
    • Amirreza Shojaei Nouri
    • Mohammad Javad Mehrani
    • Suresh Thennadil
    2021 Pełny tekst PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

    Treatment of municipal wastewater to meet the stringent effluent quality standards is an energy-intensive process and the main contributor to the costs of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Analysis and prediction of energy consumption (EC) are essential in designing and operating sustainable energy-saving WWTPs. In this study, the effect of wastewater, hydraulic, and climate-based parameters on the daily consumption of EC by East Melbourne WWTP was investigated based on the data collected over six years (2014-2019). Data engineering methods were applied to combine features from different resources. To this end, four various feature selection (FS) algorithms were used to reveal the relations among those variables and to select the most relevant variables for training the machine learning (ML) models. Further, the application of artificial neural networks (ANN) and two decision tree algorithms of Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), and Random Forest (RF) were studied to predict EC records followed by a 95% confidence interval assessment. Results of FS algorithms revealed that total nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and inflow-flow had the highest impact on WWTP energy consumption. Moreover, GBM had the best performance prediction among all other regression algorithms. 95% of confidence interval showed a reasonable prediction error band (±68 MWh/Day).

  • Prediction of protein assemblies, the next frontier: The CASP14‐CAPRI experiment
    • Marc F. Lensink
    • Guillaume Brysbaert
    • Théo Mauri
    • Nurul Nadzirin
    • Sameer Velankar
    • Raphael A. G. Chaleil
    • Tereza Clarence
    • Paul A. Bates
    • Ren Kong
    • Bin Liu
    • Guangbo Yang
    • Ming Liu
    • Hang Shi
    • Xufeng Lu
    • Shan Chang
    • Raj S. Roy
    • Farhan Quadir
    • Jian Liu
    • Jianlin Cheng
    • Anna Antoniak
    • Cezary Czaplewski
    • Artur Giełdoń
    • Mateusz Kogut
    • Agnieszka G. Lipska
    • Adam Liwo
    • Emilia Lubecka
    • Martyna Maszota‐Zieleniak
    • Adam K. Sieradzan
    • Rafał Ślusarz
    • Patryk A. Wesołowski
    • Karolina ZiĘba
    • Carlos A. Del Carpio Muñoz
    • Eiichiro Ichiishi
    • Ameya Harmalkar
    • Jeffrey J. Gray
    • Alexandre M. J. J. Bonvin
    • Francesco Ambrosetti
    • Rodrigo Vargas Honorato
    • Zuzana Jandova
    • Brian Jiménez‐García
    • Panagiotis I. Koukos
    • Siri Van Keulen
    • Charlotte W. Van Noort
    • Manon Réau
    • Jorge Roel‐Touris
    • Sergei Kotelnikov
    • Dzmitry Padhorny
    • Kathryn A. Porter
    • Andrey Alekseenko
    • Mikhail Ignatov
    • Israel Desta
    • Ryota Ashizawa
    • Zhuyezi Sun
    • Usman Ghani
    • Nasser Hashemi
    • Sandor Vajda
    • Dima Kozakov
    • Mireia Rosell
    • Luis A. Rodríguez‐Lumbreras
    • Juan Fernandez‐Recio
    • Agnieszka Karczynska
    • Sergei Grudinin
    • Yumeng Yan
    • Hao Li
    • Peicong Lin
    • Sheng‐You Huang
    • Charles Christoffer
    • Genki Terashi
    • Jacob Verburgt
    • Daipayan Sarkar
    • Tunde Aderinwale
    • Xiao Wang
    • Daisuke Kihara
    • Tsukasa Nakamura
    • Yuya Hanazono
    • Ragul Gowthaman
    • Johnathan D. Guest
    • Rui Yin
    • Ghazaleh Taherzadeh
    • Brian G. Pierce
    • Didier Barradas‐Bautista
    • Zhen Cao
    • Luigi Cavallo
    • Romina Oliva
    • Yuanfei Sun
    • Shaowen Zhu
    • Yang Shen
    • Taeyong Park
    • Hyeonuk Woo
    • Jinsol Yang
    • Sohee Kwon
    • Jonghun Won
    • Chaok Seok
    • Yasuomi Kiyota
    • Shinpei Kobayashi
    • Yoshiki Harada
    • Mayuko Takeda‐Shitaka
    • Petras J. Kundrotas
    • Amar Singh
    • Ilya A. Vakser
    • Justas DapkŪnas
    • Kliment Olechnovič
    • Česlovas Venclovas
    • Rui Duan
    • Liming Qiu
    • Shuang Zhang
    • Xiaoqin Zou
    • Shoshana J. Wodak
    2021 PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS

    We present the results for CAPRI Round 50, the 4th joint CASP-CAPRI protein assembly prediction challenge. The Round comprised a total of 12 targets, including 6 dimers, 3 trimers, and 3 higher-order oligomers. Four of these were easy targets, for which good structural templates were available either for the full assembly, or for the main interfaces (of the higher-order oligomers). Eight were difficult targets for which only distantly related templates were found for the individual subunits. Twenty-five CAPRI groups including 8 automatic servers submitted ~1250 models per target. Twenty groups including 6 servers participated in the CAPRI scoring challenge submitted ~190 models per target. The accuracy of the predicted models was evaluated using the classical CAPRI criteria. The prediction performance was measured by a weighted scoring scheme that takes into account the number of models of acceptable quality or higher submitted by each group as part of their 5 top-ranking models. Compared to the previous CASP-CAPRI challenge, top performing groups submitted such models for a larger fraction (70–75%) of the targets in this Round, but fewer of these models were of high accuracy. Scorer groups achieved stronger performance with more groups submitting correct models for 70–80% of the targets or achieving high accuracy predictions. Servers performed less well in general, except for the MDOCKPP and LZERD servers, who performed on par with human groups. In addition to these results, major advances in methodology are discussed, providing an informative overview of where the prediction of protein assemblies currently stands.

  • PREDICTION OF SHIP MOTIONS IN IRREGULAR WAVES BASED ON RESPONSE AMPLITUDE OPERATORS EVALUATED EXPERIMENTALLY IN NOISE WAVES
    • Sebastian Bielicki
    2021 Pełny tekst Polish Maritime Research

    The most common methods for predicting ship roll motions in a specified sea state are direct measurements of motions in a representative irregular wave realisation (time domain) or calculations of motions from response amplitude operators (RAOs) in the frequency domain. The result of the first method is valid only for the tested sea state, whilst the second method is more flexible but less accurate. RAO-based predictions are calculated assuming a linear model of ship motions in waves. RAO functions are usually evaluated by means of tests in regular waves for a limited number of frequencies and a constant wave amplitude. This approach is time-consuming and the discrete form of the RAO functions obtained for a limited number of frequencies may lead to discrepancies in the prediction of seakeeping and often does not allow the actual amplitude of the response in resonant frequency to be determined. Another challenge is the appropriate selection of wave amplitude for tests due to the considerable influence of viscous damping on roll response in irregular sea waves. There are alternative methods for the experimental determination of RAO functions and one of them is presented in this study. The presented approach allows RAO functions to be evaluated in one run by the generation of irregular waves characterised by a white or coloured noise spectrum. This method reduces the experiment duration, with almost continuous RAO characteristics obtained. The flat (white noise) and linear (coloured noise) wave spectral energy characteristics are considered in the experiment and the obtained predictions are compared with the results of accurate measurements in irregular waves.

  • Preliminary safety assessment of Polish interchanges
    • Marcin Budzyński
    • Agnieszka Tubis
    • Mateusz Rydlewski
    2021 Pełny tekst Archives of Transport

    Interchanges are a key and the most complex element of a road infrastructure. The safety and functionality of interchanges determine the traffic conditions and safety of the entire road network. This applies particularly to motorways and express-ways, for which they are the only way to access and exchange traffic. A big problem in Poland is the lack of comprehensive tools for designers at individual stages of the design process. This applies to guidelines or other documents regarding the location, choice of interchanges type and selection of design parameters. This does not provide sufficient material for designing safe and functional interchanges. This situation results in numerous hazards that occur on existing interchanges and errors that are still being made at all stages of the design process. Consequently, there is a risk of accidents in the area of interchanges, which often have serious consequences. The purpose of the research presented in the article is to identify main groups of hazards on the interchanges and to classify them based on field tests and audits of project documentation. The prepared classification uses the results of analyzing data on road accidents. As part of the research, a database was built that includes information on road accidents and traffic, as well as data on all existing interchanges on motorways and expressways in Poland. These data includes: inter-change type, length of exit and entry lanes, total interchanges length, type of cross-section on main roads and ramps. The number and type of ramps occurring at a given interchange as well as the type of intersections, if any, were also taken into account. Based on the assessment, the level of safety was determined for individual types of interchanges. Then, the impact of se-lected road and traffic factors on safety was presented. The critical elements of interchanges are entries, exits, weaving sections and intersections. Assumptions were also adopted for the classification of identified hazards. A comprehensive safety assessment for interchanges allowed the development of assumptions for their design guidelines. On the basis of database exploration and field research, the main problems and hazards regarding the functioning of interchanges were identified.

  • Preparation and Characterization of Films Based on Disintegrated Bacterial Cellulose and Montmorillonite
    • Agata Sommer
    • Hanna Staroszczyk
    • Izabela Sinkiewicz
    • Piotr Bruździak
    2021 Pełny tekst JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

    The food packaging materials from natural polymers including polysaccharides offer an ecologically important alternative to commonly used synthetic, non-biodegradable counterparts. The purpose of this work was to modify of bacterial cellulose (BC) leading to the improvement of its functional properties in terms of use as a food packaging material. Effects of disintegration of BC and addition of montmorillonite (MMT) on its water barrier, mechanical and thermal properties were investigated. Disintegration of BC increased its water vapour permeability (WVP) and thermal stability, but decreased its tensile strength (σ). These changes were closely related to the rearrangement of hydrogen-bond network in the BC structure, resulting in a partial conversion from the Iα to Iβ allomorph. The addition of 2% of MMT did not affect WVP and σ of the disintegrated BC (bBC), while the plasticization of the modified bBC generally decreased WVP, and did not increase σ. The improvement in water barrier properties of bBC modified by adding 2% of MMT in the presence of glycerol was caused by the formation of hydrogen bonds between the components of the composite. The results presented show the potential usefulness of BC modified by disintegration and adding 2% of MMT and 10–15% of glycerol as a food packaging material.

  • Preparation of Well-Compatibilized PP/PC Blends and Foams Thereof
    • Lidia Jasińska-Walc
    • Rob Duchateau
    • Miloud Bouyahyi
    • Jakub Kruszyński
    • Agnieszka Tercjak
    • Artur Różański
    • Enrico Troisi
    • Yingxin Liu
    • Lanti Yang
    • Maciej Sienkiewicz
    • Ostap Ivashkiv
    2021 ACS Applied Polymer Materials

    The performance of polypropylene-poly(ethylene brassylate) block and graft copolymers and a polypropylene-polycaprolactone graft copolymer as compatibilizers for polypropylene-rich polypropylene/bisphenol A polycarbonate (PP/PC, 80/20 wt/wt) blends was elucidated. The copolymers were synthesized either by metal-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization or transesterification of a presynthesized polyester, initiated by hydroxyl-functionalized PPs, which themselves were obtained by catalytic routes or reactive extrusion, respectively. Spectroscopic fingerprints of the copolymers from liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in combination with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and rheology analyses of the blends indicated that the compatibilizers spontaneously organize at the interface of the two immiscible polymers leading to the formation of uniform, stable, nanophase morphologies. The effect of the compatibilizers on the performance of the PP/PC blends was evaluated, and well-compatibilized PP/PC blends showed improved melt strength and strain hardening when compared to pure PP. This was verified by the successful foam extrusion using isobutane as a blowing agent of well-compatibilized PP/PC blends to low-density PP-based foams, for which normally long-chain branched PP is required.

  • Probabilistic analysis of settlements under a pile foundation of a road bridge pylon
    • Karol Winkelmann
    • Kamil Żyliński
    • Jarosław Górski
    2021 Pełny tekst SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS

    The paper addresses the reliability change of a road bridge pile foundation due to the unpredictable increase of settlements in time. The analysis is based on the Rędziński Bridge in Wrocław, Poland, its design assumptions, and monitoring results. The bridge foundation rests on a multi-layered subsoil assumed random. The Finite Element model of the subgrade is generated in ZSoil® software. To simplify the probabilistic approach, substitute soil strata stiffness parameters are adopted. Tracing their time decrement allows for a comprehensive definition of the entire foundation over-settlement produced by numerous factors. Preliminary sensitivity analysis of settlements to the stiffness variation properly simplifies the random model. The Serviceability Limit State helps to assess the foundation reliability index, further compared with the condition in the EN 1990:2002/A1:2005 standard. In addition, real-life settlements are also measured in the first year of bridge operation, they are used to calibrate the reliability index assessment. An innovative approach is proposed, where appropriate time-wise fluctuation functions represent the expected settlement increase and the related reliability reduction. These fluctuation functions help to plan the future remedial actions to maintain the initial bridge safety and to indicate the action frequency and scope. Future reliability levels may be extrapolated too. The real-life survey database of settlements makes it possible to validate the results of probabilistic calculations. A dedicated flowchart is devised to support further analysis of a wide structural domain.

  • Problematyka efektywności docierania maszynowego powierzchni płaskich i płasko-równoległych
    • Adam Barylski
    2021

    Przedstawiono sposób oceny efektywności docierania na docierarkach tarczowych. Omówiono przykładowe technologie obróbki powierzchni płaskich i płasko-równoległych. Wyznaczono składowe czasów operacji docierania wstępnego i wykończeniowego oraz wartości wskaźnika OEE dla obróbki jednotarczowej. Omówiono wyniki analiz docierania grupy 10 przedmiotów w układzie dwutarczowym. Zaprezentowano pracę zautomatyzowanego gniazda docierarek dwutarczowych firmy Peter Wolters.

  • Problematyka współczesnych ingerencji w historyczną zabudowę przemysłową na przykładzie zespołu portowo-stoczniowego w Gdyni
    • Robert Hirsch
    • Celina Łozowska
    2021 Pełny tekst Ochrona Dziedzictwa Kulturowego

    Na terenach portowo-stoczniowych Gdyni zachowanych jest wiele historycznych obiektów, które ze względu na zmiany w funkcjonowaniu portu oraz przekształcenia użytkowania terenów podlegają określonym zmianom. Najważniejsze z tych budynków są objęte ścisłą ochroną prawną poprzez wpisanie do rejestru zabytków. Zapewnia to ich zachowanie i często także rewaloryzację. Inne, także wartościowe, ale nieobjęte tak ścisłą ochroną – uwzględnione tylko w ewidencjach zabytków, podlegają adaptacjom i przebudowom, które powodują utratę niektórych walorów, ale umożliwiają przynajmniej częściowe zachowanie. Wiele budynków tego typu utraciło swoje funkcje, jest opuszczonych i oczekuje na powtórne zagospodarowanie. Ochrona zabytków w takich sytuacjach jest bardzo problematyczna i wymaga wypracowania kompromisów. Przekształcenia budynków historycznych są nieuniknione. W celu określenia zakresu ochrony i dopuszczalności ingerencji pożądane jest wypracowanie metody oceny wartości zabytkowych, która dałaby narzędzia do zobiektywizowania procesów przekształceń.

  • Problems of Active Dynamic Thermography Measurement Standardization in Medicine
    • Antoni Nowakowski
    2021 Pełny tekst Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

    Reliability of thermographic diagnostics in medicine is an important practical problem. In the field of static thermography, a great deal of effort has been made to define the conditions for thermographic measurements, which is now the golden standard for such research. In recent years, there are more and more reports on dynamic tests with external stimulation, such as Active Dynamic Thermography, Thermographic Signal Reconstruction or Thermal Tomography. The subject of this report is a discussion of the problems of standardization of dynamic tests, the choice of the method of thermal stimulation and the conditions determining the credibility of such tests in medical diagnostics. Typical methods of thermal stimulation are discussed, problems concerning accuracy and control of resulting distributions of temperature are commented. The best practices to get reliable conditions of measurements are summarized

  • Problemy jakości w metodach Agile
    • Jarosław Kuchta
    2021

    Zwinne metody wytwarzania osiągnęły w zawrotnym tempie niebywały sukces. Według różnych doniesień od 50 do 70% firm IT stosuje metody zwinne na stałe lub okazjonalnie . Jednak znaczna część firm stosuje wybiórczo praktyki zalecane przez Agile . Jakie to praktyki? Jakie problemy występują przy ich stosowaniu i jak firmy radzą sobie z tymi problemami? Jak wpływają na jakość wytwarzanego oprogramowania? Jakie są warunki krytyczne dla zapewnienia jakości produktu? Na te pytania odpowiemy w niniejszym artykule.

  • Problemy zagrażające bezpieczeństwu dzieci i ich rodziców w ruchu drogowym podczas podróży do szkoły na przykładzie Przymorza Małego w Gdańsku
    • Ewelina Dułak
    • Agnieszka Juchum
    • Joanna Wachnicka
    2021 Pełny tekst Transport Miejski i Regionalny

    Artykuł opisuje problemy wpływające negatywnie na bezpieczeństwo ruchu drogowego na obszarze Przymorza Małego, a także przedstawia pomysły, których realizacja powinna poprawić bezpieczeństwo pieszych, rowerzystów oraz kierowców pojazdów samochodowych poruszających się po tym obszarze. W pierwszej części przedstawiono informacje dotyczące stanu aktualnego analizowanego terenu, opisano zlokalizowane tutaj placówki oświatowe, a także ulice i drogi rowerowe. Analizie poddano stan bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego na obszarze Przymorza Małego poprzez rozpatrzenie wypadków drogowych, które miały miejsce na jego terenie. W artykule opisano wyniki badań ankietowych dotyczących bezpieczeństwa dzieci w drodze do szkoły i przedszkola. Dokonano również analizy pomiaru prędkości chwilowej przeprowadzonej w pobliżu placówek oświatowych oraz zbadano wpływ prędkości pojazdów na bezpieczeństwo uczniów. W artykule przedstawione zostały również wyniki audytów przejść dla pieszych na analizowanym terenie, a na ich podstawie wyznaczono mankamenty przejść oraz zaproponowano pomysły ich poprawy. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz, badań oraz pomiarów zdiagnozowano problemy negatywnie wpływające na poziom bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego na obszarze Przymorza Małego oraz zaproponowano pomysły poprawy. Słowa kluczowe: brd, droga do szkoły, bezpieczeństwo dzieci, bezpieczeństwo pieszych, uspokojenie ruchu, poprawa bezpieczeństwa.